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Managerial Accounting - Decision Making and Motivating Performance

Srikant M. Datar, Madhav V. Rajan

Chapter 13

Flexible Budgets, Cost Variances, and Management Control - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

02:33

Problem 1

Distinguish between a favorable variance and an unfavorable variance.

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02:10

Problem 2

Why might managers find a flexible-budget analysis more informative than a static-budget analysis?

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04:21

Problem 3

List three causes of a favorable direct materials price variance.

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02:17

Problem 4

Describe three reasons for an unfavorable direct manufacturing labor efficiency variance.

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01:05

Problem 5

Comment on the following statement made by a plant manager: "Meetings with my plant accountant are frustrating. All he wants to do is pin the blame on someone for the many variances he reports."

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01:41

Problem 6

How does the planning of fixed overhead costs differ from the planning of variable overhead costs?

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03:45

Problem 7

What are the factors that affect the spending variance for variable manufacturing overhead?

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02:54

Problem 8

Assume variable manufacturing overhead is allocated using machine-hours. Give three possible reasons for a favorable variable overhead efficiency variance.

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04:04

Problem 9

What are the steps in developing a budgeted fixed overhead rate?

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01:16

Problem 10

"Overhead variances should be viewed as interdependent rather than independent." Give an example.

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Problem 11

Flexible budget. Connolly Enterprises manufactures tires for the Formula I motor racing circuit. For August 2013, it budgeted to manufacture and sell 3,500 tires at a variable cost of $$\$ 75$$ per tire and total fixed costs of $$\$ 56,500$$. The budgeted selling price was $$\$ 112$$ per tire. Actual results in August 2013 were 3,400 tires manufactured and sold at a selling price of $$\$ 113$$ per tire. The actual total variable costs were $$\$ 278,800$$ and the actual total fixed costs were $$\$ 51,500$$.

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Problem 12

Flexible budget. Harvin Company's budgeted prices for direct materials, direct manufacturing labor, and direct marketing (distribution) labor per attaché case are $$\$ 37, \$ 9$$, and $$\$ 13$$, respectively. The president is pleased with the following performance report:$$
\begin{array}{l|r|r|r}
\hline & \text { Actual Costs } & \text { Static Budget } & \text { Variance } \\
\hline \text { Direct materials } & \$ 373,000 & \$ 407,000 & \$ 34,000 \mathrm{~F} \\
\text { Direct manufacturing labor } & 97,200 & 99,000 & 1,800 \mathrm{~F} \\
\text { Direct marketing (distribution) labor } & 133,000 & 143,000 & 10,000 \mathrm{~F} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$Actual output was 9,800 attaché cases. Assume all three direct-cost items shown are variable costs.

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Problem 13

Flexible-budget preparation and analysis. Check It Off Printers, Inc., produces luxury checkbooks with three checks and stubs per page. Each checkbook is designed for an individual customer and is ordered through the customer's bank. The company's operating budget for September 2013 included these data:$$
\begin{array}{llr}
\text { Number of checkbooks } & & 13,000 \\
\text { Selling price per book } & \$ & 21 \\
\text { Variable cost per book } & \$ & 6 \\
\text { Fixed costs for the month } & \$ 125,000
\end{array}
$$$$
\begin{aligned}
&\text { The actual results for September } 2013 \text { were as follows: }\\
&\begin{array}{lrr}
\text { Number of checkbooks produced and sold } & & 9,500 \\
\text { Average selling price per book } & \$ & 23 \\
\text { Variable cost per book } & \$ 4 \\
\text { Fixed costs for the month } & \$ 132,000
\end{array}
\end{aligned}
$$The executive vice president of the company observed that the operating income for September was much lower than anticipated, despite a higher-than-budgeted selling price and a lower-than-budgeted variable cost per unit. As the manager responsible for the checkbook unit, you have been asked to provide explanations for the disappointing September results.

Check it Off develops its flexible budget on the basis of budgeted per-output-unit revenue and per-outputunit variable costs without detailed analysis of budgeted inputs.

