• Home
  • Textbooks
  • Genetics: A Conceptual Approach
  • Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Genetics: A Conceptual Approach

Benjamin Pierce

Chapter 2

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

02:15

Problem 1

What are some genetic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 2

Why are viruses often used in the study of genetics?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 3

List three fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:20

Problem 4

Outline the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 5

Name three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome and describe their functions.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 6

Sketch and identify four different types of chromosomes based on the position of the centromere.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:59

Problem 7

List the stages of interphase and the major events that take place in each stage.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:08

Problem 8

What are checkpoints? List some of the important checkpoints in the cell cycle.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
05:13

Problem 9

List the stages of mitosis and the major events that take place in each stage.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:08

Problem 10

Briefly describe how the chromosomes move toward the spindle poles during anaphase.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 11

What are the genetically important results of the cell cycle and mitosis?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:46

Problem 12

Why are the two cells produced by the cell cycle genetically identical?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
05:57

Problem 13

What are the stages of meiosis and what major events take place in each stage?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:36

Problem 14

What are the major results of meiosis?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:43

Problem 15

What two processes unique to meiosis are responsible for genetic variation? At what point in meiosis do these processes take place?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:54

Problem 16

How does anaphase I of meiosis differ from anaphase of mitosis?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:20

Problem 17

Briefly explain why sister chromatids remain together in anaphase I but separate in anaphase II of meiosis.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
05:33

Problem 18

Outline the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animals.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:16

Problem 19

Outline the processes of male gamete formation and female gamete formation in plants.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:58

Problem 20

Answer the following questions about the blind men's riddle, presented in the introduction to this chapter.
a. What do the two socks of a pair represent in the cell cycle?
b. In the riddle, each blind man buys his own pairs of socks, but the clerk places all the pairs in one bag. Thus, there are two pairs of socks of each color in the bag (two black pairs, two blue pairs, two gray pairs, etc.). What do the two pairs (four socks in all) of each color represent?
c. What is the thread that connects the two socks of a pair?
d. What is the molecular knife that cuts the thread holding the two socks of a pair together?
e. What in the riddle performs the same function as spindle microtubules?
f. What would happen if one man failed to grasp his sock of a particular pair? How does that outcome relate to events in the cell cycle?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 21

A cell has a circular chromosome and no nuclear membrane. Its DNA is complexed with some histone proteins. Does this cell belong to a bacterium, an archaean, or a eukaryote? Explain your reasoning.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
01:45

Problem 22

A certain species has three pairs of chromosomes: an acrocentric pair, a metacentric pair, and a submetacentric pair. Draw a cell of this species as it would appear in metaphase of mitosis.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 23

Examine Figure 2.6a What type of chromosome (metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric) is chromosome $1 ?$ What about chromosome $4 ?$

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 24

A biologist examines a series of cells and counts 160 cells in interphase, 20 cells in prophase, 6 cells in prometaphase, 2 cells in metaphase, 7 cells in anaphase, and 5 cells in telophase. If the complete cell cycle requires 24 hours, what is the average duration of the $\mathrm{M}$ phase in these cells? Of metaphase?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
01:39

Problem 25

In what stage of mitosis is the cell illustrated in the chapter opening figure (p. 17)?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
06:02

Problem 26

A certain species has three pairs of chromosomes: one acrocentric pair and two metacentric pairs. Draw a cell of this species as it would appear in the following stages of meiosis:
a. Metaphase I
b. Anaphase I
c. Metaphase II
d. Anaphase II

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 27

Construct a table similar to that in Figure 2.12 for the different stages of meiosis, giving the number of chromosomes per cell and the number of DNA molecules per cell for a cell that begins with 4 chromosomes (two homologous pairs) in $\mathrm{G}_{1}$. Include the following stages in your table: $\mathrm{G}_{1}$
$\mathrm{S}, \mathrm{G}_{2},$ prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I (after cytokinesis), prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II (after cytokinesis).

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 28

A cell in $G_{1}$ of interphase has 12 chromosomes $(2 n=12) .$ How many chromosomes and DNA molecules will be found per cell when this original cell progresses to the following stages?
a. $\mathrm{G}_{2}$ of interphase
b. Metaphase I of meiosis
c. Prophase of mitosis
d. Anaphase I of meiosis
e. Anaphase II of meiosis
f. Prophase II of meiosis
g. After cytokinesis following mitosis
h. After cytokinesis following meiosis II

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:17

Problem 29

How are the events that take place in spermatogenesis and oogenesis similar? How are they different?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:13

Problem 30

All of the following cells, shown in various stages of mitosis and meiosis, come from the same rare species of plant.
a. What is the diploid number of chromosomes in this plant?
b. Give the names of each stage of mitosis or meiosis shown.
c. Give the number of chromosomes and number of DNA molecules per cell present at each stage.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 31

The amount of DNA per cell of a particular species is measured in cells found at various stages of meiosis, and the following amounts are obtained:
Amount of DNA per cell in picograms (pg)
_____3.7 pg _____7.3 pg _____14.6
Match the amounts of DNA above with the corresponding stages of meiosis (a through $f,$ on the adjoining page). You may use more than one stage for each amount of DNA.
Stage of meiosis
a. $\mathrm{G}_{1}$
b. Prophase I
c. $G_{2}$
d. Following telophase II and cytokinesis
e. Anaphase I
f. Metaphase II

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:55

Problem 32

How would each of the following events affect the outcome of mitosis or meiosis?
a. Mitotic cohesin fails to form early in mitosis.
b. Shugoshin is absent during meiosis.
c. Shugoshin does not break down after anaphase I of meiosis.
d. Separase is defective.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 33

A cell in prophase II of meiosis contains 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be present in a cell from the same organism if it were in prophase of mitosis? Prophase I of meiosis?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
04:49

Problem 34

A cell has 8 chromosomes in $G_{1}$ of interphase. Draw a picture of this cell with its chromosomes at the following stages. Indicate how many DNA molecules are present at each stage.
a. Metaphase of mitosis
b. Anaphase of mitosis
c. Anaphase II of meiosis
d. Diplotene of meiosis I

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 35

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (left) has four pairs of chromosomes, whereas the house fly Musca domestica (right) has six pairs of chromosomes. In which species would you expect to see more genetic variation among the progeny of a cross? Explain your answer.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
05:00

Problem 36

A cell has two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, which we will call chromosomes $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{a}}, \mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{b}}, \mathrm{II}_{\mathrm{a}},$ and $\mathrm{II}_{\mathrm{b}}$ (chromosomes $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{a}}$ and $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{b}}$ are homologs, and chromosomes II and II $_{\mathrm{b}}$ are homologs). Allele $M$ is located on the long arm of chromosome $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{a}}$, and allele $m$ is located at the same position on chromosome $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{b}}$. Allele $P$ is located on the short arm of chromosome $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{a}},$ and allele $p$ is located at the same position on chromosome $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{b}} .$ Allele $R$ is located on chromosome II and allele $r$ is located at the same position on chromosome II_b.
a. Draw these chromosomes, identifying genes $M, m, P, p, R,$ and $r,$ as they might appear in metaphase I of meiosis. Assume that there is no crossing over.
b. Taking into consideration the random separation of chromosomes in anaphase I, draw the chromosomes (with genes identified) present in all possible types of gametes that might result from this cell's undergoing meiosis. Assume that there is no crossing over.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 37

A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 chromosomes. A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule, which is usually sterile. How many chromosomes does a mule have? Can you think of any reasons for the fact that most mules are sterile?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:50

Problem 38

Normal somatic cells of horses have 64 chromosomes $(2 n=64) .$ How many chromosomes and DNA molecules will be present in the following types of horse cells?
$$\begin{array}{ccc} \text { Cell type } & \text { Number of
chromosomes } & \text { Number of DNA
molecules } \\ \text { a. Spermatogonium } & \text {_____} & \text {_____} \\
\text { b. First polar body } & \text {_____} & \text {_____} \\
\text { c. Primary oocyte } & \text {_____} & \text {_____} \\
\text { d. Secondary spermatocyte } & \text {_____} & \text {_____} \\
\end{array}$$

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 39

Indicate whether each of the following cells is haploid or diploid.
$$\begin{array}{cc} \text { Cell type } & \text { Haploid or diploid? } \\
\text { Microspore } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Primary spermatocyte } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Microsporocyte } & \text {_____} \\
\text { First polar body } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Oogonium } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Spermatid } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Megaspore } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Ovum } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Secondary oocyte } & \text {_____} \\
\text { Spermatogonium } & \text {_____} \\
\end{array}$$

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:33

Problem 40

A primary oocyte divides to give rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. The secondary oocyte then divides to give rise to an ovum and a second polar body.
a. Is the genetic information found in the first polar body identical with that found in the secondary oocyte? Explain your answer.
b. Is the genetic information found in the second polar body identical with that in the ovum? Explain your answer.

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 41

From $80 \%$ to $90 \%$ of the most common human chromosome abnormalities arise because the chromosomes fail to divide properly in oogenesis. Can you think of a reason why failure of chromosome division might be more common in female gametogenesis than in male gametogenesis?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 42

On average, what proportion of the genome in the following pairs of humans would be exactly the same if no crossing over took place? (For the purposes of this question only, we will ignore the special case of the
X and Y sex chromosomes and assume that all genes are located on nonsex chromosomes.)
a. Father and child
b. Mother and child
c. Two full siblings (offspring that have the same two biological parents)
d. Half siblings (offspring that have only one biological parent in common)
e. Uncle and niece
f. Grandparent and grandchild

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 43

Female bees are diploid, and male bees are haploid. The haploid males produce sperm and can successfully mate with diploid females. Fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs develop into males. How do you think the process of sperm production in male bees differs from sperm production in other animals?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator