Chemistry

John E. Mcmurry, Robert C. Fay, Jordan Fantini

Chapter 1

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement - all with Video Answers

Educators

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Look at the alphabetical list of elements inside the front cover, and find the symbols for the following elements:
(a) Cadmium (used in batteries)
(b) Antimony (used in alloys with other metals)
(c) Americium (used in smoke detectors)

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Look at the alphabetical list of elements inside the front cover, and tell what elements the following symbols represent:
$$
\begin{array}{lllllll}{\text { (a) Ag }} & {\text { (b) Rh }} & {\text { (c) Re }} & {\text { (d) } \mathrm{Cs}} & {\text { (e) Ar }} & {\text { (f) As }}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Identify the following elements as metals, nonmetals, or semimetals:
$$
\begin{array}{lllllll}{\text { (a) } \mathrm{Ti}} & {\text { (b) Te }} & {\text { (c) Se }} & {\text { (d) Sc }} & {\text { (e) At }} & {\text { (f) Ar }}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

The three so-called coinage metals are located near the middle of the periodic table. Identify them.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Express the following quantities in scientific notation:
(a) The diameter of a sodium atom, 0.000 000 000 372 m
(b) The distance from the Earth to the Sun, 150,000,000,000 m

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

What units do the following abbreviations represent?
$$
\begin{array}{llll}{\text { (a) } \mu \mathrm{g}} & {\text { (b) dm }} & {\text { (c) ps }} & {\text { (d) } \mathrm{kA}} & {\text { (e) mmol }}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

The normal body temperature of a healthy adult is $98.6^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. What is this value on both Celsius and Kelvin scales?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Carry out the indicated temperature conversions.
$$
-78^{\circ} \mathrm{C}=2 \mathrm{K} \quad \text { (b) } 158^{\circ} \mathrm{C}=?^{\circ} \mathrm{F} \quad \text { (c) } 375 \mathrm{K}=?^{\circ} \mathrm{F}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

What is the density of glass in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ if a sample weighing $27.43 \mathrm{~g}$ has a volume of $12.40 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Chloroform, a substance once used as an anesthetic, has a density of 1.483 g/mL at 20 °C. How many milliliters would you use if you needed 9.37 g?

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

What is the kinetic energy in kilojoules of a 2360 lb $(1070 \mathrm{~kg})$ car moving at $63.3 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}(28.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) ?$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

A Big Mac hamburger from McDonald's contains 540 Calories.
(a) How many kilojoules does a Big Mac contain?
(b) For how many hours could the amount of energy in a Big Mac light a 100 watt lightbulb? (1 watt $=1 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{s})$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

A 1.000 mL sample of acetone, a common solvent used as a paint remover, was placed in a small bottle whose mass was known to be 38.0015 g. The following values were obtained when the acetone-filled bottle was weighed: 38.7798 g, 38.7795 g, and 38.7801 g. How would you characterize the precision and accuracy of these measurements if the true mass of the acetone was 0.7791 g?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

How many significant figures does each of the following quantities have? Explain your answers.
$$
\begin{array}{lllll}{\text { (a) } 76.600 \mathrm{kJ}} & {\text { (b) } 4.50200 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{g}} & {\text { (c) } 3000 \mathrm{nm}} & {\text { (d) } 0.00300 \mathrm{mL}}\end{array}
$$
$$
18 \text { students } \quad \text { (f) } 3 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{g} \quad \text { (g) } 47.60 \mathrm{mL} \text { (h) } 2070 \mathrm{mi}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Round off each of the following quantities to the number of significant figures indicated in parentheses:
$$
\begin{array}{llll}{\text { (a) } 3.774499 \mathrm{L}(4)} & {\text { (b) } 255.0974 \mathrm{K}(3)} & {\text { (c) } 55.265 \mathrm{kg}(4)} & {\text { (d) } 906.401 \mathrm{kJ}(5)}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Carry out the following calculations, expressing each result with the correct number of significant figures:
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } 24.567 \mathrm{g}+0.04478 \mathrm{g}=? \mathrm{g}} \\ {\text { (b) } 4.6742 \mathrm{g} \div 0.00371 \mathrm{L}=2 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}} \\ {\text { (c) } 0.378 \mathrm{mL}+42.3 \mathrm{mL}-1.5833 \mathrm{mL}=2 \mathrm{mL}}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

