Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking

Charles H. Corwin

Chapter 11

Gases - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which of the following are observed properties of gases?
(a) variable shape
(b) expand uniformly
(c) compress infinitely
(d) mix with other gases

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Problem 2

Which of the following are observed properties of gases?
(a) variable volume
(b) expand infinitely
(c) compress uniformly
(d) low density

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Problem 3

Give the value for standard atmospheric pressure in each of the following units:
(a) millimeters of mercury
(b) centimeters of mercury

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Problem 4

Give the value for standard atmospheric pressure in each of the following units:
(a) inches of mercury
(b) pounds per square inch

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Problem 5

If oxygen gas in a steel container is at a pressure of 5.00 atm, what is the pressure expressed in each of the following units?
(a) psi
(b) $\mathrm{cm} \mathrm{Hg}$

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Problem 6

If a piston in an automobile engine compresses a fuel-air mixture to a pressure of $9.50 \mathrm{~atm},$ what is the pressure expressed in each of the following units?
(a) in. $\mathrm{Hg}$
(b) $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$

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Problem 7

An American newscast states that the barometer reads
30.8 in. Hg. Express the atmospheric pressure in each of the following units:
(a) $k P a$
(b) torr

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Problem 8

A Canadian newscast states that the barometer reads $104 \mathrm{kPa}$. Express the atmospheric pressure in each of the following units:
(a) psi
(b) $\mathrm{cm} \mathrm{Hg}$

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Problem 9

Indicate what happens to the pressure of a gas with the following changes:
(a) The volume increases.
(b) The temperature increases.
(c) The moles of gas increase.

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Problem 10

Indicate what happens to the pressure of a gas with the following changes:
(a) The volume decreases.
(b) The temperature decreases.
(c) The moles of gas decrease.

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Problem 11

State whether the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases or decreases with the following changes:
(a) The volume changes from $2.50 \mathrm{~L}$ to $5.00 \mathrm{~L}$.
(b) The temperature changes from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $100{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
(c) The moles of gas change from $0.500 \mathrm{~mol}$ to $0.250 \mathrm{~mol}$.

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Problem 12

State whether the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases or decreases with the following changes:
(a) The volume changes from $75.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ to $50.0 \mathrm{~mL}$.
(b) The temperature changes from $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $-195^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
(c) The moles of gas change from $1.00 \mathrm{~mol}$ to $5.00 \mathrm{~mol}$.

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Problem 13

Explain how increasing the volume of a gas decreases its pressure.

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Problem 14

Explain how increasing the temperature of a gas increases its pressure.

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Problem 15

Sketch a graph of pressure versus volume, assuming temperature is constant. Label the vertical axis $\mathrm{P}$ and the horizontal axis V.

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Problem 16

Sketch a graph of pressure versus inverse volume, assuming temperature is constant. Label the vertical axis $P$ and the horizontal axis $1 / \mathrm{V}$.

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Problem 17

A sample of air at 5.00 atm expands from $1.75 \mathrm{~L}$ to $2.50 \mathrm{~L} .$ If the temperature remains constant, what is the final pressure in atm?

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Problem 18

A sample of air at 15.0 psi compresses from $555 \mathrm{~mL}$ to $275 \mathrm{~mL}$. If the temperature remains constant, what is the final pressure in psi?

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Problem 19

Calculate the final volume when $5.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of argon gas undergoes a pressure change from 1.55 atm to 6.50 atm. Assume that the temperature remains constant.

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Problem 20

Calculate the final volume when $125 \mathrm{~mL}$ of argon gas undergoes a pressure change from $705 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ to $385 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$. Assume that the temperature remains constant.

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Problem 21

Sketch a graph of volume versus Kelvin temperature, assuming pressure is constant. Label the vertical axis $\mathrm{V}$ and the horizontal axis $\mathrm{T}(\mathrm{K})$.

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Problem 22

Sketch a graph of volume versus Celsius temperature, assuming pressure is constant. Label the vertical axis $\mathrm{V}$ and the horizontal axis $t\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$. Assume the Celsius temperature approaches zero at the origin.

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Problem 23

A 555 mL sample of nitrous oxide at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is heated to $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the pressure remains constant, what is the final volume?

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Problem 24

A 2.50 L sample of nitric oxide gas at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is cooled to $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the pressure remains constant, what is the final volume?

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Problem 25

Calculate the final Celsius temperature when $125 \mathrm{~mL}$ of chlorine gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is heated to give a volume of $175 \mathrm{~mL}$. Assume that the pressure remains constant.

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Problem 26

Calculate the final Celsius temperature when $5.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of fluorine gas at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is cooled to give a volume of $3.75 \mathrm{~L}$. Assume that the pressure remains constant.

