Human Anatomy & Physiology

Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn

Chapter 2

chemistry Comes Alive - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which of the following forms of energy is the stimulus for vision? (a) chemical, (b) electrical, (c) mechanical, (d) radiant.

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Problem 2

All of the following are examples of the four major elements contributing to body mass except (a) hydrogen, (b) carbon,
(c) nitrogen, (d) sodium, (e) oxygen.

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Problem 3

All of the following are examples of the four major elements contributing to body mass except (a) hydrogen, (b) carbon, (c) nitrogen, (d) sodium, (e) oxygen.

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Problem 4

Which of the following does not describe a mixture?
(a) properties of its components are retained, (b) chemical bonds are formed, (c) components can be separated physically,
(d) includes both heterogeneous and homogeneous examples.

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Problem 5

In a beaker of water, the water-water bonds can properly be called (a) ionic bonds, (b) polar covalent bonds, (c) nonpolar covalent bonds, (d) hydrogen bonds.

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Problem 6

When a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, the bond formed is called (a) a single covalent bond, (b) a double covalent bond, (c) a triple covalent bond, (d) an ionic bond.

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Problem 7

Factors that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions include all but (a) the presence of catalysts, (b) increasing the temperature, (c) increasing the particle size, (d) increasing the concentration of the reactants.

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Problem 8

Which of the following molecules is an inorganic molecule?
(a) sucrose, $(b)$ cholesterol, (c) collagen, (d) sodium chloride.

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Problem 9

Acids (a) release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water,
(b) are proton acceptors, (c) cause the pH of a solution to rise,
(d) release protons when dissolved in water.

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Problem 10

A triglyceride consists of (a) glycerol plus three fatty acids,
(b) a sugar-phosphate backbone to which two amino groups are attached, (c) two to several hexoses, (d) amino acids that have been thoroughly saturated with hydrogen.

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Problem 11

The lipid(s) used as the basis of vitamin $\mathbf{D}$, sex hormones, and bile salts is/are (a) triglycerides, (b) cholesterol, (c) phospholipids, (d) prostaglandin.

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Problem 12

Provide the atomic symbol for each of the following elements:
(a) calcium, (b) carbon, (c) hydrogen, (d) iron, (e) nitrogen,
(f) oxygen, (g) potassium, (h) sodium.

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Problem 13

A deficiency in this element can be expected to reduce the hemoglobin content of blood: $(a) F e,(b) I,(c) F,(d) C a,(e) K$.

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Problem 14

Which of the following covalently bonded molecules are polar?
a.(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)
b.(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)
c.(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)
d.(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 15

Identify each reaction as one of the following: (a) a synthesis reaction, (b) a decomposition reaction, (c) an exchange reaction. $-(1) 2 H g+O_{2} \rightarrow 2 H g O$
$-(2) \mathrm{HCl}+\mathrm{NaOH} \rightarrow \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

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Problem 16

A chemist, during the course of an analysis, runs across a chemical composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion 1: 2: 1 and having a six-sided molecular shape. It is probably (a) a pentose, (b) an amino acid, (c) a fatty acid, (d) a monosaccharide, (e) a nucleic acid.

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Problem 17

How many moles of aspirin, $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{4},$ are in a bottle containing $450 \mathrm{g}$ by weight? (Note: The approximate atomic weights of its atoms are $\mathrm{C}=12, \mathrm{H}=1, \text { and } \mathrm{O}=16 .)$

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Problem 18

The following equation, which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction.
Glucose $+$ oxygen $\rightarrow$ carbon dioxide $+$ water $+$ ATP
(a) How can you indicate that the reaction is reversible?
(b) How can you indicate that the reaction is in chemical equilibrium?
(c) Define chemical equilibrium.

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Problem 19

Consider the following information about three atoms:
"
$_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \quad_{6}^{13} \mathrm{C} \quad_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$
(a) How are they similar to one another? (b) How do they differ from one another? (c) What are the members of such a group of atoms called? (d) Using the planetary model, draw the atomic configuration of $_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}$ showing the relative position and numbers of its subatomic particles.

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Problem 20

What are hydrogen bonds and how are they important in the body?

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Problem 21

Differentiate clearly between primary, secondary, and tertiary protein structure.

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Problem 22

Describe the mechanism of enzyme action.

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Problem 23

Explain why, if you pour water into a glass very carefully, you can "stack" the water slightly above the rim of the glass.

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Problem 24

Some antibiotics act by binding to certain essential enzymes in the target bacteria. (a) How might these antibiotics influence the chemical reactions controlled by the enzymes? (b) What is the anticipated effect on the bacteria? On the person taking the antibiotic prescription?

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Problem 25

Mrs. Roberts, in a diabetic coma, has just been admitted to Noble Hospital. Her blood $\mathrm{pH}$ indicates that she is in severe acidosis (low blood $\mathrm{pH}$ ), and measures are quickly instituted to bring her blood pH back within normal limits. (a) Define pH and note the normal $\mathrm{pH}$ of blood. (b) Why is severe acidosis a problem?

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Problem 26

Jason, a 12-year-old boy, was awakened suddenly by a loud crash. As he sat up in bed, straining to listen, his fright was revealed by his rapid breathing (hyperventilation), a breathing pattern effective in ridding the blood of $\mathrm{CO}_{2} .$ At this point, was his blood pH rising or falling?

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Problem 27

After you eat a protein bar, which chemical reactions introduced in this chapter must occur for the amino acids in the protein bar to be converted into proteins in your body cells?

Mariana Roldan

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