Campbell Biology

Lisa A. Urry

Chapter 42

Circulation and Gas Exchange - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which of the following respiratory systems is independent from a fluid-based circulatory system?
(A) the lungs of a vertebrate
(B) the gills of a fish
(C) the tracheal system of an insect
(D) the skin of an earthworm

Christy M.

Christy M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
(A) left atrium.
(C) left ventricle.
(B) right atrium.
(D) right ventricle.

Prashant Bana

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Pulse is a direct measure of
(A) blood pressure.
(C) cardiac output.
(B) stroke volume.
(D) heart rate.

Vidushi Ahuja

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
(A) rising $\mathrm{O}_{2}$
(C) rising $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$
(B) falling $\mathrm{O}_{2}$
(D) falling $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$

Dana Tsai

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

One feature that amphiblans and humans have in common is
(A) the number of heart chambers.
(B) a complete separation of circuits for circulation.
(C) the number of circuits for circulation.
(D) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

Christy M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

A molecule of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ released into the blood in your left toe can be exhaled from your nose without passing through which of the following structures?
(A) the pulmonary vein.
(C) the right atrium.
(B) the trachea.
(D) the right ventricle.

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a
(A) higher $\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{O}}$
(B) higher $P_{C O}$
(C) greater bicarbonate concentration.
(D) lower pH.

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Plot blood pressure against time for one cardiac cycle in humans, drawing separate lines for the pressure in the aorta, the left ventricle, and the right ventricle. Below the time axis, add a vertical arrow pointing to the time when you expect a peak in atrial blood pressure.

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

One opponent of the movie monster Godzilla is Mothra, a mothlike creature with a wingspan of several dozen meters. The largest known insects. were Paleozoic dragonflies with half-meter wingspans. Focusing on respiration and gas exchange, explain why giant insects are Improbable.

Christy M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

The hemoglobin of a human fetus differs from adult hemoglobin. Compare the dissociation curves of the two hemoglobins in the graph at right. Describe how they differ, and propose
a hypothesis to explain the benefit of this difference.

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Hundreds of studies have linked smoking with cardiovascular and lung disease. According to most health authorities, smoking is the leading cause of preventable, premature death in the United States. What are some arguments in favor of a total ban on cigarette advertising? What are arguments in opposition? Do you favor or oppose such a ban? Explain.

Christina Sorrentino

Christina Sorrentino

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Some athletes prepare for competition at sea level by sleeping in a tent in which $P_{O_{4}}$ is kept low. When climbing high peaks, some mountaineers breathe from bottles of pure $\mathrm{O}_{2}$. In a short essay $(100-150$ words), relate these behaviors to the mechanism of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ transport in the human body and to physiological Interactions with our gaseous environment.

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

The diving bell spider (Argroneta aquatica) stores air underwater in a net of silk. Explain why this adaptation could be more advantageous than having gills, taking into account differences in gas exchange media and gas exchange organs among animals.

Nicholas Sacco

Numerade Educator