Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry

Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell

Chapter 31

Immunochemistry - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Give two examples of external innate immunity in humans.

Sarah Bennett

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Problem 2

Which form of immunity is characteristic of vertebrates only?

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Problem 3

How does the skin fight bacterial invasion?

Sarah Bennett

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Problem 4

T-cell receptors and MHC molecules both interact with antigens. What is the difference in the mode of interaction between the two?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 5

What differentiates innate immunity from adaptive (acquired) immunity?

Sarah Bennett

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Problem 6

Where in the body do you find the largest concentration of antibodies, as well as T cells?

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Problem 7

Where do $\mathrm{T}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ cells mature and differentiate?

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Problem 8

What are memory cells? What is their function?

Chloe A

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Problem 9

What are the favorite targets of macrophages? How do they kill the target cells?

Sarah Bennett

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Problem 10

Would a foreign substance such as aspirin $(\mathrm{MW} 180)$ be considered an antigen by the body?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 11

What kind of antigen does a T cell recognize?

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Problem 12

What is the smallest unit of an antigen that is capable of binding to an antibody?

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Problem 13

How does the body process antigens to be recognized by class II MHC?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 14

What role do MHC molecules play in the immune response of the ABO blood groups?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 15

To which class of compounds do MHCs belong? Where would you find them?

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Problem 16

What is the difference in function between class I and class II MHC molecules?

Chloe A

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Problem 17

When a foreign substance is injected in a rabbit, how long does it take to find antibodies against the foreign substance in the rabbit serum?

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Problem 18

Distinguish among the roles of the IgA, IgE, and IgG immunoglobulins.

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Problem 19

(a) Which immunoglobulin has the highest carbohydrate content and the lowest concentration in the serum?
(b) What is its main function?

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Problem 20

Chemical Connections 20 D states that the antigen in the red blood cells of a person with B-type blood is a galactose unit. Show schematically how the antibody of a person with A-type blood would aggregate the red blood cells of a B-type person if such a transfusion were made by mistake.

Rabeya Zahid

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Problem 21

In the immunoglobulin structure, the "hinge region" joins the stem of the $Y$ to the arms. The hinge region can be cleaved by a specific enzyme to yield one $\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{c}}$ fragment (the stem of the $\mathrm{Y}$ ) and two $\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ fragments (the two arms). Which of these two kinds of fragments can interact with an antigen? Explain.

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Problem 22

How are the light and heavy chains of an antibody held together?

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Problem 23

What do we mean by the term immunoglobulin superfamily?

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Problem 24

If you could isolate two monoclonal antibodies from a certain population of lymphocytes, in what sense would they be similar to each other and in what sense would they differ?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 25

What kind of interaction takes place between an antigen and an antibody?

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Problem 26

How is a new protein created on the variable portion of a heavy chain by $\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{J}) \mathrm{D}$ recombination?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 27

What accounts for antibody diversity?

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Problem 28

T-cell receptor molecules are made of two polypeptide chains. Which part of the chain acts as a binding site, and what binds to it?

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Problem 29

What is the difference between a T-cell receptor (TcR) and a TcR complex?

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Problem 30

What kind of tertiary structure characterizes the TcR?

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Problem 31

What are the components of the TcR complex?

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Problem 32

By what chemical process does CD3 transduct signals inside the cell?

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Problem 33

Which adhesion molecule in the TcR complex helps HIV infect a leukocyte?

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Problem 34

Three kinds of molecules in the T cell belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. List them and briefly indicate their functions.

Eric Goldman

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Problem 35

What functions do CD4 and CD8 serve in the immune response?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 36

In what way can antibodies increase their diversity that TcRs cannot?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 37

What made Edward Jenner "the father of immunization"? In your opinion, could one legally do such an experiment today?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 38

What observation led Edward Jenner to attempt his experiment?

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Problem 39

What is the derivation of the word "vaccination"?

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Problem 40

What are the three main types of vaccines?

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Problem 41

Of the vaccine types listed for the answer to $31-40$ which one would be the safest?

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Problem 42

Which cell types of the immune system are involved in the body's response to immunization?

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Problem 43

What is the importance of dendritic cells to immunization?

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Problem 44

What are some diseases that have been largely eradicated by the use of vaccination?