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Problem 27

Sketch a graph of pressure versus Kelvin temperature, assuming volume is constant. Label the vertical axis $\mathrm{P}$ and the horizontal axis $\mathrm{T}(\mathrm{K})$.

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Problem 28

Sketch a graph of pressure versus Celsius temperature, assuming volume is constant. Label the vertical axis $\mathrm{P}$ and the horizontal axis $t\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) .$ Assume the Celsius temperature approaches zero at the origin.

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Problem 29

A 1.00-L sample of argon gas at 1.00 atm is heated from $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $110^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the volume remains constant, what is the final pressure?

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Problem 30

A 25.0-mL sample of neon gas at $455 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg is cooled from $100{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $10{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the volume remains constant, what is the final pressure?

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Problem 31

Calculate the final Celsius temperature of sulfur dioxide gas if $50.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ of the gas at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 0.450 atm is heated until the pressure is 0.750 atm. Assume that the volume remains constant.

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Problem 32

Calculate the final Celsius temperature of nitrogen dioxide gas if $1.95 \mathrm{~L}$ of the gas at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $375 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ is cooled until the pressure is $225 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$. Assume that the volume remains constant.

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Problem 33

A 5.00-L sample of air is collected at $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 5.00 atm. What is the volume of air at STP?

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Problem 34

A 100.0 -mL sample of air is collected at $21{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $772 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} .$ What is the volume of air at STP?

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Problem 35

If a sample of hydrogen gas occupies $2.00 \mathrm{~L}$ at $-50{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $155 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the volume at $75^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $365 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} ?$

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Problem 36

If a sample of oxygen gas occupies $25.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $-25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $650 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the volume at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $350 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg?

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Problem 37

A sample of hydrogen chloride gas occupies $0.750 \mathrm{~L}$ at STP. What is the pressure in atm if the volume is $0.100 \mathrm{~L}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

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Problem 38

A sample of hydrogen fluoride gas occupies $1250 \mathrm{~mL}$ at STP. What is the pressure in $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ if the volume is $255 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

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Problem 39

A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ at STP. What is the temperature in ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ if the volume is $10.0 \mathrm{~L}$ at 2.00 atm?

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Problem 40

A sample of ammonia gas has a volume of $50.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at STP. What is the Celsius temperature if the volume is $350.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $350 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg?

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Problem 41

A sample of argon gas occupies $0.500 \mathrm{~L}$ at $-125^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $225 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg. Calculate the pressure in $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ if the gas occupies $0.375 \mathrm{~L}$ at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

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Problem 42

A sample of xenon gas occupies $500.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $-185^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $75.0 \mathrm{~cm} \mathrm{Hg} .$ Calculate the Celsius temperature if the volume is $225.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $55.0 \mathrm{~cm} \mathrm{Hg}$.

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Problem 43

What is the relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and temperature?

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Problem 44

Which of the following liquids has the higher vapor pressure at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}:$ water or mercury?

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Problem 45

Refer to Table 2 and state the vapor pressure for water in $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg at each of the following temperatures:
(a) $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(b) $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

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Problem 46

Refer to Table 2 and state the vapor pressure for water in atm at each of the following temperatures:
(a) $75^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
(b) $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

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Problem 47

Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is $592 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, oxygen is $160 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, argon is $7 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, and trace gas is $1 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$,
what is the atmospheric pressure?

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Problem 48

Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is $587 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, oxygen is $158 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, argon is $7 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, and trace gas pressure is negligible, what is the atmospheric pressure?

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Problem 49

A steel cylinder with sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and oxygen gases is at $825^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1.00 \mathrm{~atm} .$ If the partial pressure of sulfur dioxide is $150 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and sulfur trioxide is $475 \mathrm{~mm}$ $\mathrm{Hg}$, what is the partial pressure of oxvgen in $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg?

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Problem 50

A steel cylinder with nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia gases is at $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $5.00 \mathrm{~atm}$. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is $1850 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and hydrogen is $1150 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the partial pressure of ammonia in $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg?

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Problem 51

Describe the meaning of the expression "collecting a gas over water."

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Problem 52

Distinguish between a "wet" gas and a "dry" gas.

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Problem 53

If oxygen is collected over water at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $766 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the partial pressure of the oxygen? Refer to Table 2 for the vapor pressure of water.

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Problem 54

If xenon is collected over water at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $755 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ what is the partial pressure of the xenon? Refer to Table 2 for the vapor pressure of water.

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Problem 55

State five characteristics of an ideal gas according to the kinetic theory.

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Problem 56

Distinguish between a real gas and an ideal gas.

