Chapter Questions
Name the two efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system. What type of effectors does each control?
The autonomic nervous system is sometimes called the nervous system. Why is this an appropriate name? List some functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system? How are these branches distinguished from each other anatomically and physiologically?
Which neurosecretory endocrine gland is closely allied to the sympathetic branch?
Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described as neurons, whereas those that secrete norepinephrine are called either or neurons.
List four things that can happen to autonomic neurotransmitters after they are released into a synapse.
The main enzyme responsible for catecholamine degradation is , abbreviated as
Somatic motor pathways(a) are excitatory or inhibitory?(b) are composed of a single neuron or a preganglionic and a postganglionic neuron?(c) synapse with glands or with smooth, cardiac, or skeletal muscle?
What is acetylcholinesterase? Describe its action.
What kind of receptor is found on the postsynaptic cell in a neuromuscular junction?
What is the advantage of divergence of neural pathways in the autonomic nervous system?
Compare and contrast(a) neuroeffector junctions and neuromuscular junctions.(b) alpha, beta, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors. Describe where each is found and the ligands that bind to them.
Concept map: Use the following terms to make a map comparing the somatic motor division and the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic division. You may add terms.- acetylcholine- adipose tissue- alpha receptor- autonomic division- beta receptor- cardiac muscle- cholinergic receptor- efferent division- endocrine gland- exocrine gland- ganglion- muscarinic receptor- nicotinic receptor- norepinephrine- one-neuron pathway- parasympathetic branch- skeletal muscle- smooth muscle- somatic motor division- sympathetic branch- two-neuron pathway
Compare and contrast(a) autonomic ganglia and CNS nuclei.(b) the adrenal medulla and the posterior pituitary gland.(c) axon terminals and varicosities.
If a target cell's receptor is (use items in left column), the neuron(s) releasing neurotransmitter onto the receptor must be (use all appropriate items from the right column).(a) nicotinic cholinergic(b) adrenergic a(c) muscarinic cholinergic(d) adrenergic $\beta$1. somatic motor neuron2. autonomic preganglionic neuron3. sympathetic postganglionic neuron4. parasympathetic postganglionic neuron
Ganglia contain the cell bodies of (choose all that apply)(a) somatic motor neurons(b) preganglionic autonomic neurons(c) interneurons(d) postganglionic autonomic neurons(e) sensory neurons
If nicotinic receptor channels allow both $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$and $\mathrm{K}^{+}$to flow through, why does $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$influx exceed $\mathrm{K}^{+}$eflux? [Hint: p. 163]
You have discovered a neuron that innervates an endocrine cell in the intestine. To learn more about this neuron, you place a marker substance at the endocrine cell synapse. The marker is taken into the neuron and transported in a vesicle by retrograde axonal transport to the nerve cell body.(a) By what process is the marker probably taken into the axon terminal?(b) The nerve cell body is found in a ganglion very close to the endocrine cell. To which branch of the peripheral nervous system does the neuron probably belong? (Be as specific as you can.)(c) Which neurotransmitter do you predict will be secreted by the neuron onto the endocrine cell?Figure Can't Copy
The Huaorani Indians of South America use blowguns to shoot darts poisoned with curare at monkeys. Curare is a plant toxin that binds to and inactivates nicotinic $\mathrm{ACh}$ receptors. What happens to a monkey struck by one of these darts?
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conduct biennial Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) in which they ask high school students to self-report risky behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking. The graphs that follow were created from data in the latest report on cigarette smoking among American high school students. Current smoking is defined as smoking cigarettes on at least one day in the 30 days preceding the survey. (https//www.cdl.gov/mmwr/pdf//ss/ss5905.pdf)(a) What can you say about cigarette smoking among high school students in the period from 1991 to 2009?(b) Which high school students are most likely to be smokers? Least likely to be smokers?Figure Can't Copy