Biology for AP Courses

Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht

Chapter 4

Cell Structure - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, what is a method that scientists use to make it easier to see individual components of cells?
a. a beam of electrons
b. high temperatures
c. radioactive isotopes
d. special stains

Bryan Valdivia

Bryan Valdivia

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Problem 2

What is the basic unit of life?
a. cell
b. organism
c. Organ
d. tissue

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 3

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?
a. All living organisms are made of cells.
b. All cells contain DNA that they pass on to daughter cells.
c. All cells depend on their surroundings to provide
energy.
d. All cells have a nucleus.

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Which of the following could most effectively be visualized with a scanning electron microscope?
a. cells swimming in a drop of pond water.
b. details of structures inside cells
c. a three-dimensional view of the surface of a membrane
d. the movement of molecules inside the cell

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 5

Who was the first to clearly identify and nameindividual cells?
a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
b. Matthias Schleiden
c. Robert Hooke
d. Theodore Schwann

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

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Problem 6

Which of the following observations contributed to the cell theory?
a. Animal and plant cells have nuclei and organelles.
b. Non-living material cannot give rise to living organisms.
c. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
d. Viruses replicate.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 7

In order to obtain some materials and remove waste, what process is used by prokaryotes?
a. cell division
b. diffusion
c. flagellar motion
d. ribosomes

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

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Problem 8

When bacteria lack fimbriae, what are they less likely to do?
a. Adhere to cell surfaces
b. retain the ability to divide
c. swim through bodily fluids
d. synthesize proteins

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 9

What is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. Both cells have a nucleus but prokaryotic cells lack cytoplasm.
b. Both cells have cytoplasm but prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
c. Both cells have DNA but prokaryotic cells lack a cell membrane.
d. Both cells have a cell membrane but prokaryotic cells lack DNA.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Eukaryotic cells contain complex organelles that carry out their chemical reactions. Prokaryotes lack many of these complex organelles, although they have a variety of unique structures of their own. However, most prokaryotic cells can exchange nutrients with the outside environment faster than most eukaryotic cells. Why is this so?
a. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, than eukaryotic cells.
b. Most prokaryotic cells are larger, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
c. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a lower surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic
cells.
d. Prokaryotic cells are larger and have a lower
surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 11

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomes
c. nucleolus
d. nucleus

Anthony Han

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Problem 12

Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is ______.
a. a cofactor for the organelles’ enzymes
b. incorporated into their membranes
c. produced during their oxidation reactions
d. used in their detoxification reactions

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 13

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by what?
a. nuclei
b. peroxisomes
c. ribosomes
d. vacuole

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

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Problem 14

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
a. mitochondrion
b. nucleus
c. ribosomes
d. centrosomes

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 15

Which of the following structures is not found in prokaryotic cells?
a. plasma membrane
b. chloroplast
c. nucleoid
d. ribosome

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Where would you find DNA, the genetic material, in an animal cell?
a. in the centriole
b. only in the mitochondria
c. in the mitochondria and the nucleus

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 17

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
a. a cell that secretes enzymes
b. a cell that destroys pathogens
c. a cell that makes steroid hormones
d. a cell that engages in photosynthesis

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a protein within a cell membrane?
a. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; modification in
the vesicle b. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; modification in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum
c. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle
d. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; modi

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 19

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. lysosome
d. mitochondrion

Jebron Perkins

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Problem 20

Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly?
a. intermediate filaments and microtubules
b. microfilaments and intermediate filaments
c. microfilaments and microtubules
d. only intermediate filaments

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 21

Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement?
a. intermediate filaments and microtubules
b. microfilaments and intermediate filaments
c. microfilaments and microtubules
d. only intermediate filaments

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

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Problem 22

Which components of the cytoskeleton are responsible for the contraction of muscles?
a. intermediate filaments
b. microfilaments
c. microtubules