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Problem 14

Flexible budget, working backward. The Putnam Company produces engine parts for car manufacturers. A new accountant intern at Putnam has accidentally deleted the company's variance analysis calculations for the year ended December 31,2012 . The following table is what remains of the data:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 15

Materials and manufacturing labor variances. Consider the following data collected for Country Homes, Inc.:$$
\begin{aligned}
&\\
&\text { Compute the price, efficiency, and flexible-budget variances for direct materials and direct manufacturing labor. }
\end{aligned}
$$(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 16

Direct materials and direct manufacturing labor variances. AmyDee, Inc., designs and manufactures T-shirts. It sells its T-shirts to brand-name clothes retailers in lots of one dozen. AmyDee's May 2012 static budget and actual results for direct inputs are as follows:$$
\begin{aligned}
&\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Static Budget } & \\
\hline \text { Number of T-shirt lots }(1 \text { lot }=1 \text { dozen }) & 450 \\
\hline
\end{array}\\
&
\end{aligned}
$$(TABLE CAN'T COPY)AmyDee has a policy of analyzing all input variances when they add up to more than $10 \%$ of the total cost of materials and labor in the flexible budget, and this is true in May 2012. The production manager discusses the sources of the variances: "A new type of material was purchased in May. This led to faster cutting and sewing, but the workers used more material than usual as they learned to work with it. For now, the standards are fine."

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Problem 17

Price and efficiency variances. The Seneca Corporation manufactures lamps. It has set up the following standards per finished unit for direct materials and direct manufacturing labor:
Direct materials: $10 \mathrm{lb}$. at $$\$ 5.40$$ per lb. & $$\$ 54.00$$
Direct manufacturing labor: 0.5 hour at $$\$ 29$$ per hour & 14.50

The number of finished units budgeted for January 2013 was 9,$760 ; 9,600$ units were actually produced. Actual results in January 2013 were:
Direct materials: 95,500 lbs. used
Direct manufacturing labor: 4,700 hours $$\$ 143,350$$

Assume that there was no beginning inventory of either direct materials or finished units.
During the month, materials purchased amounted to $97,600 \mathrm{lb}$., at a total cost of $$\$ 536,800$$. Input price variances are isolated upon purchase. Input-efficiency variances are isolated at the time of usage.

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Problem 18

Continuous improvement (continuation of 13-17). The Seneca Corporation sets monthly standard costs using a continuous-improvement approach. In January 2013, the standard direct material cost is $$\$ 54$$ per unit and the standard direct manufacturing labor cost is $$\$ 14.50$$ per unit. Due to more efficient operations, the standard quantities for February 2013 are set at 0.980 of the standard quantities for January. In March 2013, the standard quantities are set at 0.990 of the standard quantities for February 2013. Assume the same information for March 2013 as in Exercise 13-17, except for these revised standard quantities.

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Problem 20

Variable manufacturing overhead, variance analysis. Grand Clothing is a manufacturer of designer suits. The cost of each suit is the sum of three variable costs (direct material costs, direct manufacturing labor costs, and manufacturing overnead costs) and one fixed-cost category (manufacturing overhead costs). Variable manufacturing overhead cost is allocated to each suit on the basis of budgeted direct manufacturing labor-hours per suit. For June 2013 each suit is budgeted to take 4 labor-hours. Budgeted variable manufacturing overhead cost per labor-hour is $$\$ 14$$. The budgeted number of suits to be manufactured in June 2013 is 1,020 .

Actual variable manufacturing costs in June 2013 were $$\$ 67,650$$ for 1,000 suits started and completed. There were no beginning or ending inventories of suits. Actual direct manufacturing labor-hours for June were 4,510 .

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Problem 21

Fixed manufacturing overhead, variance analysis (continuation of 13-20). Grand Clothing allocates fixed manufacturing overhead to each suit using budgeted direct manufacturing labor-hours per suit. Data pertaining to fixed manufacturing overhead costs for June 2013 are budgeted, $$\$ 61,200$$, and actual, $$\$ 63,900$$.

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00:01

Problem 22

Variable manufacturing overhead variance analysis. The Whole Bread Company bakes baguettes for distribution to upscale grocery stores. The company has two direct-cost categories: direct materials and direct manufacturing labor. Variable manufacturing overhead is allocated to products on the basis of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours. Following is some budget data for the Whole Bread Company:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Direct manufacturing labor use } & 0.02 \text { hours per baguette } \\
\text { Variable manufacturing overhead } & \$ 10.00 \text { per direct manufacturing labor-hour }
\end{array}
$$$$
\begin{aligned}
&\text { The Whole Bread Company provides the following additional data for the year ended December 31, 2012: }\\
&\begin{array}{lrl}
\text { Planned (budgeted) output } & 3,000,000 & \text { baguettes } \\
\text { Actual production } & 2,400,000 & \text { baguettes } \\
\text { Direct manufacturing labor } & 42,000 & \text { hours } \\
\text { Actual variable manufacturing overhead } & \$ 558,600 &
\end{array}
\end{aligned}
$$

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Problem 23

Fixed manufacturing overhead variance analysis (continuation of 13-22). The Whole Bread Company also allecates fliced manufacturing overticad to products on the basis of standard direct manutacturing labor-hours. For 2012, fixed manufacturing overhead was budgeted at $$\$ 3.00$$ per direct manufacturing labor-hour. Actual fixed manutacturing overhead incurred during the year was $$\$ 284.000$$.

