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Foundations of coding: theory and applications of error-correcting codes

Jiri Adamek

Chapter 6

Groups and Standard Arrays - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Verify that every subgroup of the group $(Z,+)$ has the form $p Z$ for some $p=0,1,2, \ldots$.

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05:17

Problem 2

Describe all finite subgroups of the groups $(\mathbf{R},+)$ and $(\mathbf{R}-\{0\}, x)$. Verify that the set of all rational numbers is a subgroup of both the groups.

Nick Johnson
Nick Johnson
Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Find all subgroups of the group $\left(Z_{12},+\right)$.

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Problem 4

Verify that each commutative group $G$ has precisely one neutral element, and each element of $G$ has precisely one inverse element.

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01:26

Problem 5

Let $M$ be a finite set. Denote by $\exp M$ the collection of all subsets of $M$ (including $M$ and the empty set). The operation of symmetric difference on subsets of $M$ is defined by
$A \Delta B=\{m \mid m$ lies in $A$ or $B$, but not in both of them $\}$.
Verify that $(\exp M, \Delta)$ is a commutative group. If $A \cup B$ denotes the usual operation of union, is $(\exp M, \mathrm{U})$ a commutative group?

Wendi Zhao
Wendi Zhao
Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Two commutative groups $G$ and $G^{\prime}$ are said to be isomorphic provided that there exists a bijective correspondence between their elements, $f: G \rightarrow G^{\prime}$, which preserves the group operations [i.e., $f(x+y)=f(x)+$ $f(y), f(0)=0$, and $f(-x)=-f(x)]$. Such groups can be considered as "essentially the same": the name of an element $x$ of $G$ is just changed to $f(x)$.
(1) Prove that there exists essentially just one commutative group of 1 element (i.e., any two one-element groups are isomorphic).
(2) Prove that there exists essentially just one commutative group of 2 elements [i.e., any two-element group is isomorphic to $\left(Z_2,+\right)$ ].
(3) Let $K$ be a subgroup of a commutative group $G$. Prove that there is essentially just one group $G / K$ of coset leaders (i.e., various choices of coset leaders lead to isomorphic groups).
Describe the group $\mathbf{Z}_4 / K$, where $K=\{0,2\}$.
(4) Prove that the group $(\exp M, \Delta)$ of $6 \mathrm{E}$ is isomorphic to $\left(\mathbb{Z}_2^n,+\right)$.

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Problem 7

Describe the standard array for the repetition codes.

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Problem 8

Find a standard array of the code for Exercise 5E.

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Problem 9

Find a standard array for the Hamming code of length 7.

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Problem 10

Prove that the binary code of length 5 described by the following equations
$$
\begin{aligned}
& x_3=x_1+x_2, \\
& x_4=x_1, \\
& x_5=x_1+x_2,
\end{aligned}
$$
corrects single errors. Find a standard array and observe that the corresponding decoding corrects more than single errors.

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Problem 11

Let $K$ be the linear code obtained by all possible sums of the following words: 101011, $011101,011010$.
(1) Find a parity check matrix.
(2) Find a standard array, and decode 111011.

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