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 23

What type of junctions prevent the movement of chemicals between two adjacent animal cells?
a. desmosomes
b. gap junctions
c. plasmodesmata
d. tight junctions

Anthony Han

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Problem 24

Gap junctions are formed by ________.
a. gaps in the cell wall of plants
b. protein complexes that form channels between cells
c. tight, rivet-like regions in the membranes of adjacent cells
d. a tight knitting of membranes

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

Some animal cells produce extensive extracellular matrix. You would expect their ribosomes to synthesize large amounts of which of the following proteins?
a. actin
b. collagen
c. myosin
d. tubulin

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Which of the following molecules are typically found in the extracellular matrix?
a. nucleic acids such as DNA
b. peptidoglycans
c. cellulose
d. proteoglycans

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

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Problem 27

Which element of the cell theory has practical applications in health care because it promotes the use of sterilization and disinfection?
a. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
b. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
c. A cell is the basic unit of life.
d. A nucleus and organelles are found in prokaryotic cells.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

What are the advantages and disadvantages of light microscopes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes?
a. Advantage: In light microscopes, the light beam does not kill the cell. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing intricate details of a specimen and have high resolution. Disadvantage: Light microscopes have low resolving power. Electron microscopes are costly and require killing the specimen.
b. Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes kill the cell. Electron microscopes are costly and low resolution.
c. Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and are costly. Electron microscopes uses short wavelength of electrons and hence have lower magnification.
d. Advantage: Light microscopes have high magnification. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and have lower resolution. Electron microscopes can be used only for viewing ultra-thin specimens.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

Mitochondria are observed in plant cells that contain chloroplasts. Why do you find mitochondria in photosynthetic tissue?
a. Mitochondria are not needed but are an evolutionary relic.
b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to use light energy to make sugars.
c. Mitochondria participate in the Calvin cycle/ light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
d. Mitochondria are required to break down sugars and other materials for energy.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

In what situation, or situations, would the use of a light microscope be ideal? Why?
a. A light microscope is used to view the details of the surface of a cell as it cannot be viewed in detail by the transmission microscope.
b. A light microscope allows visualization of small living cells, which have been stained and cannot be viewed by scanning electron microscope.
c. A standard light microscope is used to view living organisms with little contrast to distinguish them from the background, which would be harder to see with the electron microscope.
d. A light microscope reveals the internal structures of a cell, which cannot be viewed by transmission electron microscopy.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Bacterial cells swell, but do not burst, in low solute concentrations. What happens to bacterial cells if a compound that interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall is added to an environment with low solute concentrations?
a. Bacterial cells will shrink due to the lack of cell wall material.
b. Bacterial cells will shrink in size.
c. Bacterial cells may burst due to the influx of water.
d. Bacterial cells remain normal; they have alternative pathways to synthesize cell walls

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

We have discussed the upper limits of cell size; yet, there is a lower limit to cell size. What determines how small a cell can be?
a. The cell should be large enough to escape detection.
b. The cell should be able to accommodate all the structures and metabolic activities necessary to survival.
c. The size of the cell should be large enough to reproduce itself.
d. The cell should be large enough to adapt to the changing environmental conditions.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

Which of these is a possible explanation for the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants?
a. Plants remain exposed to changes in temperature and thus require rigid cell walls to protect themselves.
b. Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a
cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking.
c. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to protect themselves from grazing animals.
d. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to prevent the influx of waste material.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Bacteria do not have organelles; yet, the same reactions that take place on the mitochondria inner membrane, the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and chloroplasts, photosynthesis, take place in bacteria. Where do these reactions take place?
a. These reactions take place in the nucleoid of the bacteria.
b. These reactions occur in the cytoplasm present in the bacteria.
c. These reactions occur on the plasma membrane of bacteria.
d. These reactions take place in the mesosomes