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Problem 24

Manufacturing overhead, variance analysis. The Gustafs Corporation is a manufacturer of centrifuges. Fixed and variable manufacturing overheads are allocated to each centrifuge using budgeted assembly-hours. Budgeted assembly time is 2 hours per unit. The following table shows the budgeted amounts and actual results related to overhead for June 2013.(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 25

Straightforward overhead variance analysis. The Ramirez Company uses standard costing in its manufacturing plant for auto parts. The standard cost of a particular auto part, based on a denominator level of 4,100 output units per year, included 5 machine-hours of variable manufacturing overhead at $$\$ 7$$ per hour and 5 machine-hours of fixed manufacturing overhead at $$\$ 13$$ per hour. Actual output produced was 4,500 units. Variable manufacturing overhead incurred was $$\$ 255,000$$. Fixed manufacturing overhead incurred was $$\$ 385,000$$. Actual machine-hours were 29,000 .

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Problem 26

Straightforward coverage of manufacturing overhead, standard-costing system. The Mongolia division of a Canadian telecommunications company uses standard costing for its machine-paced production of telephone equipment. Data regarding production during June are:$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\text { Variable manulacturing overhead costs incurred } & \$ 541,690 \\
\text { Variable manufacturing overhead cost rate } & \$ 7 \text { per standard machine-hour } \\
\text { Fixed manufacturing overhead costs incurred } & \$ 146,300 \\
\text { Fxed manufacturing overhead costs budgeted } & \$ 138,000 \\
\text { Denominator level in machine-hours } & 69,000 \\
\text { Standard machine-hour allowed per unit of output } & 1.2 \\
\text { Units of output } & 65,100 \\
\text { Actual machine-hours used } & 76,300 \\
\text { Ending work-in-process inventory } & 0
\end{array}
$$

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Problem 27

Overhead variances, service sector. Easy Meals Now (EMN) operates a meal home-delivery service. It has agreements with 20 restaurants to pick up and deliver meals to customers who phone or fax orders to EMN. EMN allocates variable and fixed overhead costs on the basis of delivery time. EMN's owner, Don King, obtains the following information for May 2013 overhead costs:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 28

Flexible budget, direct materials, and direct manufacturing labor variances. Palermo Statuary manufactures bust statues of famous historical figures. All statues are the same size. Each unit requires the same amount of resources. The following information is from the static budget for 2013:
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)$$
\begin{array}{l|c|l|c}
\hline & \text { Standard Quantity } & \text { Standard Price } & \text { Standard Unit Cost } \\
\hline \text { Direct materials } & 14 \text { pounds } & \$ 12 \text { per pound } & \$ 168 \\
\text { Direct manufacturing labor } & 3.1 \text { hours } & \$ 40 \text { per hour } & \$ 124 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
During 2013, actual number of units produced and sold was 4,800. Actual cost of direct materials used was $$\$ 813,750$$, based on 62,500 pounds purchased at $$\$ 13,02$$ per pound. Direct manufacturing laborhours actually used were 17,500 , at the rate of $$\$ 33.48$$ per hour. As a result, actual direct manufacturing labor costs were $$\$ 585,900$$. Actual fixed costs were $$\$ 1,160,000$$. There were no beginning or ending inventories.

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Problem 29

Variance analysis, nonmanufacturing setting. Stevie McQueen has run Zippy Car Detailing for the past 10 years. His static budget and actual results for June 2013 are provided next. Stevie has one employee who has been with him for all 10 years that he has been in business. In addition, at any given time he also employs two other less experienced workers. It usually takes each employee 2 hours to detail a vehicle, regardless of his or her experience. Stevie pays his experienced employee $$\$ 30$$ per vehicle and the other two employees $$\$ 15$$ per vehicle. There were no wage increases in June.
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 30

Comprehensive variance analysis, responsibility issues. (CMA, adapted) Ultra, Inc., manufactures a full line of well-known sunglass frames and lenses. Ultra uses a standardcosting system to set attainable standards for direct materials, labor, and overhead costs. Ultra reviews and revises standards annually, as necessary. Department managers, whose evaluations and bonuses are affected by their department's performance, are held responsible to explain variances in their department performance reports.

