Chemistry

Paul Flower, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley

Chapter 1

Essential Ideas - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Explain how you could experimentally determine whether the outside temperature is higher or lower than $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (32 ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ) without using a thermometer.

Rikhil M.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Identify each of the following statements as being most similar to a hypothesis, a law, or a theory. Explain your reasoning.
(a) Falling barometric pressure precedes the onset of bad weather.
(b) All life on earth has evolved from a common, primitive organism through the process of natural selection.
(c) My truck's gas mileage has dropped significantly, probably because it's due for a tune-up.

Jacob L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Identify each of the following statements as being most similar to a hypothesis, a law, or a theory. Explain your reasoning.
(a) The pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.
(b) Matter consists of tiny particles that can combine in specific ratios to form substances with specific properties.
(c) At a higher temperature, solids (such as salt or sugar) will dissolve better in water.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Identify each of the underlined items as a part of either the macroscopic domain, the microscopic domain, or the symbolic domain of chemistry. For any in the symbolic domain, indicate whether they are symbols for a macroscopic or a microscopic feature.
(a) The mass of a lead pipe is $14 \mathrm{lb}$.
(b) The mass of a certain chlorine atom is 35 amu.
(c) A bottle with a label that reads $\underline{\text { Al contains aluminum metal. }}$
(d) $\underline{\mathrm{Al}}$ is the symbol for an aluminum atom.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Identify each of the underlined items as a part of either the macroscopic domain, the microscopic domain, or the symbolic domain of chemistry. For those in the symbolic domain, indicate whether they are symbols for a macroscopic or a microscopic feature.
(a) A certain molecule contains one $\underline{H}$ atom and one $\mathrm{Cl}$ atom.
(b) Copper wire has a density of about $8 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$.
(c) The bottle contains 15 grams of $\underline{\text { Ni powder. }}$
(d) A sulfur molecule is composed of eight sulfur atoms.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

According to one theory, the pressure of a gas increases as its volume decreases because the molecules in the gas have to move a shorter distance to hit the walls of the container. Does this theory follow a macroscopic or microscopic description of chemical behavior? Explain your answer.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

The amount of heat required to melt $2 \mathrm{lbs}$ of ice is twice the amount of heat required to melt $1 \mathrm{lb}$ of ice. Is this observation a macroscopic or microscopic description of chemical behavior? Explain your answer.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Why is an object's mass, rather than its weight, used to indicate the amount of matter it contains?

Nicole S.

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

What properties distinguish solids from liquids? Liquids from gases? Solids from gases?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

How does a heterogeneous mixture differ from a homogeneous mixture? How are they similar?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

How does a homogeneous mixture differ from a pure substance? How are they similar?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

How does an element differ from a compound? How are they similar?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

How do molecules of elements and molecules of compounds differ? In what ways are they similar?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

How does an atom differ from a molecule? In what ways are they similar?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Many of the items you purchase are mixtures of pure compounds. Select three of these commercial products and prepare a list of the ingredients that are pure compounds.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:
(a) copper
(b) water
(c) nitrogen
(d) sulfur
(e) air
(f) sucrose
(g) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms
(h) gasoline

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:
(a) iron
(b) oxygen
(c) mercury oxide
(d) pancake syrup
(e) carbon dioxide
(f) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom
(g) baking soda
(h) baking powder

David C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

A sulfur atom and a sulfur molecule are not identical. What is the difference?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

How are the molecules in oxygen gas, the molecules in hydrogen gas, and water molecules similar? How do they differ?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Why are astronauts in space said to be "weightless," but not "massless"?

Prashant B.

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Prepare a list of the principal chemicals consumed and produced during the operation of an automobile.

Dr. Satish I.

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Matter is everywhere around us. Make a list by name of fifteen different kinds of matter that you encounter every day. Your list should include (and label at least one example of each) the following: a solid, a liquid, a gas, an element, a compound, a homogenous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture, and a pure substance.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

When elemental iron corrodes it combines with oxygen in the air to ultimately form red brown iron(III) oxide called rust. (a) If a shiny iron nail with an initial mass of $23.2 \mathrm{~g}$ is weighed after being coated in a layer of rust, would you expect the mass to have increased, decreased, or remained the same? Explain. (b) If the mass of the iron nail increases to $24.1 \mathrm{~g}$, what mass of oxygen combined with the iron?