What is the temperature reading on the following Celsius thermometer? How many significant figures do you have in your answer?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Calculate answers to the following problems, and check your solutions by making ballpark estimates.
(a) The melting point of gold is $1064^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
(b) How large, in cubic centimeters, is the volume of a red blood cell if the cell has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of $6 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m}$ and a height of $2 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m} ?$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Gemstones are weighed in carats, with 1 carat 200 mg (exactly). What is the mass in grams of the Hope Diamond, the world’s largest blue diamond at 44.4 carats? What is this mass in ounces?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

A pure diamond with a mass of 0.1000 g contains carbon atoms and has a density of . What is the volume of the Hope Diamond (Problem 1.19), and how many carbon atoms does it contain?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Table salt (sodium chloride) has an of in rats. Assuming that rats and humans have the same , how much salt would a 155 lb person have to consume to have a 50% chance of dying?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Where on the following outline of a periodic table are the indicated elements or groups of elements?
(a) Alkali metals
(b) Halogens
(c) Alkaline earth metals

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Where on the following outline of a periodic table does the dividing line between metals and nonmetals fall?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Is the red element on the following periodic table likely to be a gas, a liquid, or a solid? What is the atomic number of the blue element? Name at least one other element that is chemically similar to the green element.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

The radioactive element indicated on the following periodic table is used in smoke detectors. Identify it, give its atomic number, and tell what kind of group it's in.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Characterize each of the following dartboards according to the accuracy and precision of the results.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

How many milliters of water does the graduated cylinder in (a) contain, and how tall in centimeters is the paper clip in (b)? How many significant figures do you have in each answer?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Assume that you have two graduated cylinders, one with a capacity of 5 $\mathrm{mL}$ (a) and the other with a capacity of 50 $\mathrm{mL}$ (b). Draw a line in each, showing how much liquid you would add if you needed to measure 264 $\mathrm{mL}$ of water. Which cylinder will give the more accurate measurement? Explain.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

The following cylinder contains three liquids that do not mix with one another: water (density $=1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ), vegetable oil (density $=0.93 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} )$ , and mercury (density $=$ 13.5 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ). Which liquid is which?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

How many elements are presently known? About how many occur naturally?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

What are the rows called and what are the columns called in the periodic table?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

How many groups are there in the periodic table? How are they labeled?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

What common characteristics do elements within a group of the periodic table have?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Where in the periodic table are the main-group elements found? Where are the transition metal groups found?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Where in the periodic table are the metallic elements found? Where are the nonmetallic elements found?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

What is a semimetal, and where in the periodic table are semimetals found?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

List several general properties of the following:
(a) Alkali metals
(b) Noble gases
(c) Halogens

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Without looking at a periodic table, list as many alkali metals as you can. (There are five common ones.)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Without looking at a periodic table, list as many alkaline earth metals as you can. There are five common ones.)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Without looking at a periodic table, list as many halogens as you can. (There are four common ones.)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Without looking at a periodic table, list as many noble gases as you can. (There are six common ones.)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

At room temperature, a certain element is found to be a soft, silver-colored solid that reacts violently with water and is a good conductor of electricity. Is the element likely to be a metal, a nonmetal, or a semimetal?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

At room temperature, a certain element is found to be shiny, silver-colored solid that is a poor conductor of electricity. When a sample of the element is hit with a hammer, it shatters. Is the element likely to be a metal, a nonmetal, or a semimetal?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

In which of the periodic groups $1 \mathrm{A}, 2 \mathrm{A}, 5 \mathrm{A},$ and 7 $\mathrm{A}$ is the
first letter of all elements' symbol the same as the first letter of their name?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

For which elements in groups $1 \mathrm{A}, 2 \mathrm{A}, 5 \mathrm{A},$ and 7 $\mathrm{A}$ of the
periodic table does the first letter of their symbol differ from the first letter of their name?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

What are the symbols for the following elements?
(a) Gadolinium (used in color TV screens)
(b) Germanium (used in semiconductors)
(c) Technetium (used in biomedical imaging)
(d) Arsenic (used in pesticides)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

What are the symbols for the following elements?
(a) Cadmium (used in rechargeable ni-cad batterie?
(b) Iridium (used for hardening alloys)
(c) Berylium (used in the space shuttle)
(d) Tungsten (used in lightbulbs)

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Give the names corresponding to the following symbols:
(a) Te $\quad$
(b) Re $\quad$
(c) Be
(d) Ar $\quad$
(e) $\mathrm{Pu}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Give the names corresponding to the following symbols:
(a) B
(b) $\mathrm{Rh}$
(c) Cf
(d) Os
(e) Ga

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

What is wrong with each of the following statements?
(a) The symbol for tin is Ti.
(b) The symbol for manganese is Mg.
(c) The symbol for potassium is Po.
(d) The symbol for helium is HE.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

What is wrong with each of the following statements?
(a) The symbol for carbon is ca.
(b) The symbol for sodium is So.
(c) The symbol for nitrogen is Ni.
(d) The symbol for chlorine is Cr.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

What is the difference between mass and weight?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

What is the difference between a derived SI unit and a fundamental SI unit? Give an example of each.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

What SI units are used for measuring the following quantities? For derived units, express your answers in terms of the six fundamental units.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) Mass }} & {\text { (b) Length }} & {\text { (c) Temperature }} \\ {\text { (d) Volume }} & {\text { (e) Energy }} & {\text { (f) Density }}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

What SI prefixes correspond to the following multipliers?
(a) $10^{3}$
(b) $10^{-6}$
(c) $10^{9}$
(d) $10^{-12}$
(e) $10^{-2}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

Which is larger, a Fahrenheit degree or a Celsius degree? By how much?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

What is the difference between a kelvin and a Celsius degree?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

What is the difference between a cubic decimeter (SI) and a liter (metric)?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

What is the difference between a cubic centimeter (SI) and a milliter (metric)?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Which of the following statements use exact numbers?
(a) $1 \mathrm{ft}=12 \mathrm{in}$ .
(b) $1 \mathrm{cal}=4.184 \mathrm{J}$
(c) The height of Mt. Everest is $29,035 \mathrm{ft}$ .
(d) The world record for the 1 mile run, set by Morocco's Hicham el Guerrouj in July, $1999,$ is 3 minutes, 43.1 seconds.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

What is the difference in mass between a nickel that weighs 4.8 $\mathrm{g}$ and a nickel that weighs 4.8673 $\mathrm{g?}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

Bottles of wine sometimes carry the notation "Volume $=$ 75 $\mathrm{cL}$ " What does the unit cL mean?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

What do the following abbreviations stand for?
(a) dL $\quad$
(b) $\mathrm{dm}$
(c) $\mu \mathrm{m}$
(d) nL $\quad$
(e) $\mathrm{MJ}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

Which quantity in each of the following pairs is larger?
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } 5.63 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{cm} \text { or } 6.02 \times 10^{1} \mathrm{km}} \\ {\text { (b) } 46 \mu \text { s or } 3.2 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{ms}} \\ {\text { (c) } 200,098 \mathrm{g} \text { or } 17 \times 10^{1} \mathrm{kg}}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Which quantity in each of the following pairs is smaller?
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } 154 \mathrm{pm} \text { or } 7.7 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{cm}} \\ {\text { (b) } 1.86 \times 10^{11} \mu \mathrm{m} \text { or } 2.02 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{km}} \\ {\text { (c) } 2.9 \mathrm{GA} \text { or } 3.1 \times 10^{15} \mu \mathrm{A}}\end{array}
$$

