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Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives

John C. Hull

Chapter 3

Hedging strategies using futures - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

02:14

Problem 1

Under what circumstances are (a) a short hedge and (b) a long hedge appropriate?

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Explain what is meant by basis risk when futures contracts are used for hedging.

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Problem 3

Explain what is meant by a perfect hedge. Does a perfect hedge always lead to a better outcome than an imperfect hedge? Explain your answer.

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02:14

Problem 4

Under what circumstances does a minimum variance hedge portfolio lead to no hedging at all?

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Give three reasons why the treasurer of a company might not hedge the company's exposure to a particular risk.

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00:34

Problem 6

Suppose that the standard deviation of quarterly changes in the prices of a commodity is $$\$ 0.65$$, the standard deviation of quarterly changes in a futures price on the commodity is $$\$ 0.81$$, and the coefficient of correlation between the two changes is 0.8 . What is the optimal hedge ratio for a 3 month contract? What does it mean?

Trinity Steen
Trinity Steen
Numerade Educator
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Problem 7

A company has a $$\$ 20$$ million portfolio with a beta of 1.2 . It would like to use futures contracts on a stock index to hedge its risk. The index futures price is currently standing at 1080 , and each contract is for delivery of $$\$ 250$$ times the index. What is the hedge that minimizes risk? What should the company do if it wants to reduce the beta of the portfolio to 0.6 ?

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator

Problem 8

In the corn futures contract traded on an exchange, the following delivery months are available: March, May, July, September, and December. Which of the available contracts should be used for hedging when the expiration of the hedge is in (a) June, (b) July, and (c) January.

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Problem 9

Does a perfect hedge always succeed in locking in the current spot price of an asset for a future transaction? Explain your answer.

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Problem 10

Explain why a short hedger's position improves when the basis strengthens unexpectedly and worsens when the basis weakens unexpectedly.

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Problem 11

Imagine you are the treasurer of a Japanese company exporting electronic equipment to the United States. Discuss how you would design a foreign exchange hedging strategy and the arguments you would use to sell the strategy to your fellow executives.

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Problem 12

Suppose that in Example 3.2 of Section 3.3 the company decides to use a hedge ratio of 0.8 . How does the decision affect the way in which the hedge is implemented and the result?

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01:56

Problem 13

"If the minimum variance hedge ratio is calculated as 1.0 , the hedge must be perfect." Is this statement true? Explain your answer.

Jennifer Stoner
Jennifer Stoner
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 14

"If there is no basis risk, the minimum variance hedge ratio is always $1.0 . "$ Is this statement true? Explain your answer.

Jennifer Stoner
Jennifer Stoner
Numerade Educator

Problem 15

"When the futures price of an asset is less than the spot price, long hedges are likely to be particularly attractive." Explain this statement.

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04:13

Problem 16

The standard deviation of monthly changes in the spot price of live cattle is (in cents per pound) 1.2. The standard deviation of monthly changes in the futures price of live cattle for the closest contract is 1.4 . The correlation between the futures price changes and the spot price changes is 0.7 . It is now October 15. A beef producer is committed to purchasing 200,000 pounds of live cattle on November 15 . The producer wants to use the December live cattle futures contracts to hedge its risk. Each contract is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. What strategy should the beef producer follow?

Gus Steppen
Gus Steppen
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 17

A corn farmer argues "I do not use futures contracts for hedging. My real risk is not the price of corn. It is that my whole crop gets wiped out by the weather." Discuss this viewpoint. Should the farmer estimate his or her expected production of corn and hedge to try to lock in a price for expected production?

Vicki Stebbins
Vicki Stebbins
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 18

On July 1 , an investor holds 50,000 shares of a certain stock. The market price is $$\$ 30$$ per share. The investor is interested in hedging against movements in the market over the next month and decides to use an index futures contract. The index futures price is currently 1,500 and one contract is for delivery of $$\$ 50$$ times the index. The beta of the stock is 1.3 . What strategy should the investor follow? Under what circumstances will it be profitable?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Suppose that in Table 3.5 the company decides to use a hedge ratio of 1.5 . How does the decision affect the way the hedge is implemented and the result?

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Problem 20

A futures contract is used for hedging. Explain why the daily settlement of the contract can give rise to cash-flow problems.

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02:20

Problem 21

An airline executive has argued: "There is no point in our using oil futures. There is just as much chance that the price of oil in the future will be less than the futures price as there is that it will be greater than this price." Discuss the executive's viewpoint.

Khalida Dawar
Khalida Dawar
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Problem 22

Suppose that the 1 -year gold lease rate is $1.5 \%$ and the 1 -year risk-free rate is $5.0 \%$. Both rates are compounded annually. Use the discussion in Business Snapshot 3.1 to calculate the maximum 1 year gold forward price Goldman Sachs should quote to the gold-mining company when the spot price is $$\$ 1,200$$.

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Problem 23

The expected return on the S&P 500 is $12 \%$ and the risk-free rate is $5 \%$. What is the expected return on an investment with a beta of (a) 0.2 , (b) 0.5 , and (c) 1.4 ?

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Problem 24

It is now June. A company knows that it will sell 5,000 barrels of crude oil in September. It uses the October CME Group futures contract to hedge the price it will receive. Each contract is on 1,000 barrels of "light sweet crude." What position should it take? What price risks is it still exposed to after taking the position?