Recently, the manufacturing variances in the Bravo prestige line of sunglasses have caused some concern. For no apparent reason, unfavorable materials and labor variances have occurred. At the monthly staff meeting, Stuart Forman, manager of the Bravo line, will be expected to explain his variances and suggest ways of improving performance. Forman will be asked to explain the following performance report for 2012:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)
Forman collected the following information:
Three items comprised the standard variable manufacturing costs in 2012:
- Direct materials: Frames. Static budget cost of $$\$ 53,820$$. The standard input for 2012 is 3.00 ounces per unit.
- Direct materials: Lenses. Static budget costs of $$\$ 93,600$$. The standard input for 2012 is 4.00 ounces per unit.
- Direct manufacturing labor: Static budget costs of $$\$ 102,960$$. The standard input for 2012 is 1.10 hours per unit.

Assume there are no variable manufacturing overhead costs.
The actual variable manufacturing costs in 2012 were:
- Direct materials: Frames. Actual costs of $$\$ 64,680$$. Actual ounces used were 4.40 ounces per unit.
- Direct materials: Lenses. Actual costs of $$\$ 145,530$$. Actual ounces used were 6.00 ounces per unit.
- Direct manufacturing labor: Actual costs of $$\$ 128,772$$. The actual labor rate was $$\$ 14.60$$ per hour.

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Problem 31

Possible causes for price and efficiency variances. You are a student preparing for a job interview with a Fortune 100 consumer products manufacturer. You are applying for a job in the finance department. This company is known for its rigorous case-based interview process. One of the students who successfully obtained a job with them upon graduation last year advised you to "know your variances cold!!" When you inquired further, she told you that she had been asked to pretend that she was investigating wage and materials variances. Per her advice, you have been studying the causes and consequences of variances. You are excited when you walk in and find that the first case deals with variance analysis. You are given the following data for May for a detergent bottling plant located in Mexico:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 32

Material cost variances, use of variances for performance evaluation. Katharine Rouse is the owner of Groovy Bikes, a company that produces high-quality cross-country bicycles. Groovy Bikes participates in a supply chain that consists of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and elite bicycle shops. For several years Groovy Bikes has purchased titanium from suppliers in the supply chain. Groovy Bikes uses titanium for the bicycle frames because it is stronger and lighter than other metals and therefore increases the quality of the bicycle. Earlier this year, Groovy Bikes hired Michael Anderson, a recent graduate from State University, as purchasing manager. Michael believed that he could reduce costs if he purchased titanium from an online marketplace at a lower price.

Groovy Bikes established the following standards based on the company's experience with previous suppliers. The standards are as follows:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 33

Flexible budgets, integrated variance analysis. (CMA, adapted) Clarke Products uses standard costing. It allocates manufacturing overhead (both variable and fixed) to products on the basis of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours (DLH). Clarke develops its manufacturing overhead rate from the current annual budget. The manufacturing overhead budget for 2013 is based on budgeted output of 636,000 units, requiring $3,816,000 \mathrm{DLH}$. The company is able to schedule production uniformly throughout the year.

A total of 74,000 output units requiring 318,000 DLH was produced during May 2013. Manufacturing overhead (MOH) costs incurred for May amounted to $$\$ 340,200$$. The actual costs, compared with the annual budget and $1 / 12$ of the annual budget, are:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 34

Direct manufacturing labor and variable manufacturing overhead variances. Linda Grace's Art Supply Company produces various types of paints. Actual direct manufacturing labor-hours in the factory that produces paint have been higher than budgeted hours for the last few months and the owner, Linda G. Martin, is concerned about the effect this has had on the company's cost overruns. Because variable manufacturing overhead is allocated to units produced using direct manufacturing labor-hours, Linda feels that the mismanagement of labor will have a twofold effect on company profitability. Following are the relevant budgeted and actual results for the second quarter of 2013.$$
\begin{array}{l|r|r}
\hline & \text { Budget lnformation } & \text { Actual Results } \\
\hline \text { Paint set production } & 23,000 & 38,000 \\
\text { Direct manuf. labor-hours per paint set } & 2 \text { hours } & 2.4 \text { hours } \\
\text { Direct manufacturing labor rate } & \$ 3 / \text { hour } & \$ 10.20 / \text { hour } \\
\text { Variable manufacturing overhead rate } & \$ 24 / \text { hour } & \$ 17.95 / h o u r \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

