a. If we were to purchase a flip-flop circuit from an electronic component store, we may find that it has an additional input called flip. When this input changes from a 0 to 1 , the output flips state (i.e., if it was 0 , it is now 1 and vice versa). However, when the flip input changes from 1 to a 0 , nothing happens. Even though we may not know the details of the circuitry needed to accomplish this behavior, we could still use this device as an abstract tool in other circuits. Consider the circuitry using two of the following flip-flops. If a pulse were sent on the circuit's input, the bottom flip-flop would change state. However, the second flip-flop would not change, since its input (received from the output of the NOT gate) went from a 1 to a 0 . As a result, this circuit would now produce the outputs 0 and 1 . A second pulse would flip the state of both flip-flops, producing an output of 1 and 0 . What would be the output after a third pulse? After a fourth pulse?
b. It is often necessary to coordinate activities of various components within a computer. This is accomplished by connecting a pulsating signal (called a clock) to circuitry similar to part a. Additional gates (as shown) send signals in a coordinated fashion to other connected circuits. On studying this circuit, you should be able to confirm that on the $1^{\text {st }}, 5^{\text {th }}, 9^{\text {th }} \ldots$ pulses of the clock, a 1 will be sent on output $A$. On what pulses of the clock will a 1 be sent on output B? On what pulses of the clock will a 1 be sent on output C? On which output is a 1 sent on the $4^{\text {th }}$ pulse of the clock?