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Problem 45

How does the body prevent T cells from being active against a "self" antigen?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 46

What makes a tumor cell different from a normal cell?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 47

Name a signaling pathway that controls the maturation of $\mathrm{B}$ cells and prevents those with an affinity for self antigen from becoming active.

Eric Goldman

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Problem 48

How does the inhibitory receptor on a macrophage prevent an attack on normal cells?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 49

Which components of the immune system are principally involved in autoimmune diseases?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 50

How do glucocorticoids make individuals with autoimmune disease feel more comfortable?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 51

Which cells are attacked by HIV?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

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Problem 52

How does HIV gain entry into the cells it attacks?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

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Problem 53

How does HIV confound the human immune system?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

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Problem 54

What types of therapy are used to fight AIDS?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

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Problem 55

Why have vaccines been relatively unsuccessful in stopping AIDS?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 56

What are the structural features of the two types of neutralizing antibodies that have been the most successful at combating AIDS? What makes these antibodies more effective?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 57

How is the development of "two-in-one" antibodies potentially significant to AIDS research?

Emily Himsel

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Problem 58

(Chemical Connections 31 A) What is contributing to the higher survival rate of women with breast cancer?

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Problem 59

(Chemical Connections 31 A) Why are monoclonal antibodies a good choice for a weapon against breast cancer?

Emily Himsel

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Problem 60

(Chemical Connections 31 A) Explain a situation in which a monoclonal antibody would be superior to a polyclonal antibody as a cancer drug.

Sana Riaz

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Problem 61

(Chemical Connections 31 A) What type of evidence suggests that the HER2 protein is important in many breast cancers?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 62

(Chemical Connections 31 A) How are monoclonal antibodies used to fight cancer?

Emily Himsel

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Problem 63

(Chemical Connections 31 A) What do tyrosine kinases have to do with cancer?

Emily Himsel

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Problem 64

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) What happens when a person takes an antibiotic he or she is allergic to?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 65

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) Why are allergies to antibiotics dangerous?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 66

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) What do we mean by the term "indiscriminate use of antibiotics"?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 67

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) Why has the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea benefited from indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 68

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) What are the downsides to the use of amoxicillin to combat earaches in children?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 69

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{B}$ ) Why can strep throat be a serious condition apart from the problems directly associated with the sore throat?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 70

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{C}$ ) What is the relationship between inflammation and disease?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 71

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{C}$ ) Describe the positive and negative effects of the innate immunity system on cancer cells.

Sana Riaz

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Problem 72

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{C}$ ) Explain why some researchers believe science should focus its attention on the inflammation associated with cancer progression instead of looking for a cure.

Sana Riaz

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Problem 73

(Chemical Connections 31 D) Why can the flu be considered more dangerous than AIDS?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 74

(Chomical Connoctions 31 D) What are the two major proteins that we study on a flu virus?

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Problem 75

(Chemical Connections 31 D) Is it a correct statement that H1N1 is less dangerous than H5N1?

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Problem 76

(Chemical Connections 31 D) How can flu viruses change? What worries the CDC and WHO with respect to flu viruses?

Sana Riaz

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Problem 77

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{E}$ ) What is special about the recently made antibodies to the hemagglutinin portion of the flu virus?

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Problem 78

(Chemical Connections $31 \mathrm{E}$ ) How did the studies on mice using antibodies against the flu virus demonstrate its efficacy?

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Problem 79

Which immunoglobulins form the first line of defense against invading bacteria?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 80

Which cells of the innate immunity system are the first to interact with an invading pathogen?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 81

Which compound or complex of compounds of the immune system is mostly responsible for the proliferation of leukocytes?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 82

Name a process beside $\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{J}) \mathrm{D}$ recombination that can enhance immunoglobulin diversity in the variable region.

Eric Goldman

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Problem 83

Name a tumor cell marker, a synthetic analog of which may be the first anticancer vaccine.

Eric Goldman

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Problem 84

Is the light chain of an immunoglobulin the same as the V region?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 85

Where are TNF receptors located?

Eric Goldman

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Problem 86

The variable regions of immunoglobulins bind antigens. How many polypeptide chains carry variable regions in one immunoglobulin molecule?

Eric Goldman

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