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Problem 57

Under what conditions of temperature and pressure does a real gas behave most like an ideal gas?

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Problem 58

At what Celsius temperature does a gas possess zero kinetic energy?

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Problem 59

A sealed container holds the gases He, Ne, and Ar. Which of these gases corresponds to each of the following descriptions?
(a) highest kinetic energy
(b) lowest kinetic energy
(c) fastest atoms
(d) slowest atoms

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Problem 60

A sealed container holds the gases $\mathrm{H}_{2}, \mathrm{~N}_{2}$, and $\mathrm{O}_{2}$. Which of these gases corresponds to each of the following descriptions?
(a) highest kinetic energy
(b) lowest kinetic energy
(c) fastest molecules
(d) slowest molecules

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Problem 61

What pressure is exerted by an ideal gas at absolute zero?

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Problem 62

What volume is occupied by an ideal gas at absolute zero?

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Problem 63

If 0.500 mol of hydrogen gas occupies 5.00 L at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, what is the pressure in atmospheres?

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Problem 64

If 1.25 mol of oxygen gas exerts a pressure of $1200 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, what is the volume in liters?

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Problem 65

If $10.0 \mathrm{~L}$ of neon gas exerts a pressure of 125 psi at $373 \mathrm{~K}$, what is the number of moles of gas?

Dominique Jan Tan

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Problem 66

If 0.100 mol of argon gas occupies 2.15 L at $725 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius?

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Problem 67

If the surface area of a human body is 255 square inches, what is the total weight of the atmosphere on a human body expressed in pounds?

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Problem 68

If the surface area of a human hand is 165 square centimeters, what is the total weight of the atmosphere on a human hand expressed in pounds?

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Problem 69

What is standard atmospheric pressure (in $\mathrm{cm}$ ) measured by a barometer filled with water (given that mercury is 13.6 times more dense than water)?

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Problem 70

What is standard atmospheric pressure (in $\mathrm{cm}$ ) measured by a barometer filled with alcohol (given that mercury is 19.2 times more dense than alcohol)?

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Problem 71

A deep-sea scuba tank contains oxygen and helium gases. If the partial pressures of the gases are 35 atm and 125 atm, what is the total pressure (in psi)?

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Problem 72

A bicycle tire contains nitrogen, oxygen, and argon gases. If the partial pressures are $51.0 \mathrm{psi}, 13.5 \mathrm{psi},$ and $0.5 \mathrm{psi},$ what is the total pressure (in atm)?

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Problem 73

The decomposition of baking soda produces carbon dioxide gas. If $42.5 \mathrm{~mL}$ of wet gas is collected over water at $22{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $764 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$, what is the volume of dry gas at STP conditions? (The vapor pressure of water at $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is $19.8 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg. .

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Problem 74

Calcium metal and water produce hydrogen gas. If the volume of wet gas collected over water is $95.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $758 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg},$ what is the volume of dry gas at STP conditions? (The vapor pressure of water at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is $17.5 \mathrm{~mm}$ Hg.)

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Problem 75

What pressure (in atm) is exerted by $1.51 \times 10^{23}$ oxygen molecules at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a 5.00 -L container?

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Problem 76

What volume (in liters) is occupied by $3.38 \times 10^{22}$ nitrogen molecules at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $255 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} ?$

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Problem 77

Natural gas contains methane, $\mathrm{CH}_{4}$, ethane, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6},$ and hydrogen sulfide, $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}$. Which molecules have the fastest velocity?

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Problem 78

Bottled gas for recreational vehicles contains propane, $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{8},$ and butane, $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} .$ Which molecules have the faster velocity?

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Problem 79

A sample of chlorine gas occupies $1550 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $0.945 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the mass of the sample?

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Problem 80

A sample of fluorine gas occupies $855 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $710 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and $155^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the mass of the sample?

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Problem 81

Which of the following gases has a density of $2.14 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$ at $\mathrm{STP:} \mathrm{H}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{3} ?$

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Problem 82

Which of the following gases has a density of $5.40 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$ at $\mathrm{STP}: \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}, \mathrm{SO}_{3}, \mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2} ?$

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Problem 83

A sample of unknown gas has a mass of $1.95 \mathrm{~g}$ and occupies $3.00 \mathrm{~L}$ at $1.25 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What is the molar mass of the
unknown gas?

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Problem 84

A sample of unknown gas has a mass of $2.85 \mathrm{~g}$ and occupies $750 \mathrm{~mL}$ at $760 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ and $100{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas?

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Problem 85

Which two planets in our solar system, in addition to Earth, exhibit the "greenhouse effect"?

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Problem 86

What are the amounts of the two gases in a "heliox" mixture used by deep-sea divers?

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