Refer to the R-2R ladder network of Fig. 14-7. Let $V_{\text {ref }}=10 \mathrm{~V}, R_f=5 \mathrm{k} \Omega, R=5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$, and $2 R=10 \mathrm{k} \Omega$. Find (a) characteristic ladder resistance, (b) $I_0$; (c) voltage resolution; (d) output-input equation; (e) $V_o$.