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Problem 24

As stated in the text, convincing examples that demonstrate the law of conservation of matter outside of the laboratory are few and far between. Indicate whether the mass would increase, decrease, or stay the same for the following scenarios where chemical reactions take place:
(a) Exactly one pound of bread dough is placed in a baking tin. The dough is cooked in an oven at $350^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ releasing a wonderful aroma of freshly baked bread during the cooking process. Is the mass of the baked loaf less than, greater than, or the same as the one pound of original dough? Explain.
(b) When magnesium burns in air a white flaky ash of magnesium oxide is produced. Is the mass of magnesium oxide less than, greater than, or the same as the original piece of magnesium? Explain.
(c) Antoine Lavoisier, the French scientist credited with first stating the law of conservation of matter, heated a mixture of tin and air in a sealed flask to produce tin oxide. Did the mass of the sealed flask and contents decrease, increase, or remain the same after the heating?

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Problem 25

Yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation as depicted in the simple chemical equation here:
glucose $\longrightarrow$ ethanol $+$ carbon dioxide
(a) If $200.0 \mathrm{~g}$ of glucose is fully converted, what will be the total mass of ethanol and carbon dioxide produced?
(b) If the fermentation is carried out in an open container, would you expect the mass of the container and contents after fermentation to be less than, greater than, or the same as the mass of the container and contents before fermentation? Explain.
(c) If $97.7 \mathrm{~g}$ of carbon dioxide is produced, what mass of ethanol is produced?

Nicole S.

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Classify the six underlined properties in the following paragraph as chemical or physical:
Fluorine is a pale yellow gas that reacts with most substances. The free element melts at $-220^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and boils at -188 ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Finely divided $\underline{\text { metals burn in fluorine with a bright flame. }}$ Nineteen grams of fluorine will react with 1.0 gram of hydrogen.

Lori M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a) condensation of steam
(b) burning of gasoline
(c) souring of milk
(d) dissolving of sugar in water
(e) melting of gold

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a) coal burning
(b) ice melting
(c) mixing chocolate syrup with milk
(d) explosion of a firecracker
(e) magnetizing of a screwdriver

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

The volume of a sample of oxygen gas changed from $10 \mathrm{~mL}$ to $11 \mathrm{~mL}$ as the temperature changed. Is this a chemical or physical change?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

A 2.0-liter volume of hydrogen gas combined with 1.0 liter of oxygen gas to produce 2.0 liters of water vapor. Does oxygen undergo a chemical or physical change?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Explain the difference between extensive properties and intensive properties.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Identify the following properties as either extensive or intensive.
(a) volume
(b) temperature
(c) humidity
(d) heat
(e) boiling point

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

The density (d) of a substance is an intensive property that is defined as the ratio of its mass (m) to its volume
(V). density $=\frac{\text { mass }}{\text { volume }} \quad \mathrm{d}=\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{V}}$
Considering that mass and volume are both extensive properties, explain why their ratio, density, is intensive.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Is one liter about an ounce, a pint, a quart, or a gallon?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Is a meter about an inch, a foot, a yard, or a mile?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for the following measurements:
(a) the length of a marathon race ( 26 miles 385 yards)
(b) the mass of an automobile
(c) the volume of a swimming pool
(d) the speed of an airplane
(e) the density of gold
(f) the area of a football field
(g) the maximum temperature at the South Pole on April 1, 1913

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for the following measurements:
(a) the mass of the moon
(b) the distance from Dallas to Oklahoma City
(c) the speed of sound
(d) the density of air
(e) the temperature at which alcohol boils
(f) the area of the state of Delaware
(g) the volume of a flu shot or a measles vaccination

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Give the name and symbol of the prefixes used with SI units to indicate multiplication by the following exact quantities.
(a) $10^{3}$
(b) $10^{-2}$
(c) 0.1
(d) $10^{-3}$
(e) 1,000,000
(f) 0.000001

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Give the name of the prefix and the quantity indicated by the following symbols that are used with SI base units.
(a) $c$
(b) d
(c) G
(d) $\mathrm{k}$
(e) $\mathrm{m}$
(f) $n$
(g) p
(h) $\mathrm{T}$

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

A large piece of jewelry has a mass of 132.6 g. A graduated cylinder initially contains 48.6 mL water. When the jewelry is submerged in the graduated cylinder, the total volume increases to $61.2 \mathrm{~mL}$.
(a) Determine the density of this piece of jewelry.
(b) Assuming that the jewelry is made from only one substance, what substance is it likely to be? Explain.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Visit this PhET density simulation (http:llopenstaxcollege.org/I/16phetmasvolden) and select the Same Volume Blocks.
(a) What are the mass, volume, and density of the yellow block?
(b) What are the mass, volume and density of the red block?
(c) List the block colors in order from smallest to largest mass.
(d) List the block colors in order from lowest to highest density.
(e) How are mass and density related for blocks of the same volume?

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Problem 42

Visit this PhET density simulation (http:/lopenstaxcollege.org/I/16phetmasvolden) and select Custom Blocks and then My Block.
(a) Enter mass and volume values for the block such that the mass in $\mathrm{kg}$ is less than the volume in $\mathrm{L}$. What does the block do? Why? Is this always the case when mass $<$ volume?
(b) Enter mass and volume values for the block such that the mass in $\mathrm{kg}$ is more than the volume in $\mathrm{L}$. What does the block do? Why? Is this always the case when mass $>$ volume?
(c) How would (a) and
(b) be different if the liquid in the tank were ethanol instead of water?
(d) How would
(a) and
(b) be different if the liquid in the tank were mercury instead of water?

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Problem 43

Visit this PhET density simulation (http:Ilopenstaxcollege.org/I/16phetmasvolden) and select Mystery Blocks.
(a) Pick one of the Mystery Blocks and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity.
(b) Pick a different Mystery Block and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity.
(c) Order the Mystery Blocks from least dense to most dense. Explain.
1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision

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Problem 44

Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 711.0
(b) 0.239
(c) 90743
(d) 134.2
(e) 0.05499
(f) 10000.0
(g) 0.000000738592

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 704
(b) 0.03344
(c) 547.9
(d) 22086
(e) 1000.00
(f) 0.0000000651
(g) 0.007157

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Indicate whether each of the following can be determined exactly or must be measured with some degree of uncertainty:
(a) the number of eggs in a basket
(b) the mass of a dozen eggs
(c) the number of gallons of gasoline necessary to fill an automobile gas tank
(d) the number of $\mathrm{cm}$ in $2 \mathrm{~m}$
(e) the mass of a textbook
(f) the time required to drive from San Francisco to Kansas City at an average speed of $53 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}$

David C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

Indicate whether each of the following can be determined exactly or must be measured with some degree of uncertainty:
(a) the number of seconds in an hour
(b) the number of pages in this book
(c) the number of grams in your weight
(d) the number of grams in 3 kilograms
(e) the volume of water you drink in one day
(f) the distance from San Francisco to Kansas City

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

How many significant figures are contained in each of the following measurements?
(a) $38.7 \mathrm{~g}$
(b) $2 \times 10^{18} \mathrm{~m}$
(c) $3,486,002 \mathrm{~kg}$
(d) $9.74150 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~J}$
(e) $0.0613 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$
(f) $17.0 \mathrm{~kg}$
(g) $0.01400 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

How many significant figures are contained in each of the following measurements?
(a) $53 \mathrm{~cm}$
(b) $2.05 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m}$
(c) $86,002 \mathrm{~J}$
(d) $9.740 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$
(e) $10.0613 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$
(f) $0.17 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$
(g) $0.88400 \mathrm{~s}$

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

The following quantities were reported on the labels of commercial products. Determine the number of significant figures in each.
(a) 0.0055 g active ingredients
(b) 12 tablets
(c) $3 \%$ hydrogen peroxide
(d) 5.5 ounces
(e) $473 \mathrm{~mL}$
(f) $1.75 \%$ bismuth
(g) $0.001 \%$ phosphoric acid
(h) $99.80 \%$ inert ingredients

Prashant B.

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Round off each of the following numbers to two significant figures:
(a) 0.436
(b) 9.000
(c) 27.2
(d) 135
(e) $1.497 \times 10^{-3}$
(f) 0.445

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

Round off each of the following numbers to two significant figures:
(a) 517
(b) 86.3
(c) $6.382 \times 10^{3}$
(d) 5.0008
(e) 22.497
(f) 0.885

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

Perform the following calculations and report each answer with the correct number of significant figures.
(a) $628 \times 342$
(b) $\left(5.63 \times 10^{2}\right) \times\left(7.4 \times 10^{3}\right)$
(c) $\frac{28.0}{13.483}$
(d) $8119 \times 0.000023$
(e) $14.98+27,340+84.7593$
(f) $42.7+0.259$

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Perform the following calculations and report each answer with the correct number of significant figures.
(a) $62.8 \times 34$
(b) $0.147+0.0066+0.012$
(c) $38 \times 95 \times 1.792$
(d) $15-0.15-0.6155$
(e) $8.78 \times\left(\frac{0.0500}{0.478}\right)$
(f) $140+7.68+0.014$
(g) $28.7-0.0483$
(h) $\frac{(88.5-87.57)}{45.13}$

David C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Consider the results of the archery contest shown in this figure.
(a) Which archer is most precise?
(b) Which archer is most accurate?
(c) Who is both least precise and least accurate?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

Classify the following sets of measurements as accurate, precise, both, or neither.
(a) Checking for consistency in the weight of chocolate chip cookies: $17.27 \mathrm{~g}, 13.05 \mathrm{~g}, 19.46 \mathrm{~g}, 16.92 \mathrm{~g}$
(b) Testing the volume of a batch of 25-mL pipettes: 27.02 mL, 26.99 mL, 26.97 mL, 27.01 mL
(c) Determining the purity of gold: $99.9999 \%, 99.9998 \%, 99.9998 \%, 99.9999 \%$

Nicole S.

