Chapter Questions
What is the role of carbohydrates in the diet?
What functions do fats serve?
Which vitamins and minerals are organic, and which are inorganic?
What is the role of proteins in the diet?
Is an excess of a water-soluble vitamin or an excess of a fat-soluble vitamin more likely to be dangerous? Why?
What is starvation?
What is a food additive?
What are the two major categories of food additives? Give an example of each.
What is MSG?
What is botulism? What are aflatoxins?
What fat-soluble vitamin serves as an antioxidant? What water-soluble vitamin serves as an antioxidant?
Name three artificial sweeteners. Which are approved for current use in the United States?
What is the chemical nature of aspartame?
List some contaminants that have been found in foods.
List five functions of food additives.
What U.S. government agency regulates the use of food additives? What must be done before a company can use a new food additive?
The two monosaccharide units of a disaccharide are joined through aa. $C$ -to-O-to-C linkageb. $C$ -to-O-to-H linkagec. $C$ -to-O-to-O linkaged. H-to-O-to-H linkage
What is the main sugar in corn syrup? How is highfructose corn syrup made?
What type of chemical reaction is involved in the digestion of starch?
What sugar is formed when starch is digested?
What type of chemical reaction is involved in the digestion of fats? What products are formed?
A food item containing fat and carbohydrate has only 2 $g$ fat in a total mass of $6 \mathrm{~g}$ and on consumption yields 35 kcal. The energy yield per gram of carbohydrate is 4 kcal per $g$. What is the average energy per gram of fat?
Where is fat stored in the body?
What is a trans fat? How are trans fats made?
What is an adequate protein? List some foods that contain adequate proteins.
What is the limiting reactant in any protein synthesis?
Which essential amino acids are likely to be lacking in rice? In wheat?
What is kwashiorkor? What age group in parts of Africa suffers a similar condition?
According to the general advice of health professionals, what percentage of the daily calorie intake should be fat and saturated fat?a. 30,10b. 10,30c. 15,15d. 30,30
How do dietary proteins differ from dietary carbohydrates and fats in elemental composition?
Which of the following elements helps in the control of goiter?a. Iodineb. Chlorinec. Calciumd. Phosphorus
Of the minerals $\mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Co}, \mathrm{Mo}, \mathrm{K}, \mathrm{P},$ and $\mathrm{Zn},$ which are likely to be found in relatively large amounts in the human body? Explain.
Classify the following vitamins as water soluble or fat soluble.
Coenzyme $\mathrm{Q}_{10}\left(\mathrm{CoQ}_{10} ;\right.$ shown below $)$ is claimed by some to have vitamin-like activity: It prevents oxidation of LDLs and may act as an antihypertensive, perhaps reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. $\mathrm{CoQ}_{10}$ belongs to a family of substances called ubiquinones and is synthesized in the body.(a) Is $\mathrm{CoQ}_{10}$ a vitamin? (b) Is it fat soluble or water soluble?
Match the compound with its designation as a vitamin.$$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Compound } & \text { Designation } \\\hline \text { ascorbic acid } & \text { vitamin A } \\\hline \text { calciferol } & \text { vitamin B }_{9} \\\hline \text { folic acid } & \text { vitamin C } \\\hline \text { retinol } & \text { vitamin D } \\\hline \text { phylloquinone } & \text { vitamin K }\end{array}$$
Which of the following are B vitamins?a. niacinb. retinolc. cyanocobalamind. tocopherole. ascorbic acid
Name a vitamin that prevents the deficiency diseasea. scurvyb. glossitisc. beriberid. convulsions in infants
Identify each of the following vitamins as water soluble or fat soluble.a. vitamin Ab. vitamin $B_{6}$c. $\operatorname{vitamin} B_{12}$d. vitamin $C$
Identify each of the following vitamins as water soluble or fat soluble.a. calciferolb. niacinc. riboflavind. tocopherol
Coffee, tea, and cola drinks all contain the stimulanta. amphetamineb. caffeinec. fructosed. cocaine
BHA and BHT help preserve the quality of packaged food bya. enabling radiation to sterilize the foodb. killing pathogenic bacteriac. preventing the food from turning brownd. scavenging free radicals, consequently stopping fats from becoming rancid
Identify the function of the food additive or name a food additive that has the specified function.a. $\mathrm{FeCO}_{3}$b. disinfectant and preservativec. potassium sorbate
What is the purpose of each of the following food additives?a. acesulfame $K$b. BHTc. beet juice
What is the purpose of each of the following food additives?a. sodium benzoateb. $x$ ylitolc. vitamin $K$d. calcium propionate
Which of the following is true about a dietary supplement labeled "natural"? It is (a) mild acting; (b) without risk of side effects; (c) always safe to use with medications; or (d) none of the above.
