Schaum's Outline of Organic Chemistry

George Hademenos, George Hademenos

Chapter 3 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY AND ORGANIC REACTIONS - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Determine the hybrid orbital number $(\mathrm{HON})$ of the five $\mathrm{C}$-containing intermediates tabulated below and give the hybrid state of the $\mathrm{C}$ atom. Unpaired electrons do not require an $\mathrm{HO}$ and should not be counted in your determination.

Crystal Wang

Numerade Educator

02:48

Problem 2

Give three-dimensional representations for the orbitals used by the $\mathrm{C}$ 's of the five carbon intermediates of Problem 3.1. Place all unshared electrons in the appropriate orbitals.

Vasu Makani

Numerade Educator

01:23

Problem 3

Write formulas for the species resulting from the $(a)$ hornolytic cleavage, $(b)$ heterolytic cleavage of the $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$ bond in ethane, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6$, and classify these species.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

02:20

Problem 4

The following represents the steps in the mechanism for chlorination of methane:
(Figure can't copy)
The propagation steps constitute the overall reaction. $(a)$ Write the equation for the overall reaction. $(b)$ What are the intermediates in the overall reaction? $(c)$ Which reactions are homolytic? (d) Which is a displacement reaction? (e) In which reaction is addition taking place? ( $f$ ) The collision of which species would lead to side products?

Madeline Currie

Numerade Educator

02:21

Problem 5

Identify each of the following as (1) carbocations, (2) carbanions, (3) radicals or (4) carbenes:
(a) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{C}:$
(b) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}$.
(c) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}^{+}$
(d) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}^{--}$
(e) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \dot{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_2$
(f) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}$
(g) $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_3 \dot{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{HCH}_3$
(h) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{C} \mathrm{H}$

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

06:47

Problem 6

Classify the following as substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement, or redox reactions. (A reaction may have more than one designation.)
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{Br}_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{BrCH}_2 \mathrm{Br}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{HCl} \longrightarrow \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CHClCHClCH}+\mathrm{Zn} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}_3+\mathrm{ZnCl}_2$
(d) $\mathrm{NH}_4{ }^{+}(\mathrm{CNO})^{-}$
<smiles>CCNC(N)=O</smiles>
(e) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3 \longrightarrow\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{CH}$
(f) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{Br}_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{BrCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{Br}$
(g) $3 \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CHO}+2 \mathrm{MnO}_4^{-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \stackrel{\Delta}{\longrightarrow} 3 \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}+2 \mathrm{MnO}_2+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ ( $\Delta$ means heat.)
(h) $\mathrm{HCCl}_3+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \longrightarrow: \mathrm{CCl}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$
(i) $\mathrm{BrCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{Zn} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{ZnBr}_2$

Shahina -

Numerade Educator

03:13

Problem 7

Classify the following species as being (1) nucleophiles or (2) electrophiles and give the reason for your classification: (a) $\mathrm{HOO}:^{-},(b): \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{N}:^{-},(c): \mathrm{Br}^{+},(d) \mathrm{BF}_3,(e) \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}:,(f) \mathrm{AlCl}_3,(g): \mathrm{NH}_3,(h) \mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}^{--}$(a carbanion), (i) $\mathrm{SiF}_4,(j) \mathrm{Ag}^{+}$, (k) $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}^{+}$(a carbocation), $(i) \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}$ : (a carbene), $(m)$

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

04:58

Problem 8

Why is the reaction $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{Br}^{-}$a nucelophilic displacement?

Nima Gharibi

Numerade Educator

02:32

Problem 9

Indicate whether reactant (1) or (2) is the nucleophile or electrophile in the following reactions:
(a) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2(1)+\mathrm{Br}_2(2) \rightarrow \mathrm{BrCH}_2-\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{Br}$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{NH}_3^{+}\left(\right.$(1) $+\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}$(2) $\rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{NH}_2+\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Cl}:$
(1) $+\mathrm{AlCl}_3$
(2) $\longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{C}^{+}+\mathrm{AlCl}_4{ }^{-}$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{O}(1)+: \mathrm{SO}_3 \mathrm{H}^{-}(2) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3-\mathrm{CHSO}_3 \mathrm{H}$

Catherine Lemar

Numerade Educator

00:43

Problem 10

State whether the following reactions have a positive or negative $\Delta S$ and give a reason for your choice.
(a) $\mathrm{H}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{CCH}_3$
(b)
<smiles></smiles>
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$

Mishal Gul

Numerade Educator

03:56

Problem 11

Predict the most stable state of $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ (steam, liquid, or ice) in terms of $(a)$ enthalpy, $(b)$ entropy, and (c) free energy.