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Problem 35

Production-volume variance analysis and sales volume variance. Beata Floral Creations, Inc., makes jewelry in the shape of flowers. Each piece is handmade and takes an average of 1.5 hours to produce because of the intricate design and scrollwork. Beata uses direct labor hours to allocate the overhead cost to production. Fixed overhead costs, including rent, depreciation, supervisory salaries, and other production expenses are budgeted at $$\$ 9,000$$ per month. These costs are incurred for a facility large enough to produce 1,000 pieces of jewelry a month.
During the month of February, Beata produced 600 pieces of jewelry and actual fixed costs were $$\$ 9,200$$.

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Problem 36

Review of Chapter 13. (CPA, adapted) The Blazon Manufacturing Company's costing system has two direct-cost categories: direct materials and direct manufacturing labor. Manufacturing overhead (both variable and fixed) is allocated to products on the basis of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours (DLH). At the beginning of 2013, Blazon adopted the following standards for its manufacturing costs:
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)
The denominator level for total manufacturing overhead per month in 2013 is 39,000 direct manufacturing labor-hours. Blazon's flexible budget for January 2013 was based on this denominator level. The records for January indicated the following:
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Direct materials purchased } & 37,000 \mathrm{lb} \text {. at } \$ 4.90 \text { per lb. } \\
\text { Direct materials used } & 34,000 \mathrm{lb} \text {. } \\
\text { Direct manufacturing labor } & 31,600 \text { hours at } \$ 14.10 \text { per hour } \\
\text { Total actual manufacturing overhead (variable and fixed) } & \$ 650,000 \\
\text { Actual production } & 8,400 \text { output units }
\end{array}
$$

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Problem 37

Nonfinancial variances. Best Friend Canine Products produces high-quality dog food distributed only through veterinary offices. To ensure that the food is of the highest quality and has taste appeal, Best Friend has a rigorous inspection process. For quality control purposes, Best Friend has a standard based on the pounds of food inspected per hour and the number of pounds that pass or fail the inspection.

Best Friend expects that for every 11,000 pounds of food produced, 1,100 pounds of food will be inspected. Inspection of 1,100 pounds of dog food should take 1 hour. Best Friend also expects that $5 \%$ of the food inspected will fail the inspection. During the month of May, Best Friend produced 2,310,000 pounds of food and inspected 220,000 pounds of food in 205 hours. Of the 220,000 pounds of food inspected, 11,800 pounds of food failed to pass the inspection.

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Problem 38

Overhead variances, ethics. Schmidt Company uses standard costing. The company has two manufacturing plants, one in Colorado and the other in Michigan. For the Colorado plant, Schmidt has budgeted annual output of $4,000,000$ units. Standard labor-hours per unit are 0.25 , and the variable overhead rate for the Colorado plant is $$\$ 3.25$$ per direct labor-hour. Fixed overhead for the Colorado plant is budgeted at $$\$ 2,500,000$$ for the year.

For the Michigan plant, Schmidt has budgeted annual output of 4,200,000 units with standard labor-hours also 0.25 per unit. However, the variable overhead rate for the Michigan plant is $$\$ 3$$ per hour, and the budgeted fixed overhead for the year is only $$\$ 2,310,000$$.

Firm management has always used variance analysis as a performance measure for the two plants, and has compared the results of the two plants.

Jim. Johnson has just been hired as a new controller for Schmict. Jim is good friends with the Michigan plant manager and wants him to get a favorable review. Jim suggests allocating the firm's budgeted common fixed costs of $$\$ 3,150,000$$ to the two plants, but on the basis of one-third to the Michigan plant and two-thirds to the Colorado plant. His explanation for this allocation base is that Colorado is a more expensive state than Michigan.

At the end of the year, the Colorado plant reported the following actual results: output of $3,900,000$ using $1,014,000$ labor-hours in total, at a cost of $$\$ 3,244,800$$ in variable overhead and $$\$ 2,520,000$$ in fixed overhead. Actual results for the Michigan plant are an output of $4,350,000$ units using 1,218,000 labor-hours with a variable cost of $$\$ 3,775,800$$ and fixed overhead cost of $$\$ 2,400,000$$. The actual common fixed costs for the year were $$\$ 3,126,000$$.

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