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Problem 25

Sixty futures contracts are used to hedge an exposure to the price of silver. Each futures contract is on 5,000 ounces of silver. At the time the hedge is closed out, the basis is $$\$ 0.20$$ per ounce. What is the effect of the basis on the hedger's financial position if (a) the trader is hedging the purchase of silver and (b) the trader is hedging the sale of silver?

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05:04

Problem 26

A trader owns 55,000 units of a particular asset and decides to hedge the value of her position with futures contracts on another related asset. Each futures contract is on 5,000 units. The spot price of the asset that is owned is $$\$ 28$$ and the standard deviation of the change in this price over the life of the hedge is estimated to be $$\$ 0.43$$. The futures price of the related asset is $$\$ 27$$ and the standard deviation of the change in this over the life of the hedge is $$\$ 0.40$$. The coefficient of correlation between the spot price change and futures price change is 0.95 .
(a) What is the minimum variance hedge ratio?
(b) Should the hedger take a long or short futures position?
(c) What is the optimal number of futures contracts when adjustments for daily settlement are not considered?
(d) How can the daily settlement of futures contracts be taken into account?

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 27

A company wishes to hedge its exposure to a new fuel whose price changes have a 0.6 correlation with gasoline futures price changes. The company will lose $$\$ 1$$ million for each 1 cent increase in the price per gallon of the new fuel over the next three months. The new fuel's price changes have a standard deviation that is $50 \%$ greater than price changes in gasoline futures prices. If gasoline futures are used to hedge the exposure, what should the hedge ratio be? What is the company's exposure measured in gallons of the new fuel? What position, measured in gallons, should the company take in gasoline futures? How many gasoline futures contracts should be traded? Each contract is on 42,000 gallons.

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02:52

Problem 28

A portfolio manager has maintained an actively managed portfolio with a beta of 0.2 . During the last year, the risk-free rate was $5 \%$ and equities performed very badly providing a return of $-30 \%$. The portfolio manager produced a return of $-10 \%$ and claims that in the circumstances it was a good performance. Discuss this claim.

Sheryl Ezze
Sheryl Ezze
Numerade Educator

Problem 29

The following table gives data on monthly changes in the spot price and the futures price for a certain commodity. Use the data to calculate a minimum variance hedge ratio. (Do not make an adjustment for daily settlement.)
$$
\begin{array}{llllll}
\hline \text { Spot price change } & +0.50 & +0.61 & -0.22 & -0.35 & +0.79 \\
\text { Futures price change } & +0.56 & +0.63 & -0.12 & -0.44 & +0.60 \\
\hline \text { Spot price change } & +0.04 & +0.15 & +0.70 & -0.51 & -0.41 \\
\text { Futures price change } & -0.06 & +0.01 & +0.80 & -0.56 & -0.46
\end{array}
$$

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Problem 30

It is July 16. A company has a portfolio of stocks worth $$\$ 100$$ million. The beta of the portfolio is 1.2 . The company would like to use the December futures contract on a stock index to change the beta of the portfolio to 0.5 during the period July 16 to November 16 . The index futures price is currently 2,000 and each contract is on $$\$ 250$$ times the index.
(a) What position should the company take?
(b) Suppose that the company changes its mind and decides to increase the beta of the portfolio from 1.2 to 1.5. What position in futures contracts should it take?

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator
05:04

Problem 31

A fund manager has a portfolio worth $$\$ 50$$ million with a beta of 0.87 . The manager is concerned about the performance of the market over the next 2 months and plans to use 3-month futures contracts on a well-diversified index to hedge its risk. The current level of the index is 1,250 , one contract is on 250 times the index, the risk-free rate is $6 \% \mathrm{per}$ annum, and the dividend yield on the index is $3 \%$ per annum. The current 3-month futures price is 1,259 .
(a) What position should the fund manager take to hedge all exposure to the market over the next 2 months?
(b) Calculate the effect of your strategy on the fund manager's returns if the index in 2 months is $$1,000,1,100,1,200,1,300$$, and 1,400 . Assume that the 1 -month futures price is $0.25 \%$ higher than the index level at thime.

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 32

It is now October 2017. A company anticipates that it will purchase 1 million pounds of copper in each of February 2018, August 2018, February 2019, and August 2019. The company has decided to use the futures contracts traded by the CME Group to hedge its risk. One contract is for the delivery of 25,000 pounds of copper. The initial margin is $$\$ 2,000$$ per contract and the maintenance margin is $$\$ 1,500$$ per contract. The company's policy is to hedge $80 \%$ of its exposure. Contracts with maturities up to 13 months into the future are considered to have sufficient liquidity to meet the company's needs. Devise a hedging strategy for the company. (Do not make the adjustment for daily settlement described in Section 3.4.) Assume the market prices (in cents per pound) today and at future dates are as in the following table. What is the impact of the strategy you propose on the price the company pays for copper? What is the initial margin requirement in October 2017? Is the company subject to any margin calls?
$$
\begin{array}{lccccc}
\hline \text { Date } & \text { Oct. 2017 } & \text { Feb.2018 } & \text { Aug. 2018 } & \text { Feb. 2019 } & \text { Aug. 2019 } \\
\hline \text { Spot price } & 372.00 & 369.00 & 365.00 & 377.00 & 388.00 \\
\text { Mar. 2018 futures price } & 372.30 & 369.10 & & & \\
\text { Sept. 2018 futures price } & 372.80 & 370.20 & 364.80 & & \\
\text { Mar. 2019 futures price } & & 370.70 & 364.30 & 376.70 & \\
\text { Sept. 2019 futures price } & & & 364.20 & 376.50 & 388.20 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

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