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Chemistry The Central Science

Theodore L. Brown

Chapter 1

Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

05:06

Problem 1

Which of the following figures represents (a) a pure element, (b) a mixture of two elements, (c) a pure compound, (d) a mixture of an element and a compound? (More than one picture might fit each description.) [Section 1.2$]$

Rabia Shuaib
Rabia Shuaib
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 2

Which of the following diagrams represents a chemical change? [Section 1.3$]$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 3

Musical instruments like trumpets and trombones are made from an alloy called brass. Brass is composed of copper and zinc atoms and appears homogeneous under an optical mi-croscope. The approximate composition of most brass objects is a $2 : 1$ ratio of copper to zinc atoms, but the exact ratio varies somewhat from one piece of brass to another.(a) Would you classify brass as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? (b) Would it be correct to say that brass is a solution? [ Section 1.2$]$

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
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Problem 4

Consider the two spheres shown here, one made of silver and the other of aluminum.(a) What is the mass of each sphere in $\mathrm{kg}$ ( b) The force of gravity acting on an object is $F=m g$ where $m$ is the mass of an object and $g$ is the acceleration of gravity $\left(9.8 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right) .$ How much work do you do on each sphere it you raise it from the floor to a height of 2.2 $\mathrm{m} ?(\mathrm{c})$ Does the act of lifting the sphere off the ground increase the potential energy of the aluminum sphere by a larger, smaller, or same amount as the silver sphere? (d) If you release the spheres simultaneously, they will have the same velocity when they hit the ground. Will they have the same kinetic energy? If not, which sphere will have more kinetic energy? $[$ Section 1.4$]$

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 5

Is the separation method used in brewing a cup of coffee best described as distillation, filtration, or chromatography? [Section 1.3$]$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 6

Identify each of the following as measurements of length, area, volume, mass, density, time, or temperature: (a) 25 $\mathrm{ps}$ (b) $374.2 \mathrm{mg},$ (c) 77 $\mathrm{K}$ , (d) $100,000 \mathrm{km}^{2},$ (e) 1.06$\mu \mathrm{m}$ ,(f) $16 \mathrm{nm}^{2},(\mathrm{g})-78^{\circ} \mathrm{C},(\mathbf{h}) 2.56 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},(\mathrm{i}) 28 \mathrm{cm}^{3} \cdot[$ Section 1.5$]$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:03

Problem 7

(a) Three spheres of equal size are composed of aluminum (density $=2.70 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ),$ silver (density = 10.49 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} )$ and nickel (density $=8.90 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ) .$ List the spheres from lightest to heaviest. (b) Three cubes of equal mass are composed of gold (density $=19.32 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ , platinum (density $=21.45 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} )$ , and lead (density $=11.35 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} )$ List the cubes from smallest to largest. [Section 1.5$]$

Tracy Tourville
Tracy Tourville
Numerade Educator
04:30

Problem 8

The three targets from a rifle range shown below were produced by: (A) the instructor firing a newly acquired target rifle; (B) the instructor firing his personal target rifle; and (C) a student who has fired his target rifle only a few times. (a) Comment on the accuracy and precision for each of these three sets of results. (b) For the A and C results in the future to look like those in $\mathrm{B},$ what needs to happen? [ Section 1.6$]$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
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Problem 9

(a) What is the length of the pencil in the following figure if the ruler reads in centimeters? How many significant figures are there in this measurement? (b) An automobile speedometer with circular scales reading both miles per hour and kilometers per hour is shown. What speed is indicated, in both units? How many significant figures are in the measurements? [ Section 1.6$]$

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 10

(a) How many significant figures should be reported for the volume of the metal bar shown here? (b) If the mass of the bar is 104.72 g, how many significant figures should be reported when its density is determined using the calculated volume?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 11

Consider the jar of jelly beans in the photo. To get an estimate of the number of beans in the jar you weigh six beans and obtain masses of $3.15,3.12,2.98,3.14,3.02,$ and 3.09 $\mathrm{g}$ . Then you weigh the jar with all the beans in it, and obtain a mass of 2082 g. The empty jar has a mass of 653 g. Based on these data, estimate the number of beans in the jar. Justify the number of significant figures you use in your estimate. [Section 1.6$]$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 12

The photo below shows a picture of an agate stone. Jack, who picked up the stone on the Lake Superior shoreline and polished it, insists that agate is a chemical compound. Ellen argues that it cannot be a compound. Discuss the relative merits of their positions. [ Section 1.2$]$

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:54

Problem 13

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) rice pudding, (b) seawater, (c) magnesium, (d) crushed ice.

