Chapter Questions
In what year was Plankalkùl designed? In what year was that design published?
What two common? data structures were included in Plankalkül?
How were the pseudocodes of the early 1950 s implemented?
Speedcoding was invented to overcome two significant shortcomings of the computer hardware of the early 1950s. What were these two?
Why was the slowness of interpretation of programs acceptable in the early $1950 \mathrm{~s}$ ?
What two important hardware features first appeared in the IBM 704 computer?
In what year was the FORTRAN design project begun?
What was the primary application area of computers at the time FORTRAN was designed?
What was the source of all of the control flow statements of FORTRAN I?
What was the most significant feature added to FORTRAN 1 to get FORTRAN II?
What control flow statements were added to FORTRAN IV to get FORTRAN 77?
Which version of FORTRAN was the first to have any sort of dynamic variables?
Which version of FORTRAN was the first to have character string handling?
Why were linguists interested in artificial intelligence in the late 1950 s?
Where was LISP developed? By whom?
In what way are Scheme and COMMON LISP opposites of each other?
What dialect of LISP is used for introductory programming courses at some universities?
What two professional organizations together designed ALGOL 60 ?
In what version of ALGOL did block structure appear?
What missing language element of ALGOL 60 damaged its chances for widespread use?
What language was designed to describe the syntax of ALGOL 60?
On what language was COBOL based?
In what year did the COBOL design process begin?
What data structure appeared in COBOL that originated with Plankalkül?
What organization was most responsible for the early success of COBOL (in terms of extent of use)?
What user group was the target of the first version of $B A S I C$ ?
Why was BASIC an important language in the early 1980 s?
PL/I was designed to replace what two languages?
For what new line of computers was $\mathrm{PL} / \mathrm{I}$ designed?
What features of SIMULA 67 are now important parts of some object-oriented languages?
What innovation of data structuring was introduced in ALGOL 68 but is often credited to Pascal?
What design criterion was used extensively in ALGOL 68?
What language introduced the case statement?
What operators in $\mathrm{C}$ were modeled on similar operators in ALGOL 68?
What are two characteristics of $C$ that make it less safe than Pascal?
What is a nonprocedural language?
What are the two kinds of statements that populate a Prolog database?
What is the primary application area for which Ada was designed?
What are the concurrent program units of Ada called?
What Ada construct provides support for abstract data types?
What populates the Smalltalk world?
What three concepts are the basis for object-oriented programming?
Why does $\mathrm{C}++$ include the features of $\mathrm{C}$ that are known to be unsafe?
What do the Ada and COBOL languages have in common?
What was the first application for Java?
What are two reasons why Java is safer than $\mathrm{C}_{++}$?