Cheryl Glor

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

How many picograms are in 1 $\mathrm{mg}$ ? In 35 $\mathrm{ng}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

How many microliters are in 1 $\mathrm{L} ?$ In 20 $\mathrm{mL}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

Carry out the following conversions:
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } 5 \mathrm{pm}=-\mathrm{cm}=-\mathrm{nm}} \\ {\text { (b) } 8.5 \mathrm{cm}^{3}=-\mathrm{m}^{3}=-\mathrm{mm}^{3}} \\ {\text { (c) } 65.2 \mathrm{mg}=-\mathrm{g}=-\mathrm{pg}}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

Which is larger, and by approximately how much?
(a) A liter or a quart
(b) A mile or a kilometer
(c) A gram or an ounce
(d) A centimeter or an inch

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
(a) 35.0445 $\mathrm{g}$
(b) 59.0001 $\mathrm{cm} \quad$ .
(c) 0.030 o3 $\mathrm{kg}$
(d) 0.00450 $\mathrm{m}$
(e) $67,000 \mathrm{m}^{2}$
(f) $3.8200 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{L}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
(a) \$ 130.95
(b) 2000.003 $\mathrm{g}$
(c) 5 $\mathrm{ft} 3 \mathrm{in}$
(d) 510 $\mathrm{J}$
(e) $5.10 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{J}$
(f) 10 students

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

The Vehicle Assembly Building at the John F. Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, is the largest building in the world, with a volume of $3,666,500 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ . Express this volume in scientific notation.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

The diameter of the Earth at the equator is 7926.381 $\mathrm{mi}$ . Round off this quantity to four significant figures; to two significant figures. Express the answers in scientific notation.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

Express the following measurements in scientific notation:
(a) 453.32 $\mathrm{mg}$
(b) 0.0000421 $\mathrm{mL} \quad$
(c) $667,000 \mathrm{g}$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

Convert the following measurements from scientific notation to standard notation:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) } 35,670.06 \mathrm{m}(4,6)} & {\text { (b) } 68.507 \mathrm{g}(2,3)}\end{array}
$$
$$
(c)1.35082 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m}^{3} \quad \text { (d) } 6.4100 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{km}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

Round off the following quantities to the number of significant figures indicated in parentheses:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) } 35,670.06 \mathrm{m}(4,6)} & {\text { (b) } 68.507 \mathrm{g}(2,3)}\end{array}
$$
$$
4.995 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{cm}(3) \quad \text { (d) } 2.30985 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{kg}(5)
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

Round off the following quantities to the number of significant figures indicated in parentheses:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) } 7.0001 \mathrm{kg}(4)} & {\text { (b) } 1.605 \mathrm{km}(3)}\end{array}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (c) } 13.2151 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}(3)} & {\text { (d) } 2,300,000.1(7)}\end{array}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

Express the results of the following calculations with the correct number of significant figures:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) } 4.884 \times 2.05} & {\text { (b) } 94.61 \div 3.7} \\ {\text { (c) } 3.7 \div 94.61} & {\text { (d) } 5502.3+24+0.01}\end{array}
$$
$$
\text { (e) }86.3+1.42-0.09 \quad \text { (f) } 5.7 \times 2.31
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

Express the results of the following calculations with the correct number of significant figures:
$$
\text{(a)}\frac{3.41-0.23}{5.233} \times 0.205
$$
$$
\text{(b)}\frac{5.556 \times 2.3}{4.223-0.08}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

The world record for the women's outdoor $20,000$ meter run, set in 2000 by Tegla Loroupe, is $105-26.6$ (seconds are given to the nearest tenth). What was her average speed, expressed in miles per hour with the correct number of significant figures? (Assume that the race distance is accurate to 5 significant figures.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

In the U.S., the emissions limit for carbon monoxide in= motorcycle engine exhaust is 12.0 $\mathrm{g}$ of carbon monoxide per kilometer driven. What is this limit expressed in mg per mile with the correct number of significant figures?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Carry out the following conversions:
(a) How many grams of meat are in a quarter-pound ham- burger $(0.25 \mathrm{Ib}) ?$
(b) How tall in meters is the Willis Tower, formerly called the Sears Tower, in Chicago (145 4
(c) How large in square meters is the land area of Australia $\left(2,941,526 \mathrm{mi}^{2}\right) ?$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

Convert the following quantities into SI units with the correct number of significant figures:
$$
\begin{array}{llll}{\text { (a) } 5.4 \mathrm{in.}} & {\text { (b) } 66.31 \mathrm{lb}} & {\text { (c) } 0.5521 \mathrm{gal}}\end{array}
$$
$$
\text{(d)}65 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h} \quad \text { (e) } 978.3 \mathrm{yd}^{3} \quad \text { (f) } 2.380 \mathrm{mi}^{2}
$$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

The volume of water used for crop irrigation is measured in acre-feet, where 1 acre-foot is the amount of water needed to cover 1 acre of land to a depth of 1 $\mathrm{ft.}$
(a) If there are 640 acres per square mile, how many cubic feet of water are in 1 acre-foot?
(b) How many acre-feet are in Lake Erie (total volume $\quad=116 \mathrm{mi}^{3} ) ?$

Rashmi Sinha

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

The height of a horse is usually measured in hands instead of in feet, where 1 hand equals 1$/ 3 \mathrm{ft}$ (exactly).
(a) How tall in centimeters is a horse of 18.6 hands?
(b) What is the volume in cubic meters of a box measuring $6 \times 2.5 \times 15$ hands?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

Concentrations of substances dissolved in solution are often expressed as mass per unit volume. For example, normal human blood has a cholesterol concentration of about 200 $\mathrm{mg} / 100 \mathrm{mL}$ . Express this concentration in the following units:
$$
\begin{array}{llll}{\text { (a) } \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}} & {\text { (b) } \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}} & {\text { (c) } \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}} & {\text { (d) } \mathrm{ng} / \mu \mathrm{L}}\end{array}
$$
(e) How much total blood cholesterol in grams does a person have if the normal blood volume in the body is 5 $\mathrm{L} ?$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

Weights in England are commonly measured in stones,here 1 stone $=14$ lb. What is the weight in pounds of a person who weighs 8.65 stones?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

Among many alternative units that might be considered as a measure of time is the shake rather than the second. Based on the expression "faster than a shake of a lamb's tail," we'll define 1 shake as equal to $2.5 \times 10^{-4}$ s. If a car is traveling at $55 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h},$ what is its speed in $\mathrm{cm} /$ shake?

Ronald Prasad

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

Administration of digitalis, a drug used to control atrial fibrillation in heart patients, must be carefully controlled because even a modest overdosage can be fatal. To take differences between patients into account, drug dosages are prescribed in terms of mg/kg body weight. Thus, a child and an adult differ greatly in weight, but both receive the same dosage per kilogram of body weight. At a dosage of 20$\mu g / k g$ body weight, how many milligrams of digitalis should a 160 lb patient receive?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

The normal body temperature of a goat is $39.9^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and that of an Australian spiny anteater is $22.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . Express these temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

Of the 90 or so naturally occurring elements, only four are liquid near room temperature: mercury (melting point $=-38.87^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ),$ bromine (melting point $=-7.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ),$ cesium (melting point $=28.40^{\circ} \mathrm{C} )$ , and gallium (melting point $=29.78^{\circ} \mathrm{C} )$ . Convert these melting points to degrees Fahrenheit.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

