Chapter Questions
Name and describe the major apomorphy of the Eudicots.
Name three families in the order Ranunculales.
What is distinctive about the perianth of the Berberidaceae?
What is the corolla cycly and placentation of the Papaveraceae?
What economically important member of the Papaveraceae has shaped human history?
What is the etymology of the root name for Ranunculaceae?
What is the gynoecial fusion of the Ranunculaceae?
Name the three families of the Proteales.
For the Nelumbonaceae what is the family common name, plant habitat, leaf base/shape, floral formula, and placentation
What is the fruit type of the Nelumbonaceae and what accessory tissue is part of this fruit?
What is the single genus and common name of the Platanaceae?
What is the stipule type, bud type, inflorescence type, flower sex, and fruit type of the Platanaceae?
How are the Nelumbonaceae and Platanaceae similar with regard to placentation?
For the Proteaceae, name the perianth cycly, perianth merosity, stamen number, ovary position, and placentation.
In what two regions of the world are most Proteaceae found?
What is distinctive about the Gunneraceae in terms of habit, root symbiosis, leaf morphology, and fruit type?
What is the leaf arrangement and typical leaf texture of the Crassulaceae?
For the Crassulaceae, give the photosynthetic mechanism, inflorescence type, perianth cycly, gynoecium fusion, and fruit type.
Name a few common cultivars of the Crassulaceae.
What is the plant habit, trichome type, flower sex, and fruit type of the Hamamelidaceae?
For the Saxifragaceae, what is the leaf arrangement, and what is the variation of gynoecial fusion and ovary position?
Name the diagnostic features of the Vitaceae with respect to plant habit, stem morphology, perianth morphology, and fruit type.
What is the most economically important member of the Vitaceae (common and scientific name)?
How are the Dilleniales/Dilleniaceae distinctive with regard to stamen development and gynoecial fusion?
What former family is included within the Santalaceae, s.1. (sensu APG III 2009)?
What is the root type and plant nutrition of the Santalaceae?
Name two economically important members of the Santalaceae.
What carnivorous plant families are found in the Caryophyllales?
Name the apomorphies for the terminal members (including ca. 17 families) of the Core Caryophyllales.
What are betalains and what is their function?
For the Aizoaceae, what is the leaf texture and typical leaf arrangement?
What is the perianth cycly of the Aizoaceae, and what structures appear like petals in many members?
What types of photosynthesis are found in many Aizoaceae?
What is distinctive about the perianth cycly, locule number, and placentation of the Amaranthaceae?
For the Cactaceae, what is the plant habit, stem texture, and geographic distribution?
What are the specialized axillary meristems of cacti termed, and what do these produce?
What is unusual about the perianth of the Cactaceae?
What type of photosynthesis is found in cacti and what is its physiological significance?
Give the floral formula, perianth/androecial position, and placentation for the Cactaceae.
What is the common name of the Caryophyllaceae, and what genus denotes this common name?
For the Caryophyllaceae, what is distinctive about the stem nodes, leaf arrangement, corolla (petal) type, and placentation?
What is unusual about the plant nutrition of the Droseraceae?
Name and describe the two leaf structural types of the Droseraceae.
What is the common name and "claim to fame" of Dionaea muscipula?
What is distinctive about the perianth cycly, carpel number, ovule position and type, and fruit type of the Nyctaginaceae?
For the Plumbaginaceae what is the carpel number, locule number, and ovule position and type?
What is the common name of the Polygonaceae, and what species denotes this common name?
What two perianth morphologies occur in the Polygonaceae?
What is the name of the distinctive stipular structures found in some Polygonaceae?
What is the ovule position and type of the Polygonaceae?
What are some common features of members of the Rosids?
Name four families of great economic or ecological importance in the Fabids.
What family contains hemiparasites and has flowers with lipid-secreting anterior petals (functioning in pollination) and prickly fruits?
For the Zygophyllaceae name two diagnostic features and three economically or ecologically important members.
55. Name at least five families of the large order Malpighiales.
What is the plant sex of members of the Euphorbiaceae?
What two groups (typically treated as subfamilies) of the Euphorbiaceae yield a latex?
What is the typical carpel and locule number and inflorescence type in the Euphorbiaceae?
What is the highly specialized inflorescence type found in many Euphorbioideae?
Name three (scientific and common name) economically important members of the Euphorbiaceae.
Which Euphorbiaceae are important members of plant communities in southern Africa?
Characterize the Hypericaceae with respect to leaf structure and stamen number, development, and fusion.
What is distinctive about the Malpighiaceae with respect to leaf morphology, calyx structure, petal structure, and stamen structure?
Name two economically important members of the Malpighiaceae.
What is the common name of the Passifloraceae?
What two floral features are distinctive in the Passifloraceae?
What is the common name and medicinal importance of the Salicaceae?
How are the Salicaceae characteristic with respect to plant sex, leaf tooth morphology, and placentation?
What is the typical floral formula of the Violaceae?
Many members of the Violaceae with zygomorphic flowers have the anterior petal modified into what structure and function?
What is the anther orientation and placentation of the Violaceae?