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
a. Similarities: double membrane, inter-membrane space, ATP production, contain DNA. Differences: mitochondria have inner folds called cristae, chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
b. Similarities: DNA, inter-membrane space, ATP production, and chlorophyll. Differences: mitochondria have a matrix and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
c. Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
d. Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space, inner folds called cristae, ATP synthase for ATP synthesis, and DNA; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which, form grana and a stroma

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

Is the nuclear membrane part of the endomembrane system? Why or why not?
a. The nuclear membrane is not a part of the endomembrane system as the endoplasmic reticulum is a separate organelle of the cell.
b. The nuclear membrane is considered a part of the endomembrane system as it is continuous with the Golgi body.
c. The nuclear membrane is part of the endomembrane system as it is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
d. The nuclear membrane is not considered a part of the endomembrane system as the nucleus is a separate organelle.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

What happens to the proteins that are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm? Do they go through the Golgi apparatus?
a. These proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and enter in the nucleus.
b. These proteins go through the Golgi apparatus and remain in the cytosol.
c. The proteins do not go through the Golgi apparatus and move into the nucleus for processing.
d. The proteins do not go through the Golgi apparatus and remain free in the cytosol.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

What are the similarities and differences between the structures of centrioles and flagella?
a. Centrioles and flagella are made of microtubules but show different arrangements.
b. Centrioles are made of microtubules but flagella are made of microfilaments and both show the same arrangement.
c. Centrioles and flagella are made of microfilaments. Centrioles have a 9 + 2 arrangement.
d. Centrioles are made of microtubules and flagella are made of microfilaments and both have different structures

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Inhibitors of microtubule assembly, vinblastine for example, are used for cancer chemotherapy. How does an inhibitor of microtubule assembly affect cancerous cells?
a. The inhibitors restrict the separation of chromosomes, thereby stopping cell division.
b. The inhibition of microtubules interferes with the synthesis of proteins.
c. The inhibitors bind the microtubule to the nuclear membrane, stopping cell division.
d. The inhibitor interferes with energy production

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

How do cilia and flagella differ?
a. Cilia are made of microfilaments and flagella of microtubules.
b. Cilia are helpful in the process of engulfing food. Flagella are involved in the movement of the organism.
c. Cilia are short and found in large numbers on the cell surface whereas flagella are long and fewer in number.
d. Cilia are found in prokaryotic cells and flagella in eukaryotic cells.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

In which human tissues would you find desmosomes? Think of tissues that undergo strong mechanical stress and must be held together with some flexibility.
a. bone cells and cartilage cells
b. muscle cells and skin cells
c. nerve cells and muscle cells
d. secretory cells and muscle cells

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

If there is a mutation in the gene for collagen, such as the one involved in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and the individual produces defective collagen, how would it affect coagulation?
a. The syndrome affects the clotting factors and platelet aggregation.
b. The disease leads to hyper-coagulation of blood.
c. Coagulation is not affected because collagen is not required for coagulation.
d. The disease occurs due to the breakdown of platelets.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

How does the structure of a plasmodesma differ from that of a gap junction?
a. Gap junctions are essential for transportation in animal cells and plasmodesmata are essential for the movement of substances in plant cells.
b. Gap junctions are found to provide attachment in animal cells and plasmodesmata are essential for attachment of plant cells.
c. Plasmodesmata are essential for communication between animal cells and gap junctions are necessary for attachment of cells in plant cells.
d. Plasmodesmata help in transportation and gap junctions help in attachment, in plant cells.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Which of the following organisms appear first in the fossil record?
a. archaea
b. fish
c. protists
d. plants

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Why is it challenging to study bacterial fossils and determine if the fossils are members of the domain archaea, rather than bacteria?
a. Bacteria lack rigid structures, thus do not form fossils.
b. Bacteria have rigid structures, but their fossil impression is scarce.
c. Fossils of bacteria are rarely found because bacteria were not abundant in the past.
d. A fossil of bacteria changes overtime due to the presence of new bacteria living on them.

Bryan Lynn

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{r}=& 5 \mu \mathrm{m} \\ &(\mathrm{a}) \end{aligned}$ $\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{r}=50 \mu \mathrm{m}} \\ {(\mathrm{b})}\end{array}$
Pictured are two cells along with their radius. What does cell B likely have when compared to cell A?
a. smaller surface area and larger volume
b. larger surface area and smaller volume
c. smaller surface area-to-volume ratio
d. larger surface area-to-volume ratio

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

Consider the shapes. The diameter of the sphere is equal to 1 mm and the side of the cube is also equal to 1 mm . What is the ratio of the surface to volume ratios for the sphere and the cube?
a. 3 : 1
b. 4 : 1
c. 1 : 1
d. 2 : 1

Bryan Lynn

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Which of the following is true regarding the surface-tovolume ratios of the cube and the sphere?
a. The sphere will have a higher surface area than the cube.
b. The sphere will have a higher volume than the cube.
c. The sphere will have a higher surface area-tovolume ratio than the cube.
d. Their surface area-to-volume ratios will be equal.
e. The sphere will have a lower surface area-tovolume ratio than the cube.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

What is the major consideration in setting the lower limit of cell size?
a. The cell must be large enough to fight the pathogens
b. The cell must be large enough to attach to a substrate.
c. The lower limit should be small enough, for the cell to move in the fluid efficiently.
d. The cell size must be small as to fit all th

Abed Othman

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Which of the following structures has the same general structure in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, pointing to a common origin?
a. centriole
b. cytoplasmic membrane
c. Golgi apparatus
d. nucleus

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Why does the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane point to a common ancestor?
a. The presence of a cytoplasmic membrane in every organism does not point to a common ancestry.
b. The similar arrangement of phospholipids and proteins points to common ancestry.
c. The lipid nature of the membrane makes it the most primitive trait.
d. The similar effect of temperature on the membrane makes it the ancestral trait.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

Which organelles would be present in high numbers in the leg muscles of a marathon runner?
a. centrioles
b. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
d. peroxisome

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

Macrophages ingest and digest many pathogens. Which organelle plays a major role in the activity of macrophages?
a. chloroplast
b. lysosome
c. nucleus
d. peroxisome

Anthony Han

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

You are looking at a sample under a light microscope and observe a new type of cell. You come to the conclusion that it is a bacterium and not a eukaryotic cell. What would you observe to come to this conclusion?
a. the cell has a cell wall
b. the cell has a flagellum
c. the cell does not have a nucleus

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Thiomargarita namibiensis is a large single cell organism, which can reach lengths of $700 \mu \mathrm{m}$. The cell is classified as a bacterium. What is the main argument to justify the classification?
a. This organism shows simple diffusion for the uptake of nutrients and is thus classified as a bacterium.
b. This organism does not show presence of any cell organelles, and thus is classified as a bacterium.
c. the existence of these organisms in long chains and pearl appearance
d. The organism demonstrates characteristics of gram-negative bacteria, and thus is classified as a bacterium.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

Radioactive amino acids are fed to a cell in culture for a short amount of time. This is called a pulse. You follow the appearance of radioactive proteins in the cell compartments. In which organelles and in what order does radioactivity appear?
a. endoplasmic reticulum - lysosomes - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region
b. endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - Golgi body - vesicles - extracellular region
c. Golgi Body - vesicles - endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - extracellular region
d. nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

With which cellular structure does the extracellular matrix interact?
a. cytoskeleton
b. nucleus
c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Which structure or structures allow bacteria to move about?
a. fimbriae only
b. flagella only
c. flagella and fimbriae
d. plasmid and capsule

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

Cells lining the intestine absorb a lot of nutrients. How did those cells adapt to their function?
a. Cells use cilia to move nutrients to their surface.
b. Cells grow much larger than adjacent cells to increase intake
c. Cells are flat and thin to absorb more nutrients.
d. Membrane folds called microvilli increase the surface area.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Describe structural and functional similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts that provide evidence of common ancestry.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

Explain how the structural and functional differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence of adaptations among common ancestral organisms.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

Examine the differences and similarities in the structural features of animal and plant cells. Justify the claim that both animals and plants have common ancestors based on your observations.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

What conserved core processes are common to both animals and plants? Construct an explanation of the differences based on the selective advantages provided in different environments.

Caroline Jones

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

Louis Sullivan described architectural design as “form follows function.” For example, a window is designed to add light to a space without heat transport. A door is designed to allow access to a space. Windows and doors have different functions and so take different forms. Biological systems are not designed, but selected from random trials by interaction with the environment. Apply Sullivan’s principle to explain the relationship of function and form for each pair of cellular structures below.
a. Plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
b. Mitochondrion and chloroplast
c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Flagella and cilia
e. Muscle cells and secretory cells

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Complex multicellular organisms share nutrients and resources, and their cells communicate with each other. A society may encourage cooperation among individuals while discouraging selfish behavior to increase the overall success of the social system, sometimes at the expense of the individual. Scientific questions are testable and often attempt to reveal a mechanism responsible for a phenomenon. Pose three questions that can be used to examine the ways in which a social system regulates itself. Be prepared to share these in small group discussions with your classmates about the similarities between these regulatory strategies and the analogous roles of plasmodesmata and gap junctions in cell communication.

Dr. Anas Syed

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Plasmodesmata in vascular plants and gap junctions in animals are examples of specialized features of cells. Mechanisms by which transport occurs between cells evolved independently within several eukaryotic clades. Explain, in terms of cellular cooperation, the selective advantages provided by such structures.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Mammalian red blood cells have no nuclei, must originate in other tissue systems, are relatively long-lived, are small with shapes that actively respond to their environment, and are metabolic anaerobes. Other vertebrates have red blood cells that are usually nucleated and are often relatively large, aerobic, self-replicating, and short-lived. To connect these facts to biology, questions need to be asked. The questions that you pose will depend on the path your class is taking through the curriculum. Begin by summarizing what you know:
What are the functions of a eukaryotic cell nucleus?
What is the approximate average size of a human red blood cell?
What is the range of blood vessel diameters in adult humans?
What is the range of red blood cell size in vertebrates?
What is the average lifetime of a human red blood cell?
How can you show how cell production is stimulated using examples from particular systems?
How is cell death controlled?
What biochemical cycles are associated with anaerobic and aerobic respiration, and what are the important differences between these?
What process is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of red blood cells?
What behaviors and dynamic homeostatic processes might be associated with the properties of red blood cells in mammalian and nonmammalian organisms?
What do you know about the evolutionary divergences among vertebrates? Your summary has revealed some similarities and differences among vertebrate erythrocyte and circulatory system structures. Scientific questions are testable. They can be addressed by making observations and measurements and analyzing the resulting data.
A. Pose three scientific questions that arise from your summaries of what you know about erythrocytes and capillary size.
B. For each question you pose, predict what you believe would be the answer and provide reasoning for your prediction.
C. Describe an approach you think can be used to obtain data to test your prediction.
D. In the production of mammalian red blood cells, erythrocytes that have not yet matured and are still synthesizing heme proteins are surrounded by a macrophage. Predict the role of the macrophage in the maturation of a red blood cell.

Sana Riaz

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

Mitochondria have DNA that encode proteins related to the structures and functions of the organelles. The replication appears to occur continuously, however, many questions about control of replication rate and segregation during mitosis are yet unanswered. Many diseases are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitophagy, as the name suggests, leads to the destruction of mitochondria. Predict whether or not cellular control mechanisms involving the regulation of mitochondrial DNA by the nucleus exist. Make use of what you know about selection and homeostasis as they apply to both the organism and to the organelle.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator