College Physics With an Integrated Approach to Forces and Kinematics

Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarthy Richardson , Robert C. Richardson

Chapter 2

Force - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

A person is standing on a bathroom scale. Which of the following is not a force exerted on the scale: a contact force due to the floor, a contact force due to the person's feet, the weight of the person, the weight of the scale?

Averell Hause

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 2

Which item/s in the following list is/are a vector quantity? volume, force, speed, length, time

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 3

Which item in the following list is not a scalar? temperature, test score, stock value, humidity, velocity, mass

Prabhu Ramji

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

A sack of flour has a weight of $19.8 \mathrm{~N}$. What is its weight in pounds?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 5

An astronaut weighs $175 \mathrm{lb}$. What is his weight in newtons?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 6

Does the concept of a contact force apply to both a macroscopic scale and an atomic scale? Explain.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 7

Vectors $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$, and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$ are shown in the figure. (a) Draw vectors $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{D}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E}}$, where $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{D}}=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E}}=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$.
(b) Show that $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}$ by graphical means.

Tyler Moulton

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

In the drawing, what is the vector sum of forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$ if each grid square is $2 \mathrm{~N}$ on a side?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 9

Two vectors, each of magnitude $4.0 \mathrm{~N}$, are inclined at a small angle $\alpha$ below the horizontal, as shown. Let $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$. Sketch the direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$ and estimate its magnitude. (The grid is $1 \mathrm{~N}$ on a side. $)$

Supratim Pal

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

In the drawing, what is the vector sum of forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{D}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ if each grid square is $2 \mathrm{~N}$ on a side?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 11

Juan is helping his mother rearrange the living room furniture. Juan pushes on the armchair with a force of $30 \mathrm{~N}$ directed at an angle of $15^{\circ}$ above a horizontal line while his mother pushes with a force of $40 \mathrm{~N}$ directed at an angle of $20^{\circ}$ below the same horizontal. What is the vector sum of these two forces? Use graph paper, ruler, and protractor to find a graphical solution.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 11

A large wrecking ball of mass $m$ is resting against a wall. It hangs from the end of a cable that is attached at its upper end to a crane that is just touching the wall. The cable makes an angle of $\theta$ with the wall. Ignoring friction between the ball and the wall, find the tension in the cable.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 12

Two of Robin Hood's men are pulling a sledge loaded with some gold along a path that runs due north to their hideout. One man pulls his rope with a force of $62 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $12^{\circ}$ east of north and the other pulls with the same force at an angle of $12^{\circ}$ west of north. Use the graphical method to find the sum of these two forces on the sledge. Assume the ropes are parallel to the ground.

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

A force of $20 \mathrm{~N}$ is directed at an angle of $60^{\circ}$ above the $x$ -axis. A second force of $20 \mathrm{~N}$ is directed at an angle of $60^{\circ}$ below the $x$ -axis. What is the vector sum of these two forces? Use graph paper to find your answer.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 14

In Problem 9 , let $\alpha=10^{\circ}$ and find the magnitude of vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$ using the component method.

Henrique Saito

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

In Problem 8 , use the component method to find the vector $\operatorname{sum} \overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C}}$. Each grid square is $2 \mathrm{~N}$ on a side.

Tyler Moulton

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

In Problem 10 , use the component method to find the vector sum $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{D}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$.

Tyler Moulton

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

The velocity vector of a sprinting cheetah has $x$ - and $y$ components $v_{x}=+16.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ and $v_{y}=-26.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. (a) What is the magnitude of the velocity vector? (b) What angle does the velocity vector make with the $+x$ - and $-y$ -axes?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

A vector is $20.0 \mathrm{~m}$ long and makes an angle of $60.0^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from the $y$ -axis (on the side of the $-x$ -axis). What are the $x$ - and $y$ -components of this vector?

Tyler Moulton

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}$ has magnitude $4.0$ units; vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ has magnitude $6.0$ units. The angle between $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ is $60.0^{\circ}$. What is the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ ?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}$ is directed along the positive $y$ -axis and has magnitude $\sqrt{3.0}$ units. Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ is directed along the negative $x$ -axis and has magnitude $1.0$ unit. What are the magnitude and direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B}}$ ?

Henrique Saito

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}$ has components $a_{x}=-3.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ and $a_{v}=$ $+4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (a) What is the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}$ ? (b) What is the direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}$ ? Give an angle with respect to one of the coordinate axes.

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Find the $x$ - and $y$ -components of the four vectors shown in the drawing.

Supratim Pal

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

In each of these, the $x$ - and $y$ -components of a vector are given. Find the magnitude and direction of the vector. (a) $x=-5.0 \mathrm{~cm}, y=+8.0 \mathrm{~cm} .$ (b) $F_{x}=+120 \mathrm{~N}$, $F_{y}=-60.0 \mathrm{~N}$. (c) $v_{x}=-13.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}, v_{y}=-8.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. (d) $a_{x}=$ $2.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}, a_{y}=6.5 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$.

Henrique Saito

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}$ has magnitude $7.1$ and direction $14^{\circ}$ below the $+x$ -axis. Vector $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}$ has $x$ -component $c_{x}=-1.8$ and $y$ -component $c_{y}=-6.7$. Compute (a) the $x$ - and $y$ -components of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}} ;$ (b) the magnitude and direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}} ;$ (c) the magnitude and direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}$.

Henrique Saito

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

A man is lazily floating on an air mattress in a swimming pool. If the weight of the man and air mattress together is $806 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the upward force of the water acting on the system of man and mattress?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 26

A hanging potted plant is suspended by a cord from a hook in the ceiling. Draw an FBD for each of these:
(a) the system consisting of plant, soil, and pot; (b) the cord; (c) the hook; (d) the system consisting of plant, soil, pot, cord, and hook. Label each force arrow using subscripts (for example, $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{ch}}$ would represent the force exerted on the cord by the hook).

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 27

A car is driving on a straight, level road at constant speed. Draw a free-body diagram for the car, showing the significant forces that act on it.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 28

A parked automobile slips out of gear, rolls unattended down a slight incline, and then along a level road until it hits a stone wall. Draw an FBD to show the forces acting on the car while it is in contact with the wall

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 29

A sailboat, tied to a mooring with a line, weighs $820 \mathrm{~N}$. The mooring line pulls horizontally toward the west on the sailboat with a force of $110 \mathrm{~N}$. The sails are stowed away and the wind blows from the west. The boat is moored on a still lake-no water currents push on it. Draw a free-body diagram for the sailboat and indicate the magnitude of each force.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 30

Two objects, $A$ and $B$, are acted on by the forces shown in the FBDs. Is the magnitude of the net force acting on object $B$ greater than, less than, or equal to the magnitude of the net force acting on object $A ?$ Make a scale drawing on graph paper and explain the result.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 31

Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the object in each of the FBDs for this problem.

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

A truck driving on a level highway is acted on by the following forces: a downward gravitational force of $52 \mathrm{kN}$ (kilonewtons); an upward contact force due to the road of $52 \mathrm{kN} ;$ another contact force due to the road of $7 \mathrm{kN}$, directed east; and a drag force due to air resistance of $5 \mathrm{kN}$, directed west. What is the net force acting on the truck?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 33

Two forces of magnitudes $3.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and $4.0 \mathrm{~N}$ act on an object. How are the directions of the two forces related if (a) the net force has magnitude $7.0 \mathrm{~N}$, or (b) if the net force has magnitude $5.0 \mathrm{~N} ?(\mathrm{c})$ What relationship between the directions gives the smallest magnitude net force and what is this magnitude?

Henrique Saito

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

A barge is hauled along a straight-line section of canal by two horses harnessed to tow ropes and walking along the tow paths on either side of the canal. Each horse pulls with a force of $560 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $15^{\circ}$ with the centerline of the canal. Find the sum of these
two forces on the barge. Is this sum the net force on the barge? Explain.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 35

On her way to visit Grandmother, Red Riding Hood sat down to rest and placed her $1.2-\mathrm{kg}$ basket of goodies beside her. A wolf came along, spotted the basket, and began to pull on the handle with a force of $6.4 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $25^{\circ}$ with respect to vertical. Red was not going to let go easily, so she pulled on the handle with a force of $12 \mathrm{~N}$. If the net force on the basket is straight up, at what angle was Red Riding Hood pulling?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 36

A towline is attached between a car and a glider. As the car speeds due east along the runway, the towline exerts a horizontal force of $850 \mathrm{~N}$ on the glider. What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the glider on the towline?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 37

A bike is hanging from a hook in a garage. Consider the following forces: (a) the force of the Earth pulling down on the bike, (b) the force of the bike pulling up on the Earth, (c) the force of the hook pulling up on the bike, and (d) the force of the hook pulling down on the ceiling. Which two forces are equal and opposite because of Newton's third law? Which two forces are equal and opposite because of Newton's first law?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 38

A hummingbird is hovering motionless beside a flower. The blur of its wings shows that they are rapidly beating up and down. If the air pushes upward on the bird with a force of $0.30 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the weight of the hummingbird?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 39

A fish is suspended by a line from a fishing rod. Choose two forces acting on the fish and describe the interaction partner of each.

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

A fisherman is holding a fishing rod with a large fish suspended from the line of the rod. Identify the forces acting on the rod and their interaction partners.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 41

Margie, who weighs $543 \mathrm{~N}$, is standing on a bathroom scale that weighs $45 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) With what force does the scale push up on Margie? (b) What is the interaction partner of that force? (c) With what force does the Earth push up on the scale? (d) Identify the interaction partner of that force.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 42

A skydiver, who weighs $650 \mathrm{~N}$, is falling at a constant speed with his parachute open. Consider the apparatus that connects the parachute to the skydiver to be part of the parachute. The parachute pulls upward with a force of $620 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) What is the force of the air resistance acting on the skydiver? (b) Identify the forces and the interaction partners of each force exerted on the skydiver. (c) Identify the forces and interaction partners of each force exerted on the parachute.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 43

A woman who weighs $600 \mathrm{~N}$ sits on a chair with her feet on the floor and her arms resting on the chair's armrests. The chair weighs $100 \mathrm{~N}$. Each armrest exerts an upward force of $25 \mathrm{~N}$ on her arms. The seat of the chair exerts an upward force of $500 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) What force does the floor exert on her feet? (b) What force does the floor exert on the chair? (c) Consider the woman and the chair to be a single system. Draw an FBD for this system that includes all of the external forces acting on it.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 44

Refer to Problem 42. Consider the skydiver and parachute to be a single system. What are the external forces acting on this system?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 45

An astronaut stands at a position on the Moon such that Earth is directly over head and releases a Moon rock that was in her hand. (a) Which way will it fall?
(b) What is the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on a $1.0-\mathrm{kg}$ rock resting on the Moon's surface?
(c) What is the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the same $1.0$ -kg rock resting on the surface of the Moon?
(d) What is the net gravitational force on the rock?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 46

(a) Calculate your weight in newtons. (b) What is the weight in newtons of $250 \mathrm{~g}$ of cheese?
(c) Name a common object whose weight is about $1 \mathrm{~N}$.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 47

A young South African girl has a mass of $40.0 \mathrm{~kg}$.
(a) What is her weight in newtons?
(b) If she came to the United States, what would her weight be in pounds as measured on an American scale? Assume $g=$ $9.80 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$ in both locations.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 48

A man weighs $0.80 \mathrm{kN}$ on Earth. What is his mass in kilograms?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 49

Using the information in the opening paragraphs of this chapter, what is the approximate magnitude of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Voyager 1 spacecraft? Each spacecraft has a mass of approximately $825 \mathrm{~kg}$ during the mission, although the mass at launch was $2100 \mathrm{~kg}$ because of expendable Titan-Centaur rockets.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 50

How far above the surface of the Earth does an object have to be in order for it to have the same weight as it would have on the surface of the Moon? (Ignore any effects from the Earth's gravity for the object on the Moon's surface or from the Moon's gravity for the object above the Earth.)

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 51

Find and compare the weight of a $65-\mathrm{kg}$ man on Earth with the weight of the same man on (a) Mars, where $g=3.7 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg} ;$ (b) Venus, where $g=8.9 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg} ;$ and
(c) Earth's Moon, where $g=1.6 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 52

Find the altitudes above the Earth's surface where Earth's gravitational field strength would be (a) twothirds and (b) one-third of its value at the surface. [Hint:
First find the radius for each situation; then recall that the altitude is the distance from the surface to a point above the surface. Use proportional reasoning.]

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

During a balloon ascension, wearing an oxygen mask, you measure the weight of a calibrated $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ mass and find that the value of the gravitational field strength at your location is $9.792 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg} .$ How high above sea level, where the gravitational field strength was measured to be $9.803 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$, are you located?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 54

At what altitude above the Earth's surface would your weight be half of what it is at the Earth's surface?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 55

(a) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force that the Earth exerts on the Moon? (b) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force that the Moon exerts on the Earth? See the inside front and back covers for necessary information.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 56

Alex is on stage playing his bass guitar. Estimate the magnitude of the gravitational attraction between Alex and Pat, a fan who is standing $8 \mathrm{~m}$ from Alex. Alex has a mass of $55 \mathrm{~kg}$ and Pat has a mass of $40 \mathrm{~kg}$.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 57

The Space Shuttle carries a satellite in its cargo bay and places it into orbit around the Earth. Find the ratio of the Earth's gravitational force on the satellite when it is on a launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center to the gravitational force exerted when the satellite is orbiting $6.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~km}$ above the launch pad.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 58

A book rests on the surface of the table. Consider the following four forces that arise in this situation: (a) the force of the Earth pulling on the book, (b) the force of the table pushing on the book, (c) the force of the book pushing on the table, and (d) the force of the book pulling on the Earth. The book is not moving. Which pair of forces must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction even though they are not an interaction pair?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 59

You grab a book and give it a quick push across the top of a horizontal table. After a short push, the book slides across the table, and because of friction, comes to a stop.(a) Draw an FBD of the book while you are pushing it.
(b) Draw an FBD of the book after you have stopped pushing it, while it is sliding across the table. (c) Draw an FBD of the book after it has stopped sliding. (d) In which of the preceding cases is the net force on the book not equal to zero? (e) If the book has a mass of $0.50 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the coefficient of friction between the book and the table
is $0.40$, what is the net force acting on the book in part
(b)? (f) If there were no friction between the table and the book, what would the FBD for part (b) look like? Would the book slow down in this case? Why or why not?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 60

A box sits on a horizontal wooden ramp. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the ramp is $0.30$. You grab one end of the ramp and lift it up, keeping the other end of the ramp on the ground. What is the angle between the ramp and the horizontal direction when the box begins to slide down the ramp?

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

A crate full of artichokes rests on a ramp that is inclined $10.0^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. Give the direction of the normal force and the friction force acting on the crate in each of these situations. (a) The crate is at rest. (b) The crate is being pushed and is sliding up the ramp. (c) The crate is being pushed and is sliding down the ramp.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 62

A $3.0$ -kg block is at rest on a horizontal floor. If you push horizontally on the $3.0$ -kg block with a force of $12.0 \mathrm{~N}$, it just starts to move. (a) What is the coefficient of static friction? (b) A $7.0$ -kg block is stacked on top of the $3.0$ -kg block. What is the magnitude $F$ of the force, acting horizontally on the $3.0$ -kg block as before, that is required to make the two blocks start to move?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 63

A horse is trotting along pulling a sleigh through the snow. To move the sleigh, of mass $m$, straight ahead at a constant speed, the horse must pull with a force of magnitude $T$. (a) What is the net force acting on the sleigh?
(b) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the sleigh and the snow?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 64

Before hanging new William Morris wallpaper in her bedroom, Brenda sanded the walls lightly to smooth out some irregularities on the surface. The sanding block weighs $2.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and Brenda pushes on it with a force of 3.0 $\mathrm{N}$ at an angle of $30.0^{\circ}$ with respect to the vertical, and angled toward the wall. Draw an FBD for the sanding block as it moves straight up the wall at a constant speed. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the wall and the block?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 65

Four separate blocks are placed side by side in a left-toright row on a table. A horizontal force, acting toward the right, is applied to the block on the far left end of the row. Draw FBDs for (a) the second block on the left and for (b) the system of four blocks.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 66

Four separate blocks are placed side by side in a left-toright row on a table. A horizontal force, acting toward the right, is applied to the block on the far left end of the row. Draw FBDs for (a) the second block on the left and for (b) the system of four blocks.
66. (a) In Example 2.14, if the movers stop pushing on the safe, can static friction hold the safe in place without having it slide back down? (b) If not, what minimum force needs to be applied to hold the safe in place?

Keshav Singh

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the force required without the use of a simple machine to that needed when using the simple machine. Compare the force to lift an object with that needed to slide the same object up a frictionless incline and show that the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane is the length of the incline divided by the height of the incline $(d / h$ in Fig. 2.32).

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 68

An $80.0-\mathrm{N}$ crate of apples sits at rest on a ramp that runs from the ground to the bed of a truck. The ramp is inclined at $20.0^{\circ}$ to the ground. (a) What is the normal force exerted on the crate by the ramp? (b) The interaction partner of this normal force has what magnitude and direction? It is exerted by what object on what object? Is it a contact or a long-range force? (c) What is the static frictional force exerted on the crate by the ramp? (d) What is the minimum possible value of the coefficient of static friction? (e) The normal and frictional forces are perpendicular components of the contact force exerted on the crate by the ramp. Find the magnitude and direction of the contact force.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 69

An 85 -kg skier is sliding down a ski slope at a constant velocity. The slope makes an angle of $11^{\circ}$ above the horizontal direction. (a) Ignoring any air resistance, what is the force of kinetic friction acting on the skier?
(b) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the skis and the snow?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 70

You are pulling a suitcase through the airport at a constant speed. The handle of the suitcase makes an angle of $60^{\circ}$ with respect to the horizontal direction. If you pull with a force of $5.0 \mathrm{~N}$ parallel to the handle, what is the force of friction acting on the suitcase?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 71

A 200.0-N sign is suspended from a horizontal strut of negligible weight. The force exerted on the strut by the wall is horizontal. Draw an FBD to show the forces acting on the strut. Find the tension $T$ in the diagonal cable supporting the strut.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 72

Two boxes with different masses are tied together on a frictionless ramp surface. What is the tension in each of the cords?

Supratim Pal

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

A crow perches on a clothesline midway between two poles. Each end of the rope makes an angle of $\theta$ below the horizontal where it connects to the pole. If the weight of the crow is $W$, what is the tension in the rope? Ignore the weight of the rope.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 74

The drawing shows an elastic cord attached to two back teeth and stretched across a front tooth. The purpose of this arrangement is to apply a force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ to the front tooth. (The figure has been simplified by running the cord straight from the front tooth to the back teeth.) If the tension in the cord is $1.2 \mathrm{~N}$, what are the magnitude and direction of the force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ applied to the front tooth?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 75

A pulley is attached to the ceiling. Spring scale $A$ is attached to the wall and a rope runs horizontally from it and over the pulley. The same rope is then attached to spring scale $\mathrm{B}$. On the other side of scale B hangs a 120-N weight. What are the readings of the two scales $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ ? The weights of the scales are negligible.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 76

Spring scale $\mathrm{A}$ is attached to the floor and a rope runs vertically upward, loops over the pulley, and runs down on the other side to a 120-N weight. Scale $\mathrm{B}$ is attached to the ceiling and the pulley is hung below it. What are the readings of the two spring scales, $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ ? Ignore the weights of the pulley and scales.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 77

Two springs are connected in series so that spring scale A hangs from a hook on the ceiling and a second spring scale, $\mathrm{B}$, hangs from the hook at the bottom of scale A. Apples weighing $120 \mathrm{~N}$ hang from the hook at the bottom of scale $\mathrm{B}$. What are the readings on the upper scale $\mathrm{A}$ and the lower scale $\mathrm{B}$ ? Ignore the weights of the scales.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 78

A cord, with a spring balance to measure forces attached midway along, is hanging from a hook attached to the ceiling. A mass of $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ is hanging from the lower end of the cord. The spring balance indicates a reading of $98 \mathrm{~N}$ for the force. Then two people hold the opposite ends of the same cord and pull against each other horizontally until the balance in the middle again reads $98 \mathrm{~N}$. With what force must each person pull to attain this result?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 79

A pulley is hung from the ceiling by a rope. A block of mass $M$ is suspended by another rope that passes over the pulley and is attached to the wall. The rope fastened to the wall makes a right angle with the wall. Neglect the masses of the rope and the pulley. Find (a) the tension in the rope from which the pulley hangs and (b) the angle $\theta$ that the rope makes with the ceiling.

Penny Riley

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

A $2.0$ -kg ball tied to a string fixed to the ceiling is pulled to one side by a force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$. Just before the ball is released and allowed to swing back and forth, (a) how large is the force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ that is holding the ball in position and (b) what is the tension in the string?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 81

A 45-N lithograph is supported by two wires. One wire makes a $25^{\circ}$ angle with the vertical and the other makes a $15^{\circ}$ angle with the vertical. Find the tension in each wire.

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Which of the fundamental forces governs the motion of planets in the solar system? Is this the strongest or the weakest of the fundamental forces? Explain.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 83

Which of the following forces have an unlimited range:
strong force, contact force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 84

Which of the following forces bind electrons to nuclei to form atoms: strong force, contact force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 85

Which of the fundamental forces has the shortest range, yet is responsible for producing the sunlight that reaches Earth?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 86

Which of the fundamental forces binds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and many exotic subatomic particles?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 87

Fernando places a $2.0$ -kg dictionary on a tabletop, then sits on top of the dictionary. Fernando has a mass of $52 \mathrm{~kg}$.
(a) What is the normal force exerted by the table on the dictionary? (b) What is the normal force exerted by the dictionary on Fernando? (c) Is there a normal force exerted by the table on Fernando? If so, what is its magnitude?

Raj Bala

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

You want to hang a $15-\mathrm{N}$ picture as in the figure
(a) using some very fine twine that will break with more than $12 \mathrm{~N}$ of tension. Can you do this? What if you have it as illustrated in Figure (b)?

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

You want to push a $65-\mathrm{kg}$ box up a $25^{\circ}$ ramp. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ramp and the box is $0.30$. With what magnitude force parallel to the ramp should you push on the box so that it moves up the ramp at a constant speed?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 90

A roller coaster is towed up an incline at a steady speed of $0.50 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ by a chain parallel to the surface of the incline. The slope is $3.0 \%$, which means that the elevation increases by $3.0 \mathrm{~m}$ for every $100.0 \mathrm{~m}$ of horizontal distance. The mass of the roller coaster is $400.0 \mathrm{~kg}$. Ignoring friction, what is the magnitude of the force exerted on the roller coaster by the chain?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 91

An airplane is cruising along in a horizontal level flight at a constant velocity, heading due west. (a) If the weight of the plane is $2.6 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~N}$, what is the net force on the plane? (b) With what force does the air push upward on the plane?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 92

A young boy with a broken leg is undergoing traction. (a) Find the magnitude of the total force of the traction apparatus applied to the leg, assuming the weight of the leg is $22 \mathrm{~N}$ and the weight hanging from the traction apparatus is also $22 \mathrm{~N}$. (b) What is the horizontal component of the traction force acting on the leg? (c) What is the magnitude of the force exerted on the femur by the lower leg?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 93

The mass of the Moon is $0.0123$ times that of the Earth. A spaceship is traveling along a line connecting the centers of the Earth and the Moon. At what distance from the Earth does the spaceship find the gravitational pull of the Earth equal in magnitude to that of the Moon? Express your answer as a percentage of the distance between the centers of the two bodies.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 94

A 320 -kg satellite is in orbit around the Earth $16000 \mathrm{k}$ above the Earth's surface. (a) What is the weight of $t$ satellite when in orbit? (b) What was its weight when was on the Earth's surface, before being launche
(c) While it orbits the Earth, what force does the sate lite exert on the Earth?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

A toy freight train consists of an engine and three identical cars. The train is moving to the right at constant speed along a straight, level track. Three spring scales are used to connect the cars as follows: spring scale $\mathrm{A}$ is located between the engine and the first car; scale $\mathrm{B}$ is between the first and second cars; scale $\mathrm{C}$ is between the second and third cars. (a) If air resistance and friction are negligible, what are the relative readings on the three spring scales A, B, and C? (b) Repeat part (a), taking air resistance and friction into consideration this time. [Hint: Draw an FBD for the car in the middle.]
(c) If air resistance and friction together cause a force of magnitude $5.5 \mathrm{~N}$ on each car, directed toward the left, find the readings of scales $\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}$, and $\mathrm{C}$.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 96

The coefficient of static friction between a block and a horizontal floor is $0.40$, while the coefficient of kinetic friction is $0.15$. The mass of the block is $5.0 \mathrm{~kg}$. A horizontal force is applied to the block and slowly increased. (a) What is the value of the applied horizontal force at the instant that the block starts to slide? (b) What is the net force on the block after it starts to slide?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 97

A box full of books rests on a wooden floor. The normal force the floor exerts on the box is $250 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) You push horizontally on the box with a force of $120 \mathrm{~N}$, but it refuses to budge. What can you say about the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor?
(b) If you must push horizontally on the box with a force of at least $150 \mathrm{~N}$ to start it sliding, what is the coefficient of static friction? (c) Once the box is sliding, you only have to push with a force of $120 \mathrm{~N}$ to keep it sliding. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 98

The coefficient of static friction between block A and a horizontal floor is $0.45$ and the coefficient of static friction between block $\mathrm{B}$ and the floor is $0.30$. The mass of each block is $2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ and they are connected together by a cord. (a) If a horizontal force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ pulling on block B is slowly increased, in a direction parallel to the connecting cord, until it is barely enough to make the two blocks start moving, what is the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ at the instant that they start to slide? (b) What is the tension in the cord connecting blocks $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ at that same instant?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 99

Four identical spring scales, A. $\mathrm{B}, \mathrm{C}$, and $\mathrm{D}$ are used to hang a 220.0-N sack of potatoes.
(a) Assume that the scales have negligible weights and that all four scales show the same reading. What is the reading of each scale? (b) Suppose that each scale has a weight of 5.0 $\mathrm{N}$. If scales $\mathrm{B}$ and $\mathrm{D}$ show the same reading, what is the reading of each scale?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 100

When you hold up a $100-\mathrm{N}$ weight in your hand, with your forearm horizontal and your palm up, the force exerted by your biceps is much larger than $100 \mathrm{~N}-$ perhaps as much as $1000 \mathrm{~N}$. How can that be? What other forces are acting on your arm? Draw an FBD for the forearm, showing all of the forces. Assume that all the forces exerted on the forearm are purely vertical-either up or down.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 101

In the sport of curling, popular in Canada and the United Kingdom, a player slides a $20.0-\mathrm{kg}$ granite stone down a 38 -m-long ice rink. Draw FBDs for the stone (a) while it sits at rest on the ice; (b) while it slides down the rink; (c) during a head-on collision with an opponent's stone that was at rest on the ice.

Sachin Rao

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

A refrigerator magnet weighing $0.14 \mathrm{~N}$ is used to hold up a photograph weighing $0.030 \mathrm{~N}$. The magnet attracts the refrigerator door with a magnetic force of $2.10 \mathrm{~N}$.
(a) Identify the interactions between the magnet and other objects. (b) Draw an FBD for the magnet, showing all the forces that act on it. (c) Which of these forces are long-range and which are contact forces? (d) Find the magnitudes of all the forces acting on the magnet.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 103

A computer weighing $87 \mathrm{~N}$ rests on the horizontal surface of your desk. The coefficient of friction between the computer and the desk is $0.60$. (a) Draw an FBD for the computer. (b) What is the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the computer? (c) How hard would you have to push on it to get it to start to slide across the desk?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 104

A truck is towing a $1000-\mathrm{kg}$ car at a constant speed up a hill that makes an angle of $\alpha=5.0^{\circ}$ with respect to the horizontal. A rope is attached from the truck to the car at an angle of $\beta=10.0^{\circ}$ with respect to horizontal. Neglect any friction in this problem. (a) Draw an FBD showing all the forces on the car. Indicate the angle that each force makes with either the vertical or horizontal direction. (b) What is the tension in the rope?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 105

The readings of the two spring scales shown in the drawing are the same. (a) Explain why they are the same. [Hint: Draw FBDs.] (b) What is the reading?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 106

A $50.0-\mathrm{kg}$ crate is suspended between the floor and the ceiling using two spring scales, one attached to the ceiling and one to the floor. If the lower scale reads $120 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the reading of the upper scale? Ignore the weight of the scales.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 107

Spring scale $\mathrm{A}$ is attached to the ceiling. A $10.0-\mathrm{kg}$ mass is suspended from the scale. A second spring scale, $\mathrm{B}$, is hanging from a hook at the bottom of the $10.0$ -kg mass and a $4.0$ -kg mass hangs from the second spring scale. (a) What are the readings of the two scales if the masses of the scales are negligible? (b) What are the readings if each scale has a mass of $1.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ ?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 108

The tallest spot on Earth is Mt. Everest, which is $8850 \mathrm{~m}$ above sea level. If the radius of the Earth to sea level is $6370 \mathrm{~km}$, how much does the gravitational field strength change between the sea level value at that location $(9.826 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg})$ and the top of $\mathrm{Mt}$. Everest?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 109

By what percentage does the weight of an object change when it is moved from the equator at sea level. where the effective value of $g$ is $9.784 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$, to the North Pole where $g=9.832 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$ ?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 110

Two canal workers pull a barge along the narrow waterway at a constant speed. One worker pulls with a force of $105 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $28^{\circ}$ with respect to the forward motion of the barge and the other worker, on the opposite tow path, pulls at an angle of $38^{\circ}$ relative to the barge motion. Both ropes are parallel to the ground. (a) With what magnitude force should the second worker pull to make the sum of the two forces be in the forward direction? (b) What is the magnitude of the force on the barge from the two tow ropes?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 112

The figure shows the quadriceps and the patellar tendons attached to the patella (the kneecap). If the tension $T$ in each tendon is $1.30 \mathrm{kN}$, what is (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of the contact force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ exerted on the patella by the femur?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 113

Tamar wants to cut down a large, dead poplar tree with her chain saw, but she does not want it to fall onto the nearby gazebo. Yoojin comes to help with a long rope. Yoojin, a physicist, suggests they tie the rope taut from the poplar to the oak tree and then pull sideways on the rope as shown in the figure. If the rope is $40.0 \mathrm{~m}$ long and Yoojin pulls sideways at the midpoint of the rope with a force of $360.0 \mathrm{~N}$, causing a $2.00-\mathrm{m}$ sideways displacement of the rope at its midpoint, what force will the rope exert on the poplar tree? Compare this with pulling the rope directly away from the poplar with a force of $360.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and explain why the values are different. [Hint: Until the poplar is cut through enough to start falling, the rope is in equilibrium.]

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 114

A student's head is bent over her physics book. The head weighs $50.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and is supported by the muscle force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ exerted by the neck extensor muscles and by the contact force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ exerted at the atlantooccipital joint. Given that the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ is $60.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and is directed $35^{\circ}$ below the horizontal, find (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}$.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 115

(a) If a spacecraft moves in a straight line between the Earth and the Sun, at what point would the force of gravity on the spacecraft due to the Sun be as large as that due to the Earth? (b) If the spacecraft is close to. but not at, this equilibrium point, does the net force on the spacecraft tend to push it toward or away from the equilibrium point? [Hint: Imagine the spacecraft a small distance $d$ closer to the Earth and find out which gravitational force is stronger.]

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 116

While trying to decide where to hang a framed picture, you press it against the wall to keep it from falling. The picture weighs $5.0 \mathrm{~N}$ and you press against the frame with a force of $6.0 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $40^{\circ}$ from the vertical. (a) What is the direction of the normal force exerted on the picture by your hand? (b) What is the direction of the normal force exerted on the picture by the wall? (c) What is the coefficient of static friction between the wall and the picture? The frictional force exerted on the picture by the wall can have two possible directions. Explain why.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University