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Invitation to Computer Science

G.Michael Schneider, Judith Gersting

Chapter 7

Computer Networks and Cloud Computing - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Show how a modem would encode the 5 -bit binary sequence 11001 onto an analog carrier by
a. Modifying its amplitude (the height of the carrier wave)
b. Modifying its frequency (the number of waves per second)

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01:22

Problem 2

A modem can also modify the phase of a carrier wave to encode binary data. Find out what the
phase of a signal is and determine how it can be modified so that it can encode the same 5-bit signal 11001 used in Exercise 1.

Dominador Tan
Dominador Tan
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 3

Explain why noise and interference have a more serious impact on an analog transmission line (like a telephone link) than on a digital transmission line.

Donald Albin
Donald Albin
Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Determine the total time it takes to transmit an uncompressed grayscale image (with 8 bits/pixel) from a screen with a resolution of $1,280 \times 840$ pixels using each of the following media:
a. A 56 Kbps modem
b. A 1.5 Mbps DSL line
c. A 100 Mbps Ethernet link

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01:12

Problem 5

Assume that we need to transmit a $1,440 \times 900$ uncompressed color image (using 16 bits per pixel) over a computer network in less than 0.01 second. What is the minimal necessary line speed to meet this goal?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 6

a. Assume there are one million books in your campus library. Approximate (to the nearest order of magnitude) how many bytes of data there are if all these books were stored online and accessible across a computer network.
b. How long does it take to transfer the entire collection of books if the data rate of the transmission medium is $10 \mathrm{Mbps}$, the speed of the original Ethernet? How long does it take if we have a line with a speed of $1 \mathrm{Gbps}$ ? (This value represents the time needed to download your entire campus library.)

Tyler Moulton
Tyler Moulton
Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Why is an address field needed in the Ethernet LAN protocol? Can you think of a useful situation in which you might want either to omit the address field entirely or to use some "special" address value in the address field?
8. After reviewing the description of the Ethernet protocol in Section 7.3.2, how do you think this protocol behaves in a very heavily loaded network - that is, a network environment where there are lots of nodes attempting to send messages? Explain what behavior you expect to see and why.

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02:22

Problem 8

After reviewing the description of the Ethernet protocol in Section 7.3.2, how do you think this protocol behaves in a very heavily loaded network - that is, a network environment where there are lots of nodes attempting to send messages? Explain what behavior you expect to see and why.

Shelby Mohamed
Shelby Mohamed
Numerade Educator

Problem 9

The Ethemet is a distributed LAN protocol, which means that there is no centralized control node and that the failure of a single node can never bring down the entire network. However, can you think of any advantage to the creation of a centralized LAN in which one node is in charge of the entire network and makes all decisions about who can send a message and who must wait? Explain.

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Problem 10

Agree or disagree with the following assertion and state why:
In an Ethernet network, even though there are collisions, every message is guaranteed to be delivered in some maximum amount of time T.

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Problem 11

a. Assume there is a wide area network with N nodes, where $N \geq 2$. What is the smallest number of point-to-point communication links such that every node in the network is able to talk to every other node? (Note: A network in which some nodes are unable to exchange messages with other nodes because there is no path between them is called disconnected.)
b. If you are worried about having a disconnected network, what type of interconnection structure should you use when configuring your network?
19. In Exercise 11, you determined the minimum number of links needed to ensure that every one of the $\mathrm{N}$ nodes in a network can communicate with every other node. However, most networks have far more than this minimum. What are the advantages of having these "extra" nodes in the network?

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Problem 12

In Exercise 11, you determined the minimum number of links needed to ensure that every one of the $N$ nodes in a network can communicate with every other node. However, most networks have far more than this minimum. What are the advantages of having these "extra" nodes in the network?

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Problem 13

What happens to the store-and-forward protocol of Figure 7.9 if a packet $M$ is repeatedly sent from node A to node B but never correctly arrives at $B$ ? (Perhaps the link from $A$ to $B$ is broken.) What modifications can we make to this protocol to handle this situation?

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Problem 14

The ARQ algorithm described in Section 7.3 .2 is quite inefficient because the sending node must stop sending until it receives an explicit ACK from the receiving node. Can you design a modification to the ARQ protocol that makes it more efficient by not requiring the sender to stop and wait each time it sends a message? Describe your revised protocol in detail.

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Problem 15

How could we broadcast a message using an ARQ algorithm? That is, how do we send the same message to 100 different nodes on a WAN?

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08:30

Problem 16

Given the following diagram, where the numbers represent the time delays across a link:
a. How many simple paths (those that do not repeat a node) are there from node $A$ to $G$ ?
b. What is the shortest path from node A to node G? What is the overall delay?
c. If node $E$ fails, does that change the shortest path? If so, what is the new shortest path?

Brian Lin
Brian Lin
Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Here is a simple heuristic (approximation algorithm) for routing a message from node A to node B in a reasonable amount of time. The algorithm assumes that every node in the network has at least two outgoing links.
Assume A has n outgoing links, $n \geq 2$, with delays to the nodes on the other end of $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$. Select the link with the shortest delay and send the message on that line. If the message arrives at node $\mathrm{B}$, you are done. Otherwise, repeat this process until the message does arrive at its intended destination, but do not send the message directly back to the node from where it just came. That is, if the message was sent from A to $C$, then $C$ should not return the message to A. In this case, choose the second-lowest delay value for the outgoing line.
Will this heuristic always deliver the message from node A to node B? If not, explain why.

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01:49

Problem 18

What are some of the specific responsibilities performed by the device called a gateway (diagrammed in Figure 7.26) that is placed between two different types of networks to allow them to communicate?

Shelby Mohamed
Shelby Mohamed
Numerade Educator

Problem 19

In Section 7.3.4, we said that the Transport layer turns the inherently unreliable Network layer into an error-free delivery service. However, the Network layer uses the services of the Data Link layer, which is guaranteed to correctly deliver messages on a point-to-point link. For example, assume we have the following four-node network:
<smiles>B1[C-]O1</smiles>
If the Network layer is sending a message from $A$ to $D$ via $B$, it can be sure that a message sent by the Data Link layer from $A$ to $B$ will always correctly get to $B$, and a message sent from $B$ to $D$ will al ways correctly get to D. How then is it possible for the Network layer to be unable to correctly deliver a message from $A$ to $D$ ?

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Problem 20

What are the advantages of breaking up a single logical message into a number of fixed-sized packets and then sending each one of those packets independently through the network?

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Problem 21

Look at the home page of the Internet Society (www intemetsocietyorg) and read about one of the designers of the original ARPANET-Larry Roberts, Leonard Kleinrock, Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, John Postel, or others. Leam about the early days of networking and the contributions that these individuals made to the ultimate development of the Internet. The home page of the Intemet Society has links to many other places that provide a weal th of fascinating information about networks in general and the internet and the web in particular.

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Problem 22

Purchasing services from a cloud provider has many advantages, as was discussed in Section 7.5. However, the cloud can also create problems with regard to your business or research environment. For each of the following areas, discuss problems that could occur when you purchase cloud services to handle your company's data storage backup.
a. Internet outages
b. Data security
c. Data inflexibility
d Customer support

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