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

05:36

Problem 12

Calculate $\Delta H$ for the reaction $\mathrm{CH}_4+\mathrm{Cl}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{HCl}$. The bond-dissociation energies, in $\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$, are 427 for $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}, 243$ for $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{Cl}, 339$ for $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Cl}$, and 431 for $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{Cl}$.

Kevin Greto

Numerade Educator

02:53

Problem 13

Compare the strengths of bonds between similar atoms having: (a) single bonds between atoms with and without unshared electron pairs; $(h)$ triple, double, and single bonds.

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

04:58

Problem 14

Given the reversible reaction
$$
\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}=\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOC}_2 \mathrm{H}_5+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}
$$
what changes could you make to increase the yield of $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOC}_2 \mathrm{H}_5$ ?

Nima Gharibi

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 15

Summarize the relationships between the signs of $\Delta H, T \Delta S$, and $\Delta G$, and the magnitude of $K_e$, and state whether a reaction proceeds to the right or to the left for the reaction equation as written.

Amanda Hyde

Numerade Educator

02:43

Problem 16

At $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ the following reactions have the indicated $K_e$ values:
(Figure can't copy)
Since the changes in bonding in these reactions are similar, both reactions have about the same $\Delta H$. Use thermodynamic functions to explain the large difference in the magnitude of $K_e$.

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

04:37

Problem 17

Predict the effect on the rate of a reaction if a change in the solvent causes: $(a)$ an increase in $\Delta H^*$ and a decrease in $\Delta S^{+},(b)$ a decrease in $\Delta H^*$ and an increase in $\Delta S^{+},(c)$ an increase in $\Delta H^*$ and in $\Delta S^*,(d)$ a decrease in $\Delta H^4$ and in $\Delta S^*$.

Asma Hafiz

Numerade Educator

01:13

Problem 18

Draw an enthalpy diagram for a one-step endothermic reaction. Indicate $\Delta H$ of reaction and $\Delta H^{+}$.

Ethan Brown

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 19

Draw a reaction-enthalpy diagram for an exothermic two-step reaction in which $(a)$ the first step is slow, $(h)$ the second step is slow. Why do these reactions occur?

Benjamin Angeles

Numerade Educator

01:03

Problem 20

In Problem 3.19(h), the first step is not only fast but is also reversible. Explain.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

01:30

Problem 21

Catalysts generally speed up reactions by lowering $\Delta H^{\ddagger}$. Explain how this occurs in terms of ground-state and transition-state enthalpies $\left(H_R\right.$ and $\left.H_{T S}\right)$.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

00:20

Problem 22

The reaction $\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}+\mathrm{D}$ has $(a)$ rate $=k[\mathrm{~A}][\mathrm{B}]$, or $(b)$ rate $=k[\mathrm{~A}]$. Offer possible mechanisms consistent with these rate expressions.

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

01:31

Problem 23

For the reaction $2 \mathrm{~A}+2 \mathrm{~B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}+\mathrm{D}$, rate $=k[\mathrm{~A}]^2[\mathrm{~B}]$. Give a mechanism using only unimolecular or bimolecular steps.

Anatole Borisov

Numerade Educator

01:31

Problem 24

For the reaction $\mathrm{A}+2 \mathrm{~B} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}+\mathrm{D}$, rate $=k[\mathrm{~A}][\mathrm{B}]^2$, Offer a mechanism in which the ratedetermining step is unimolecular.

Anatole Borisov

Numerade Educator

03:26

Problem 25

Show the conjugate acids and bases in the reaction of $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ with gaseous $(a) \mathrm{HCl},(b): \mathrm{NH}_3$.

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

01:22

Problem 26

Write an equation for the reaction of ethanol with (a) $\mathrm{NH}_2^{-}$, a very strong base; (b) $\mathrm{Na}$.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

02:13

Problem 27

Compare the basicities of the following pairs (a) $\mathrm{RS}^{-}$and $\mathrm{RO}^{-} ;(b): \mathrm{NH}_3\left(\mathrm{~N}\right.$ uses $s p^3 \mathrm{HO}$ s) and : $\mathrm{PH}_3$ (P uses $p$ AO's for its three bonds); (c) $\mathrm{NH}_2^{-}$and $\mathrm{OH}^{-}$.

Crystal Wang

Numerade Educator

07:48

Problem 28

Compare and account for the acidity of the underlined $\mathrm{H}$ in:
(Figure can't copy)

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

01:13

Problem 29

Account for the decreasing order of basicity in the following amines: $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{NH}_2>\mathrm{NH}_3>\mathrm{NF}_3$.

Narayan Hari

Numerade Educator

02:04

Problem 30

Account for the decreasing order of acidity: $\mathrm{HC}=\mathrm{CH}>\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2>\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_3$.

Raghvendra Singh

Numerade Educator

02:29

Problem 31

Given the following Lewis acid-base reactions:
(Figure can't copy)
(a) Group the bases as follows: (1) anions, (2) molecules with an unshared pair of electrons, (3) negative end of a $\pi$ bond dipole, and (4) available $\pi$ electrons. (b) Group the acids as follows: (1) cations, (2) species with electrondeficient atoms, (3) species with an atom capable of expanding an octet, and (4) positive end of a $\pi$ bond dipole.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

03:34

Problem 32

Which of the following reactions can take place with carbocations? Give examples when reactions do occur. $(a)$ acts as an acid; $(b)$ reacts as an electrophile; $(c)$ reacts as a nucleophile: $(d)$ undergoes rearrangement.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

02:25

Problem 33

Give three-dimensional representations for the orbitals used by the C's in (a) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}^{+}$and $(b)$ $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}^{-}$.

Ian Lee

Numerade Educator

05:35

Problem 34

Write the formula for the carbon intermediate indicated by ?, and label as to type.
(a) $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{CH}_3 \longrightarrow$ ? $+\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{N}$ :
(b) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{Hg} \longrightarrow$ ? $+\cdot \mathrm{Hg}$.
(c) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{N}:-?+\mathrm{N}_2$
(d) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \longrightarrow$ ? $+\mathrm{H}_2$ Ö:
(e) $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{Na} \cdot ?$ ? $+\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{H}_2$
(f) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{D}-\mathrm{Br} \longrightarrow$ ? $+\mathrm{Br}^{-}$
(g) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{Cl}_2+\mathrm{Zn}:-?+\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{I}^{-}$
(h) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{AlCl}_3 \longrightarrow$ ? $+\mathrm{AlCl}_4^{-}$

Anupa Sharad Medhekar

Numerade Educator

01:51

Problem 35

Classify the following reactions by type.
(a)
<smiles>OCC[BH2-][OH+]C[C@@H]1CO1</smiles>
(b) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{CHOH} \stackrel{\text { Cu.beat }}{\longrightarrow}\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{H}_2$
(c)
<smiles>CC=CCCCC</smiles>
(d) $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{Br}+: \mathrm{H}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_3+: \mathrm{Br}$
(e) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \stackrel{\mathrm{P}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_3$
(f) $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_6+\mathrm{HNO}_3 \stackrel{\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{NO}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$
(g) $\mathrm{HCOOH} \stackrel{\text { heat }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}$
(h) $\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}$
(i) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}+2 \mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2^{+}+3 \mathrm{OH}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{HCOO}^{-}+2 \mathrm{Ag}+4 \mathrm{NH}_3+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$
(j) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{HCN} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CN}$

Kim Trang Nguyen

Numerade Educator

01:13

Problem 36

Which of the following species behave as (1) a nucleophile, (2) an electrophile, (3) both, or (4) neither?
(a) : $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$
(b) $\mathrm{H}_2 \ddot{\mathrm{O}}$
(c) $\mathrm{H}^{+}$
(d) $\mathrm{AlBr}_3$
(e) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{O} \mathrm{H}$
(f) $\mathrm{BeCl}_2$
(g) $\mathrm{Br}^{+}$
(h) $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$
(i) $\mathrm{SnCl}_4$
(j) $\mathrm{NO}_2^{+}$
(k) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=0$
(l) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{N}$
(m) $\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{CHCH}_2^{+}$
(n) $\mathrm{CH}_4$
(o) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCH}_3$

Narayan Hari

Numerade Educator

06:10

Problem 37

Formulate the following as a two-step reaction and label nucleophiles and electrophiles.