Tungsten, the element used to make filaments in light- bulbs, has a melting point of 6192 oF. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius and to kelvin.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Suppose that your oven is calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit but a recipe calls for you to bake at $175^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What oven setting should you use?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Suppose you were dissatisfied with both Celsius and Fahrenheit units and wanted to design your own temperature scale based on ethyl alcohol (ethanol). On the Celsius scale, ethanol has a melting point of $-117.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a boiling point of $78.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , but on your new scale calibrated in units of degrees ethanol, ' $^{\circ} \mathrm{E},$ you define ethanol to melt at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{E}$ and boil at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{E}$ .
(a) How does your ethanol degree compare in size with a Celsius degree?
(b) How does an ethanol degree compare in size with a Fahrenheit degree?
(c) What are the melting and boiling points of water on the (d) What is normal human body temperature $\left(98.6^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)$ on the ethanol scale?
(e) If the outside thermometer reads $130^{\circ} \mathrm{E},$ how would you dress to go out?ethanol scale?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Answer parts $(a)-(d)$ of Problem 1.94 assuming that your new temperature scale is based on ammonia, $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ . On the Celsius scale, ammonia has a melting point of $-77.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and a boiling point of $-33.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ but on your new scale calibrated in units of degrees ammonia, oA, you define ammonia to melt at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{A}$ and boil at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{A}$

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

The density of silver is 10.5 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the mass (in kilograms) of a cube of silver that measures 0.62 $\mathrm{m}$ on each side?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

A vessel contains 4.67 $\mathrm{L}$ of bromine, whose density is 3.10 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the mass of the bromine in the vessel (in kilograms)?

Vysakh M

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

Aspirin has a density of 1.40 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the volume in cubic centimeters of an aspirin tablet weighing 250 $\mathrm{mg}$ ? Of tablet weighing 500 $\mathrm{lb}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Gaseous hydrogen has a density of 0.0899 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and gaseous chlorine has a density of 3.214 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ at the same temperature. How many liters of each would you need if you wanted 1.0078 $\mathrm{g}$ of hydrogen and 35.45 $\mathrm{g}$ of chlorine?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

What is the density of lead in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ if a rectangular bar measuring 0.50 $\mathrm{cm}$ in height, 1.55 $\mathrm{cm}$ in width, and 25.00 $\mathrm{cm}$ in length has a mass of 220.9 $\mathrm{g}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 101

What is the density of lithium metal in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ if a cylindrical wire with a diameter of 2.40 $\mathrm{mm}$ and a length of 15.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ has a mass of 0.3624 $\mathrm{g}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

Which has more kinetic energy, a 1400 kg car moving at 115 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ or a $12,000 \mathrm{kg}$ truck moving at 38 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

Assume that the kinetic energy of a 1400 $\mathrm{kg}$ car moving at 115 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ (Problem 1.102$)$ is converted entirely into heat. How many calories of heat are released, and what amount of water in liters could be heated from $20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $50.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ by the car's energy? (One calorie raises the temperature of 1 $\mathrm{mL}$ of water by $1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ )

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

The combustion of 45.0 $\mathrm{g}$ of methane (natural gas) releases 2498 $\mathrm{kJ}$ of heat energy. How much energy in kilocalories (kcal) would combustion of 0.450 ounces of methane release?

Dominique Jan Tan

Dominique Jan Tan

Numerade Educator

Problem 105

Sodium (Na) metal undergoes a chemical reaction with chlorine (Cl) gas to yield sodium chloride, or common table salt. If 1.00 g of sodium reacts with 1.54 $\mathrm{g}$ of chlorine, 2.54 $\mathrm{g}$
of sodium chloride is formed and 17.9 $\mathrm{kJ}$ of heat is released. How much sodium and how much chlorine in grams would have to react to release 171 kcal of heat?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

When an irregularly shaped chunk of silicon weighing 8.763 $\mathrm{g}$ was placed in a graduated cylinder containing 25.00 $\mathrm{mL}$ of water, the water level in the cylinder rose to 28.76 $\mathrm{mL}$ . What is the density of silicon in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

Lignum vitae is a hard, durable, and extremely dense wood used to make ship bearings. A sphere of this wood with a diameter of 7.60 $\mathrm{cm}$ has a mass of 313 $\mathrm{g}$ .
(a) What is the density of the lignum vitae sphere?
(b) Will the sphere float or sink in water?
(c) Will the sphere float or sink in chloroform? (The density of chloroform is $1,48 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ )

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

Sodium chloride has a melting point of 1074 $\mathrm{K}$ and a boiling point of 1686 $\mathrm{K}$ . Convert these temperatures to degrees Celsius and to degrees Fahrenheit.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 109

A large tanker truck for carrying gasoline has a capacity of $3.4 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{L} .$
(a) What is the tanker's capacity in gallons?
(b) If the retail price of gasoline is $\$ 3.00$ per gallon, what is the value of the truck's full load of gasoline?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 110

The density of chloroform, a widely used organic solvent, is 1.4832 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . How many milliliters would you use if you wanted 112.5 $\mathrm{g}$ of chloroform?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 111

More sulfuric acid (density $=1.8302 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ ) is produced than any other chemical-approximately $3.6 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{Ib} / \mathrm{yr}$ worldwide. What is the volume of this amount in liters?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

Answer the following questions:
(a) An old rule of thumb in cooking says: "A pint's a pound the world around." What is the density in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ of a substance for which $1 \mathrm{pt}=1$ lb exactly?
(b) There are exactly 640 acres in 1 square mile. How many square meters are in 1 acre?
(c) A certain type of wood has a density of 0.40 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ . What is the mass of 1.0 cord of this wood in $\mathrm{kg}$ , where 1 cord is 128 cubic feet of wood?
(d) A particular sample of crude oil has a density of 0.85 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . What is the mass of 1.00 barrel of this crude oil in $\mathrm{kg}$ , where a barrel of oil is exactly 42 gallons?
(e) A gallon of ice cream contains exactly 32 servings, and each serving has 165 Calories, of which 30.0$\%$ are derived from fat. How many Calories derived from fat would you consume if you ate one half-gallon of ice cream?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 113

A 1.0 ounce piece of chocolate contains 15 $\mathrm{mg}$ of caffeine, and a 6.0 ounce cup of regular contee contains 105 $\mathrm{mg}$ of caffeine. How much chocolate would you have to consume
to get as much caffeine as you would from 2.0 cups of coffee?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

A bag of Hershey's Kisses contains the following information:
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { Serving size: } 9 \text { pieces }=41 \text { grams }} \\ {\text { Calories per serving: } 230} \\ {\text { Total fat per serving: } 13 \mathrm{g}}\end{array}
$$
(a) The bag contains 2.0 lbs of Hershey's Kisses. How many Kisses are in the bag?
(b) The density of a Hershey's Kiss is 1.4 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . What is the volume of a single Hershey's Kiss?
(c) How many Calories are in one Hershey's Kiss?
(d) Each gram of fat yields 9 Calories when metabolized. What percent of the calories in Hershey's Kisses are derived from fat?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 115

Vinaigrette salad dressing consists mainly of oil and vinegar. The density of olive oil is $0.918 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ the density of vinegar is $1.006 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ and the two do not mix. If a certain mixture of olive oil and vinegar has a total mass of 397.8 $\mathrm{g}$
and a total volume of $422.8 \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ what is the volume of oil and what is the volume of vinegar in the mixture?

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 116

At a certain point, the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales "cross," giving the same numerical value on both. At what temperature does this crossover occur?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 117

Imagine that you place a cork measuring 1.30 $\mathrm{cm} \times$ 5.50 $\mathrm{cm} \times 3.00 \mathrm{cm}$ in a pan of water and that on top of the cork you place a small cube of lead measuring 1.15 $\mathrm{cm}$ on each edge. The density of cork is $0.235 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ and the density of lead is 11.35 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Will the combination of cork plus lead float or sink?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 118

The LD $_{50}$ of aspirin in rats is given in the Inquiry at the end of the chapter. If a baby aspirin tablet contains 81 $\mathrm{mg}$ of aspirin, how many whole tablets would a 0.75 lb rat have to consume to have at least a 50$\%$ chance of dying from the dose?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 119