What are the diagnostic features of the Oxalidaceae?s) of the Rosaceae.83. What four families are "Urticalean Rosids"?
What is the alternate, traditional/classical name for the Fabaceae family?
What is distinctive about the typical gynoecial fusion, carpel number, placentation, and fruit type of the Fabaceae?
Prepare a table of the three subfamilies of the Fabaceae and for each listing the (a) flower symmetry; (b) position of the median posterior petal (where pertinent); (c) stamen number; and (d) stamen fusion.
Describe in detail a papilionaceous flower and indicate the subfamily (giving both acceptable names) having this type of flower.
Name several economically important members of the Fabaceae.
What is distinctive about the calyx of the Polygalaceae, and what other family/subfamily do the flowers superficially resemble?
What is unusual about the roots in some members of the family Rhamnaceae?
What is the significance of Ziziphus spina-christi??
What is the characteristic perianth/androecial position and stamen position of the Rhamnaceae?
What are the three, currently recognized subfamilies of the Rosaceae and how do they differ?
Name several economically important members (scientific and common namemes) of the Rosaceae.
What four families are "Urticalean Rosids"?
Name two economically important members of the Cannabaceae (scientific and common names).
Name three diagnostic features of the Moraceae.
What are three economically important members of the Moraceae?
For the Ulmaceae name the family common name, plant habit, leaf arrangement, venation structure, and fruit type.
Name the following for the Urticaceae: common name, plant sex, pollination mechanism, perianth cycly, stamen posture and pollen transfer mechanism, ovary structure, and ovule number, position, and type.
What is unusual about the trichome structure and internal anatomy of some members of the Urticaceae?
What is the plant sex of the Begoniaceae? How do male and female flowers differ in perianth structure?
What is the leaf base shape, ovary position, and ovary/fruit shape of the Begoniaceae?
What is the typical plant habit, plant sex, and leaf morphology of the Cucurbitaceae?
Name the typical ovary position, perianth/androecial position, carpel number, and placentation of the Cucurbitaceae.
Name three economically important members of the Cucurbitaceae.
What is the common name, plant sex, inflorescence type, and fruit type of the Betulaceae?
How does the Fagaceae differ from the Betulaceae?
For the Fagaceae what is distinctive about the (a) male inflorescence? (b) fruit accessory part?
What are the plant sex, male inflorescence type, ovary position, and fruit structure of the Juglandaceae?
Name two economically important members of the Juglandaceae.
Name a few features of the Crossosomataceae.
In the Geraniaceae, what is distinctive about the nectary position?
What is distinctive about the fruit type of most Geraniaceae?
For the Lythraceae, what is distinctive about the leaf structure, calyx aestivation, and corolla aestivation?
What is distinctive about the leaf arrangement and venation in the Melastomataceae?
What is the ovary position, anther dehiscence, and anther connective form of the Melastomataceae?
How can the Myrtaceae often be recognized with respect to leaf structure?
What is the perianth/androecial position and stamen number of the Myrtaceae?
Name two spices, one fruit tree, and an important timber/pulp genus of the Myrtaceae.
What is the common name of the Onagraceae family?
Name the typical floral formula (including ovary position) of the Onagraceae.
What is an apomorphy for most members of the Brassicales?
What is the alternate, traditional/classical name for the Brassicaceae family? The common name?
What is the corolla type for the Brassicaceae? Stamen arrangement?
Give the typical floral formula for the Brassicaceae.
How do the Brassicaceae differ from the Capparaceae and Cleomaceae in placentation and fruit morphology?
Name several economically important members of the Brassicaceae (scientific and common names).
How are the Tropaeolaceae distinctive with respect to plant habit and perianth structure?
What former three families are now included as part of the family Malvaceae?
What is the floral formula of the Tropaeolaceae?
For the Malvoideae and Bombacoideae together, name the (a) stamen fusion; (b) anther type.
Name five families of the Malvales.
What is the name of the specialized bracts that subtend the calyx in many Malvaceae?
Name four putative apomorphies for the Malvaceae, s.I.
What are the common names of Gossypium spp., Theobroma cacao, and Cola nitida?
Name the common name of and several economically important members of the family Anacardiaceae.
How is the Anacardiaceae distinctive with regard to (a) nectaries; (b) anatomy?
Name several economically important members of the family Rutaceae.
How is the Rutaceae distinctive with regard to (a) nectaries; (b) glandular secretions?
How are many Sapindaceae distinctive with regard to (a) leaf morphology; (b) nectaries; (c) chemistry?
What former families are now included within the Sapindaceae?
Name three potential apomorphies for the Asterids.
What is the common name of the Cornaceae, and how is the family distinctive with regard to (a) leaf arrangement; (b) inflorescence types; (c) ovary position; and (d) fruit type?
How are the Loasaceae distinctive with respect to trichome anatomy, calyx duration, and placentation?
Name three families of the Ericales of economic importance.
How is the Balsaminaceae distinctive with respect to calyx morphology, stamen fusion/structure, anther anatomy, and fruit type?
What is the common name of the Ericaceae, and how is the family distinctive with regard to (a) associated soil chemistry; (b) leaf morphology; and (c) leaf duration?