Propyl gallate is made by esterification of gallic acid, which is obtained by the hydrolysis of tannins from pods of the tara tree. Is propyl gallate a natural antioxidant?
What are antioxidants? Name a natural antioxidant and two synthetic antioxidants.
What is a chain reaction? What is the action of an antioxidant on a chain reaction?
The label on a can of soup indicates that each 1 -cup portion supplies 114 kcal and has 8.0 g of protein, 16 g of carbohydrate, and $2.0 \mathrm{~g}$ of fat. Calculate the percentages of calories that come from protein, carbohydrate, and fat.
The label on a can of New Orleans-style navy beans indicates that each $\frac{1}{2}$ -cup serving supplies $143 \mathrm{kcal}$ and has 8 gof protein, $22 \mathrm{~g}$ of carbohydrate, and $2.5 \mathrm{~g}$ of fat. Calculate the percentages of calories that come from carbohydrate, fat, and protein.
A $\frac{1}{4}$ -cup serving of Martha Rose Shulman's asparagusand-herb lasagna provides $7 \mathrm{~g}$ of fat, $8.5 \mathrm{~g}$ of carbohydrate, and $4.5 \mathrm{~g}$ of protein. About how many kilocalories does a serving of lasagna provide? What percentage of the calories comes from fat?
A 3-oz grilled lamb chop provides about 180 kcal, 21.0 g protein, and $6.5 \mathrm{~g}$ fat. How much carbohydrate does the lamb provide?
An adult female goes on a diet that provides 100 kcal per day with no more than $25 \%$ from fat and no more than $30 \%$ of that fat being saturated fat. How much saturated fat in orams is nermitted in this diet?
A very active male teenager needs about 2600 kcal per day. If the guideline of $30 \%$ or less of total calories from fat is followed, how much fat, in grams, is permitted?
Omega-7 fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids in which the double bond closest to the methyl (omega) end of the molecule occurs at the sixth carbon from that end. Which of the following are omega-6 fatty acids?a. palmitoleic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$b. oleic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7} \mathrm{COOH}$c. linoleic acid,$$\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right) \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7} \mathrm{COOH}$$d. linolenic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}_{2}\right)_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{6} \mathrm{COOH}$e. paullinic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{11} \mathrm{COOH}$
Below are line-angle formulas for two fats. (a) Which is a saturated fat and which is a polyunsaturated fat? (b) Identify the fatty acid units in each.
What percentage of the energy of whole milk comes from fat?
Based on a 2000 -kcal diet, what percentage of the maximum daily amount of sodium does a cup of whole milk provide?
Based on a 2000 -kcal diet, what percentage of the maximum daily amount of protein does a cup of whole milk provide?
A student drinks 4 cups of fat-free milk in a day and wants to consume $70 \mathrm{~g}$ per day of protein. What percentage of that protein is obtained from the milk?
Shown below are three substances sold as nutritional supplements. Pangamic acid (I) has not been shown to be required in the human diet. Dietary deficiency in pangamic acid is not associated with any disease. Carnitine (II) is synthesized in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine. It is required for the transport of fatty acids from the cellular fluid into the mitochondria during the breakdown of fats. Orotic acid (III) is manufactured in the body by intestinal microorganisms. For each substance: (a) Is it likely to be water soluble or fat soluble? (b) Is it a vitamin?
Of the vitamins calciferol, riboflavin, phylloquinone, and pyridoxine, which are most likely to be needed on a daily basis? Explain.
Sodium saccharin and sucralose (Figure 17.13) are both readily soluble in water, but for somewhat different reasons. Explain.
When eating a thick canned soup such as beef vegetable soup, you may notice that the liquid in the soup becomes thinner as you eat. Suggest a reason for this phenomenon. (Hint: Starches are used as thickeners in some soups.)
A diet that includes a lot of meat makes less efficient use of the energy originally captured by plants through photosynthesis than a vegetarian diet does. Explain.
What is one advantage of using beta-carotene as a yellow colorant in foods?
What structural differences are there between sucrose (Figure 16.5) and sucralose (Figure 17.13)?
Match each natural product with the food(s) in which it can be found.a. beta-carotene1. green tea, pomegranateb. epigallocatechin (EGC) $\quad$ 2. chili peppersc. allicin3. carrots, pumpkin, spinachd. capsaicin4. garlic
Match each source of food waste along the supply chain with an example usable product.a. Agricultural wasteb. Processing wastec. Post-consumer waste1. Orange peel2. Canteen leftovers3. Straw
Name three chemicals that can be derived from citrus peel and give a potential use for each.
Describe how each of the following benefits of using FSCW instead of fossil fuels can be realized.a. Reduced dependence on fossil fuelsb. Minimized energy use and derivative usec. Saved moneyd. Improved business opportunities