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

Write conversion factors (as ratios) for the number of:
(a) yards in 1 meter
(b) liters in 1 liquid quart
(c) pounds in 1 kilogram

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Write conversion factors (as ratios) for the number of:
(a) kilometers in 1 mile
(b) liters in 1 cubic foot
(c) grams in 1 ounce

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

The label on a soft drink bottle gives the volume in two units: $2.0 \mathrm{~L}$ and $67.6 \mathrm{fl}$ oz. Use this information to derive a conversion factor between the English and metric units. How many significant figures can you justify in your conversion factor?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

The label on a box of cereal gives the mass of cereal in two units: 978 grams and 34.5 oz. Use this information to find a conversion factor between the English and metric units. How many significant figures can you justify in your conversion factor?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

Soccer is played with a round ball having a circumference between 27 and 28 in. and a weight between 14 and
16 oz. What are these specifications in units of centimeters and grams?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

A woman's basketball has a circumference between 28.5 and 29.0 inches and a maximum weight of 20 ounces (two significant figures). What are these specifications in units of centimeters and grams?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

How many milliliters of a soft drink are contained in a 12.0 -oz can?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

A barrel of oil is exactly 42 gal. How many liters of oil are in a barrel?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

The diameter of a red blood cell is about $3 \times 10^{-4}$ in. What is its diameter in centimeters?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

The distance between the centers of the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule is $1.21 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~cm} .$ What is this distance in inches?

Nicole S.

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Is a 197-lb weight lifter light enough to compete in a class limited to those weighing $90 \mathrm{~kg}$ or less?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

A very good 197-lb weight lifter lifted $192 \mathrm{~kg}$ in a move called the clean and jerk. What was the mass of the weight lifted in pounds?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

Many medical laboratory tests are run using $5.0 \mu \mathrm{L}$ blood serum. What is this volume in milliliters?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

If an aspirin tablet contains 325 mg aspirin, how many grams of aspirin does it contain?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

Use scientific (exponential) notation to express the following quantities in terms of the SI base units in Table
(a) $0.13 \mathrm{~g}$
(b) $232 \mathrm{Gg}$
(c) $5.23 \mathrm{pm}$
(d) $86.3 \mathrm{mg}$
(e) $37.6 \mathrm{~cm}$
(f) $54 \mu \mathrm{m}$
(g) $1 \mathrm{Ts}$
(h) $27 \mathrm{ps}$
(i) $0.15 \mathrm{mK}$

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Problem 72

Complete the following conversions between SI units.
(a) $612 \mathrm{~g}=$_____mg
(b) $8.160 \mathrm{~m}=$______cm
(c) $3779 \mu \mathrm{g}=$_____g
(d) $781 \mathrm{~mL}=$_____L
(e) $4.18 \mathrm{~kg}=$_____g
(f) $27.8 \mathrm{~m}=$______km
(g) $0.13 \mathrm{~mL}=$_______L
(h) $1738 \mathrm{~km}=$_____m
(i) $1.9 \mathrm{Gg}=$______g

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

Gasoline is sold by the liter in many countries. How many liters are required to fill a 12.0-gal gas tank?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

Milk is sold by the liter in many countries. What is the volume of exactly $1 / 2$ gal of milk in liters?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

A long ton is defined as exactly $2240 \mathrm{lb}$. What is this mass in kilograms?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

Make the conversion indicated in each of the following:
(a) the men's world record long jump, $29 \mathrm{ft} 41 / 4$ in., to meters
(b) the greatest depth of the ocean, about $6.5 \mathrm{mi}$, to kilometers
(c) the area of the state of Oregon, $96,981 \mathrm{mi}^{2}$, to square kilometers
(d) the volume of 1 gill (exactly 4 oz) to milliliters
(e) the estimated volume of the oceans, $330,000,000 \mathrm{mi}^{3}$, to cubic kilometers.
(f) the mass of a 3525-lb car to kilograms
(g) the mass of a 2.3-oz egg to grams

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Problem 77

Make the conversion indicated in each of the following:
(a) the length of a soccer field, $120 \mathrm{~m}$ (three significant figures), to feet
(b) the height of Mt. Kilimanjaro, at $19,565 \mathrm{ft}$, the highest mountain in Africa, to kilometers
(c) the area of an $8.5-\times 11$ -inch sheet of paper in $\mathrm{cm}^{2}$
(d) the displacement volume of an automobile engine, 161 in. $^{3}$, to liters
(e) the estimated mass of the atmosphere, $5.6 \times 10^{15}$ tons, to kilograms
(f) the mass of a bushel of rye, $32.0 \mathrm{lb}$, to kilograms
(g) the mass of a 5.00-grain aspirin tablet to milligrams ( 1 grain $=0.00229$ oz )

Crystal W.