An Eastern diamondback rattlesnake was milked until 0.134 g of venom was obtained. The venom was then administered subcutaneously in equal portions to 550 mice with an average weight of 0.70 oz, and exactly half the mice died. What is the $L D_{50}(\text { in } g / k g)$ for the snake venom in mice? See the Inquiry at the end of this chapter.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 120

A 125 mL sample of water at 293.2 $\mathrm{K}$ was heated for 8 $\mathrm{min}$ , 25 $\mathrm{s}$ so as to give a constant temperature increase of $3.0^{\circ} \mathrm{F} / \mathrm{min}$ . What is the final temperature of the water in degrees Celsius?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 121

A calibrated flask was filled to the 25.00 $\mathrm{mL}$ mark with ethyl alcohol. By weighing the flask before and after adding the alcohol, it was determined that the flask contained 19.7325 g of alcohol. In a second experiment, 25.0920 g of metal beads were added to the flask, and the flask was again filled to the 25.00 $\mathrm{mL}$ mark with ethyl alcohol. The total mass of the metal plus alcohol in the flask
was determined to be 38.4704 $\mathrm{g}$ . What is the density of the metal in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 122

Brass is a copper-zinc alloy. What is the mass in grams of a brass cylinder having a length of 1.62 in. and a diameter of 0.514 in. if the composition of the brass is 67.0$\%$ copper and 33.0$\%$ zinc by mass? The density of copper is 8.92 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ and the density of zinc is 7.14 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Assume that the density of the brass varies linearly with= composition.

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 123

Ocean currents are measured in Sterdrups (sv) where $1 \mathrm{sv}=10^{9} \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s} .$ The Gulf Stream off the tip of Florida, for instance, has a flow of 35 $\mathrm{sv.}$
(a) What is the flow of the Gulf Stream in milliliters per minute?
(b) What mass of water in the Gulf Stream flows past a given point in 24 hours? The density of seawater is 1.025 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ .
(c) How much time is required for 1 petaliter $(\mathrm{PL} ;$ $1 \mathrm{PL}=10^{15} \mathrm{L}$ ) of seawater to flow past a given point?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator

Problem 124

The element gallium (Ga) has the second largest liquid range of any element, melting at $29.78^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and boiling at $2204^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at atmospheric pressure.
(a) Is gallium a metal, a nonmetal, or a semimetal?
(b) Name another element whose chemical properties might be similar to those of gallium.
(c) What is the density of gallium in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ if a
1 in. cube has a mass of 0.2133 lb?
(d) Assume that you construct a thermometer using gallium as the fluid instead of mercury, and that you define the melting point of gallium as $0^{\circ} \mathrm{G}$ and the boiling point of gallium as $1000^{\circ} \mathrm{G}$ . What is the melting point of sodium chloride ( $801^{\circ} \mathrm{C} )$ on the gallium scale?

Pronoy Sinha

Numerade Educator

Problem 125

Distances over land are measured in statute miles (5280 ft), but distances over water are measured in nautical miles, where 1 nautical mile was originally defined as 1 minute of arc along an Earth meridian, or $1 / 21,600$ of the Earth's circumference through the poles. A ship's speed through the water is measured in knots, where 1 knot $=1$ nautical mile per hour. Historically, the unit knot derived from the practice of measuring a ship's speed by throwing a log tied to a knotted line over the side. The line had a knot tied in it at intervals of 47 $\mathrm{ft} .3$ in, and the number of knots run out in 28 seconds was counted to determine speed.
(a) How many feet are in a nautical mile? How many meters?
(b) The northern bluefin tuna can weigh up to 1500 pounds and can swim at speeds up to 48 miles per hour. How fast is this in knots?
(c) A league is defined as 3 nautical miles. The Mariana Trench, with a depth of $35,798$ feet, is the deepest point in the ocean. How many leagues deep is this?
(d) By international agreement, the nautical mile is now defined as exactly 1852 meters. By what percentage does this current definition differ from the original definition, and by what percentage does it differ from a statute mile?

Arron Martel

Numerade Educator