What is the anther dehiscence of many Ericaceae and how do these anthers develop?
Name some economically important members of the Ericaceae.
What is the common name of the Fouquieriaceae, and what is the (a) perianth cycly; (b) corolla fusion; (c) carpel number?
Describe in detail the shoot and leaf morphology of the Fouquieriaceae. How are these adaptive?
How is the Myrsinaceae distinctive with respect to leaf structure, stamen arrangement, and placentation?
What is the common name and floral formula of the Polemoniaceae?
What is the common name of the Primulaceae, and how are they similar to the Myrsinaceae?
Describe the structure and function of the modified leaf in the Sarraceniaceae.
Name the three genera of the Sarraceniaceae, their distribution, and how they differ with respect to leaf and stigma morphology.
How are the Sarraceniaceae characterized with respect to flower orientation, calyx/corolla duration, and placentation?
What is the common name of the Theaceae and the scientific name of its most economically important member?
Characterize the Theaceae with respect to plant habit, leaf type/arrangement/duration, and stamen number/development.
What is distinctive about the Garryaceae with regard to plant sex, inflorescence type/orientation, and perianth cycly?
For the Boraginaceae s.1,, what is the inflorescence unit, corolla fusion, and corolla symmetry?
Describe the gynoecial morphology (including carpel, locule, and ovule number), style position, and fruit type for the Boraginoideae.
How does the Hydrophylloideae resemble the Boraginoideae in corolla symmetry, stamen merosity, ovary position, and carpel number?
How is the Hydrophylloideae different from the Boraginoideae in ovary shape, style position, and fruit type?
Name the other subfamilies of the Boraginaceae s.l. and indicate how they differ. Which one is achlorophyllous/parasitic?
What class of chemical compounds is found in the tissues of the Apocynaceae?
What is unusual about the gynoecial fusion in many members of the Apocynaceae?
Describe the distinctive androecium and pollen fusion type found in the Asclepiadoids (milkweeds).
Name two medicinally important members of the Apocynaceae, including the compounds used and diseases these are used to treat.
Review the diagnostic features of the gentian family (Gentianceae), noting the floral nectaries and glands.
Describe the leaf arrangement, stipular morphology, and ovary position of the Rubiaceae.
Name economically important members of the Rubiaceae with respect to uses as a medicine, beverage, and sexual stimulant.
For the Acanthaceae, describe the leaf arrangement, flower symmetry, and modified funiculus.
For the Bignoniaceae, describe the plant habit, leaf arrangement, flower symmetry, and seed morphology and nutrition.
How can the Lamiaceae be recognized with respect to (a) plant chemistry; (b) stem shape; (c) leaf type and arrangement; (d) corolla type; (e) style position (in most); and (f) fruit type (in most)?
What is the common name of the Oleaceae and how are they distinctive in trichome structure, leaf arrangement, and stamen number?
What is distinctive about the Orobanchaceae with respect to plant nutrition and physiology?
What is the common name of the Phyrmaceae and why is it called that?
What relatively large, mostly western North American genus is now classified in the Phyrmaceae?
What traditionally defined families, or portions of these families, are now included within the (expanded) Plantaginaceae?
What are the general floral characteristics of the Scrophulariaceae?
For the Verbenaceae, what is the stem morphology, leaf type/arrangement, corolla symmetry, style position, and fruit type?
How are the Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae similar and how different?
Name an important agricultural species in the Convolvulaceae.
For the Solanaceae, what is the (a) flower symmetry; (b) corolla aestivation (in bud); (c) stamen number; (d) ovary position; (e) carpel number; and (f) ovule number (per carpel)?
Name three members of the Solanaceae of great economic importance.ASTERIDS: CAMPANULIDS
Give the common name and list two economically important members of the Aquifoliaceae.
What is the plant sex, leaf duration, and fruit type of the Aquifoliaceae?
Give the common name and list three economically important members of the Apiaceae.
For the Apiaceae, what is the (a) leaf base; (b) inflorescence type; (c) ovary position; (d) fruit type?
How does the Araliaceae resemble the Apiaceae? How does it differ?
How are the fruits and seeds of the Pittosporaceae distinctive?
Name two alternative ways to classify the families of the Dipsacales.
What is the common name of the Caprifoliaceae?
For the Caprifoliaceae, name the leaf arrangement, inflorescence type, and ovary position.
What is distinctive about the carpel number, locule number, and fruit type in the Dipsacaceae?
What is distinctive about the carpel number, locule number, and corolla type in the Valerianaceae?
What is the alternate traditional/classical name for the Asteraceae?
What is the inflorescence type of the Asteraceae? On what criteria can these be subdivided?
Define (a) involucre; (b) phyllary; (c) chaff; (d) pappus.
Name and describe the three corolla types of the Asteraceae.
For the Asteraceae, what is the (a) stamen fusion; (b) ovary position; (c) fruit type?
Name two economically important members of the Asteraceae (used for food).
How are the Campanulaceae distinctive with regard to flower symmetry, stamen fusion, ovary position, and fruit type?
Name the diagnostic features of the Goodeniacae.