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

Many chemistry conferences have held a 50-Trillion Angstrom Run (two significant figures). How long is this run in kilometers and in miles? $\left(1 A=1 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~m}\right)$

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

A chemist's 50-Trillion Angstrom Run (see Exercise 1.78) would be an archeologist's 10,900 cubit run. How long is one cubit in meters and in feet? $\left(1 A=1 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~cm}\right)$.

David C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

The gas tank of a certain luxury automobile holds 22.3 gallons according to the owner's manual. If the density of gasoline is $0.8206 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$, determine the mass in kilograms and pounds of the fuel in a full tank.

Lori M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

As an instructor is preparing for an experiment, he requires 225 g phosphoric acid. The only container readily available is a 150-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Is it large enough to contain the acid, whose density is $1.83 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

To prepare for a laboratory period, a student lab assistant needs $125 \mathrm{~g}$ of a compound. A bottle containing $1 / 4$ lb is available. Did the student have enough of the compound?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

A chemistry student is $159 \mathrm{~cm}$ tall and weighs $45.8 \mathrm{~kg}$. What is her height in inches and weight in pounds?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

In a recent Grand Prix, the winner completed the race with an average speed of $229.8 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$. What was his speed in miles per hour, meters per second, and feet per second?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

Solve these problems about lumber dimensions.
(a) To describe to a European how houses are constructed in the US, the dimensions of "two-by-four" lumber must be converted into metric units. The thickness $\times$ width $\times$ length dimensions are 1.50 in. $\times 3.50$ in. $\times 8.00 \mathrm{ft}$ in the US. What are the dimensions in $\mathrm{cm} \times \mathrm{cm} \times \mathrm{m} ?$
(b) This lumber can be used as vertical studs, which are typically placed 16.0 in. apart. What is that distance in centimeters?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

The mercury content of a stream was believed to be above the minimum considered safe -1 part per billion (ppb) by weight. An analysis indicated that the concentration was 0.68 parts per billion. What quantity of mercury in grams was present in $15.0 \mathrm{~L}$ of the water, the density of which is $0.998 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{ml}$ ? ( $1 \mathrm{ppb} \mathrm{Hg}=\frac{1 \mathrm{ng} \mathrm{Hg}}{1 \mathrm{~g} \text { water }}$ )

Crystal W.

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

Calculate the density of aluminum if $27.6 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ has a mass of 74.6 g.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

Osmium is one of the densest elements known. What is its density if $2.72 \mathrm{~g}$ has a volume of $0.121 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ ?

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

Calculate these masses.
(a) What is the mass of $6.00 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ of mercury, density $=13.5939 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$
(b) What is the mass of $25.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ octane, density $=0.702 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

Calculate these masses.
(a) What is the mass of $4.00 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ of sodium, density $=0.97 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ ?
(b) What is the mass of $125 \mathrm{~mL}$ gaseous chlorine, density $=3.16 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L} ?$

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

Calculate these volumes.
(a) What is the volume of 25 g iodine, density $=4.93 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ ?
(b) What is the volume of 3.28 g gaseous hydrogen, density $=0.089 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$ ?

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

Calculate these volumes.
(a) What is the volume of 11.3 g graphite, density $=2.25 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ ?
(b) What is the volume of 39.657 g bromine, density $=2.928 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Convert the boiling temperature of gold, $2966^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Convert the temperature of scalding water, $54^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Convert the temperature of the coldest area in a freezer, $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, to degrees Celsius and kelvin.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

Convert the temperature of dry ice, $-77^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.

KC

Kevin C.

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

Convert the boiling temperature of liquid ammonia, $-28.1^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, into degrees Celsius and kelvin.

Rikhil M.

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

The label on a pressurized can of spray disinfectant warns against heating the can above $130^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. What are the corresponding temperatures on the Celsius and kelvin temperature scales?

Nicole S.

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

The weather in Europe was unusually warm during the summer of 1995 . The TV news reported temperatures as high as $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What was the temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?

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