Tom Rutherford

Numerade Educator

03:02

Problem 38

The addition of $3 \mathrm{~mol}$ of $\mathrm{H}_2$ to $1 \mathrm{~mol}$ of benzenc, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_6$.
$$
3 \mathrm{H}_2+\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_6 \underset{300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}{\stackrel{\mathrm{Pd}(n)}{\longrightarrow}} \mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12}
$$
occurs at room temperature ( $\mathrm{rt}$ ); the reverse elimination reaction proceeds at $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. For the addition reaction, $\Delta H$ and $\Delta S$ are both negative. Explain in terms of thermodynamic functions: $(a)$ why $\Delta S$ is negative and $(b)$ why the addition doesn't proceed at room temperature without a catalyst.

Rebecca Wallace

Numerade Educator

02:13

Problem 39

The reaction $\mathrm{CH}_4+\mathrm{I}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{Ch}_3 \mathrm{I}+\mathrm{HI}$ does not occur as written because the equilibrium lies to the left. Explain in terms of the bond dissociation energies, which are $427,151,222$, and $297 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{for} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{I}-\mathrm{I}$, $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{I}$, and $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{I}$, respectively.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

04:40

Problem 40

Which of the isomers ethyl alcohol, $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{CCH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$, or dimethyl ether, $\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{COCH}_3$, has the lower enthalpy? The bond dissociation energies are $356,414,360$, and $464 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ for $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$ and $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$, respectively.

Stephen Mull

Numerade Educator

06:48

Problem 41

Consider the following sequence of steps:
(1) $\mathrm{A} \longrightarrow \mathrm{B}$
(2) $\mathrm{B}+\mathrm{C} \stackrel{\text { slow }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{D}+\mathrm{E}$
(3) $\mathrm{E}+\mathrm{A} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{~F}$
(a) Which species may be described as (i) reactant, (ii) product and (iii) intermediate? (b) Write the net chemical equation. (c) Indicate the molecularity of each step. (d) If the second step is rate-determining, write the rate expression. (c) Draw a plausible reaction-enthalpy diagram.

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

00:41

Problem 42

A minor step in Problem 3.41 is $2 \mathrm{E} \rightarrow \mathrm{G}$. What is $\mathrm{G}$ ?

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

02:36

Problem 43

The rate expression for the reaction
$$
\begin{gathered}
\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{Ag}^{+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOC}\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3+\mathrm{AgBr} \\
\text { Rate }=k\left[\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Br}\right]\left[\mathrm{Ag}^{+}\right]
\end{gathered}
$$
Suggest a plausible two-step mechanism showing the reacting electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Anatole Borisov

Numerade Educator

04:24

Problem 44

Give the conjugate acid of (a) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{NH}_2$, (b) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{O}^{-}$, (c) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}$, (d) $: \mathrm{H}^{-}$, (c) : $\mathrm{CH}_3^{-}$, (f) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_2$.

Ian Kaigh

Numerade Educator

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Problem 45

What are the conjugate bases, if any, for the substances in Problem 3.44?

Tom Comey

Numerade Educator

00:50

Problem 46

Are any of the following substances amphoteric? (a) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O},($ b $) \mathrm{NH}_3$, (c) $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+},($d $) \mathrm{Cl}^{-},(e) \mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$, (f) $\mathrm{HF}$.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

01:01

Problem 47

Account for the fact that acetic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}$, is a stronger acid in water than in methanol, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}$.

Raghvendra Singh

Numerade Educator

01:23

Problem 48

Refer to Fig. 3-7, the enthalpy diagram for the reaction A $\rightarrow$ B. (a) What do states 1,2 , and 3 represent? (b) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? (c) Which is the rate-determining step. A $\rightarrow 2$ or $2 \rightarrow B$ ? $(d)$ Can substance 2 ever be isolated from the mixture? $(e)$ What represents the activation enthalpy of the overall reaction $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{B}$ ? $(f)$ ls step $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow 2$ reversible?

Anand Jangid

Numerade Educator