Joshua Klint
Joshua Klint
Numerade Educator
01:54

Problem 14

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) air, (b) tomato juice, (c) iodine crystals, (d) sand.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 15

Give the chemical symbol or name for the following elements, as appropriate: (a) sulfur, (b) gold, (c) potassium, (d) chlorine, (e) copper, (f) U, (g) Ni, (h) Na, (i) Al, (i) Si.

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 16

Give the chemical symbol or name for each of the following elements, as appropriate: (a) carbon, (b) nitrogen, (c) titanium, $(\mathbf{d})$ zinc, $(\mathbf{e})$ iron, $(\mathbf{f}) \mathrm{P} (\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{Ca},(\mathbf{h}) \mathrm{He},(\mathbf{i}) \mathrm{Pb},(\mathbf{j}) \mathrm{Ag}$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:17

Problem 17

A solid white substance A is heated strongly in the absence of air. It decomposes to form a new white substance $B$ and a gas C.The gas has exactly the same properties as the product obtained when carbon is burned in an excess of oxygen. Based on these observations, can we determine whether solids $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ and gas $\mathrm{C}$ are elements or compounds?

Danielle Meikle
Danielle Meikle
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 18

You are hiking in the mountains and find a shiny gold nugget. It might be the element gold, or it might be "fool's gold," which is a nickname for iron pyrite, FeS $_{2 .}$ Which of the fol-
lowing physical properties do you think would help determine if the shiny nugget is really gold appearance, melting point, density, or physical state?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 19

In the process of attempting to characterize a substance, chemist makes the following observations: The substance i a silvery white, lustrous metal. It melts at $649^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and boils a $1105^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ Its density at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is 1.738 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ The substance burns in air, producing an intense white light. It reacts with chlorine to give a brittle white solid. The substance can be pounded into thin sheets or drawn into wires. It is a good conductor of electricity. Which of these characteristics are physical properties, and which are chemical properties?

Lori Mccoy
Lori Mccoy
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 20

(a) Read the following description of the element zinc and indicate which are physical properties and which are chemical properties.Zinc melts at $420^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . When zinc granules are added to dilute sulfuric acid, hydrogen is given off and the metal dissolves. Zinc has a hardness on the Mohs scale of 2.5 and a density of 7.13 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ It reacts slowly with oxygen gas at elevated temperatures to form zinc oxide, Zno.(b) Which properties of zinc can you describe from the photo? Are these physical or chemical properties?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:00

Problem 21

Label each of the following as either a physical process or a chemical process: (a) rusting of a metal can, (b) boiling a cup of water, (c) pulverizing an aspirin, (d) digesting a candy bar,
(e) exploding of nitroglyerin.

Rabia Shuaib
Rabia Shuaib
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 22

A match is lit and held under a cold piece of metal. The following observations are made: (a) The match burns. (b) The metal gets warmer. (c) Water condenses on the metal. (d) Soot (carbon) isdeposited on the metal. Which of these occurrences are due to physical changes, and which are due to chemical changes?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:49

Problem 23

Which separation method is better suited for separating a solution of sugar and water into pure substances, filtration or distillation?

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 24

Two beakers contain clear, colorless liquids. When the contents of the beakers are mixed a white solid is formed. (a) Is this an example of a chemical or a physical change? (b) What would be the most convenient way to separate the newly formed white solid from the liquid mixture- filtration, distillation, or chromatography.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:29

Problem 25

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy, in joules of a 1200 -kg automobile moving at 18 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . ( b ) Convert this energy to calories.(c) When the automobile brakes to a stop is the "lost" kinetic energy converted mostly to heat or to some form of potential energy?

Nadir Iqbal
Nadir Iqbal
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 26

(a) A baseball weighs 5.13 oz. What is the kinetic energy, in joules, of this baseball when it is thrown by a major league pitcher at 95.0 $\mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h} ?$ (b) By what factor will the kinetic energy change if the speed of the baseball is decreased to 55.0 $\mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h} ?$ (c) What happens to the kinetic energy when the baseball is caught by the catcher? Is it converted mostly to heat or to some form of potential energy?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:47

Problem 27

Two positively charged particles are first brought close together and then released. Once released, the repulsion between particles causes them to move away from each other. (a) This is an example of potential energy being converted into what form of energy? (b) Does the potential energy of the two particles prior to release increase or decrease as the distance between them is increased.

Urvashi Arora
Urvashi Arora
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 28

For each of the following processes, does the potential energy of the object(s) increase or decrease? (a) The distance between two oppositely charged particles is increased. (b) Water is pumped from ground level to the reservoir of a water tower 30 $\mathrm{m}$ above the ground. (c) The bond in a chlorine molecule, $\mathrm{Cl}_{2},$ is broken to form two chlorine atoms.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 29

What is the kinetic energy and velocity of the aluminum sphere in Problem 1.4 at the moment it hits the ground? (Assume that energy is conserved during the fall and that 100$\%$ of the sphere's initial potential energy is converted to kinetic energy by the time impact occurs.)

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 30

What is the kinetic energy and velocity of the silver sphere in Problem 1.4 at the moment it hits the ground? (Assume that energy is conserved during the fall and that 100$\%$ of the
sphere's initial potential energy is converted to kinetic energy by the time impact occurs.)

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:01

Problem 31

What exponential notation do the following abbreviations represent? (a) d, (b) $\mathrm{c},(\mathbf{c}) \mathrm{f},(\mathbf{d}) \mu,(\mathbf{e}) \mathrm{M},(\mathbf{f}) \mathrm{k},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{n},(\mathbf{h}) \mathrm{m},(\mathbf{i}) \mathrm{p}$

Regina Hays
Regina Hays
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 32

Use appropriate metric prefixes to write the following measurements without use of exponents: (a) $2.3 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{L}$ ,(b) $4.7 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{g},$ (c) $1.85 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m},$ (d) $16.7 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{s}$ (e) $15.7 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{g},(\mathrm{f}) 1.34 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{m},(\mathrm{g}) 1.84 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{cm}$

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 33

Make the following conversions: (a) $72^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ to $^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ (b) $216.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $^{\circ} \mathrm{F},(\mathbf{c}) 233^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $\mathrm{K},(\mathbf{d}) 315 \mathrm{K} \mathrm{to}^{\circ} \mathrm{F},(\mathbf{e}) 2500^{\circ} \mathrm{Fto} \mathrm{K},(\mathbf{f}) 0 \mathrm{K}$ to $^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$

Bryce Werts
Bryce Werts
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 34

(a) The temperature on a warm summer day is $87^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ . What is the temperature in $^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (b) Many scientific data are reported at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What is this temperature in kelvins and in degrees Fahrenheit? (c) Suppose that a recipe calls for an oven temperature of $400^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ . Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius and to kelvins. (d) Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 $\mathrm{K}$ . Convert this temperature to degrees Fahrenheit and to degrees Celsius.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
04:11

Problem 35

(a) A sample of tetrachloroethylene, a liquid used in dry cleaning that is being phased out because of its potential to cause cancer, has a mass of 40.55 $\mathrm{g}$ and a volume of 25.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What is its density at this temperature? Will tetrachloroethylene float on water? (Materials that are less dense than water will float.) (b) Carbon dioxide $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)$ is a gas at room temperature and pressure. However, carbon dioxide can be put under pressure to become a usupercritical fluid" that is a much safer dry-cleaning agent than tetrachlorosthvlene, At a certain pressure, the density of super critical $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is 0.469 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the mass of a 25.0 $\mathrm{-mL}$ sample of supercritical $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ at this pressure?

Tracy Tourville
Tracy Tourville
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 36

(a) A cube of osmium metal 1.500 $\mathrm{cm}$ on a side has a mass of 76.31 $\mathrm{g}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What is its density in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at this temperature? (b) The density of titanium metal is 4.51 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . What mass of titanium displaces 125.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ (c) The density of benzene at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is 0.8787 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . Calculate the mass of 0.1500 L of benzene at this temperature.

Nicole Basile
Nicole Basile
Numerade Educator
07:03

Problem 37

(a) To identify a liquid substance, a student determined its density. Using a graduated cylinder, she measured out a 45 -mL. sample of the substance. She then measured the mass of the
sample, finding that it weighed 38.5 $\mathrm{g}$ . She knew that the substance had to be either isopropylalcohol (density 0.785 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ )or toluene (density 0.866 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} ) .$ What are the calculated density and the probable identity of the substance? (b) An experiment requires 45.0 $\mathrm{g}$ of ethylene glycol, a liquid whose density is 1.114 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . Rather than weigh the sample on a balance, a
chemist chooses to dispense the liquid using a graduated cylin-der. What volume of the liquid should he use? (c) Is a graduated cylinder such as that shown in Figure 1.21 likely to afford the
accuracy of measurement needed? (d) A cubic piece of metal measures 5.00 $\mathrm{cm}$ on each edge. If the metal is nickel, whose density is $8.90 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ what is the mass of the cube?

Tracy Tourville
Tracy Tourville
Numerade Educator
04:25

Problem 38

(a) After the label fell off a bottle containing a clear liquid believed to be benzene, a chemist measured the density of the liquid to verify its identity. A $25.0-$ mL portion of the liquid
had a mass of 21.95 $\mathrm{g} .$ A chemistry handbook lists the density of benzene at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ as 0.8787 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ Is the calculated density of benzene at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ as 0.8787 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} .$ Is the calculated density in agreement with the tabulated value? (b) An experiment requires 15.0 $\mathrm{g}$ of cyclohexane, whose density at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is 0.7781 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . What volume of cyclohexane should be used? (c) A spherical ball of lead has a diameter of 5.0 $\mathrm{cm} .$ What is the mass of the sphere if lead has a density of 11.34 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?$ (The volume of a sphere is $(4 / 3) \pi r^{3},$ where $r$ is the radius.)

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
02:31

Problem 39

In the year $2013,$ an estimated amount of 36 billion metrictons ( 1 metric ton $=1000 \mathrm{kg}$ ) of carbon dioxide $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)$ was emitted worldwide due to fossil fuel combustion and cement production. Express this mass of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ in grams without exponential notation, using an appropriate metric prefix.

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
04:24

Problem 40

Silicon for computer chips is grown in large cylinders called aboules" that are 300 $\mathrm{mm}$ in diameter and 2 $\mathrm{m}$ in length, as shown. The density of silicon is 2.33 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Silicon wafers for making integrated circuits are sliced from a 2.0 -m boule
and are typically 0.75 $\mathrm{mm}$ thick and 300 $\mathrm{mm}$ in diameter.(a) How many wafers can be cut from a single boule?
(b) What is the mass of a silicon wafer? (The volume of a cylinder is given by $\pi r^{2} h,$ where $r$ is the radius and $h$ is its height.)

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
View

Problem 41

Use of the British thermal unit (Btu) is common in some types of engineering work. A Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 of water by $1^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ . Calculate the number of joules in a Btu.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 42

A watt is a measure of power (the rate of energy change) equal to 1 $\mathrm{Js.}(\mathbf{a})$ Calculate the number of joules in a kilowatt-hour. (b) An adult person radiates heat to the surroundings at about the same rate as a 100 -watt electric incandescent light bulb. What is the total amount of energy in kcal radiated to the surroundings by an adult over a 24 h period?

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 43

Indicate which of the following are exact numbers: (a) the mass of a 3 - by 5 -in. index card, (b) the number of ounces in a pound, (c) the volume of a cup of Seattle's Best coffee,
(d) the number of inches in a mile, (e) the number of micro seconds in a week, (f) the number of pages in this book.

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 44

Indicate which of the following are exact numbers: (a) the mass of a 32 -oz can of coffee, (b) the number of students in your chemistry class, (c) the temperature of the surface of the Sun, (d) the mass of a postage stamp, (e) the number of milliliters in a cubic meter of water, ( ( ) the average height of NBA basketball players.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:53

Problem 45

What is the number of significant figures in each of the following measured quantities? (a) $601 \mathrm{kg},$ (b) 0.054 $\mathrm{s}$ ,(c) $6.3050 \mathrm{cm},(\mathbf{d}) 0.0105 \mathrm{L},(\mathbf{e}) 7.0500 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{m}^{3},(\mathbf{f}) 400 \mathrm{g}$

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
02:33

Problem 46

Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following measured quantities: (a) $3.774 \mathrm{km},$ (b) 205 $\mathrm{m}^{2}$ , (c) $1.700 \mathrm{cm},(\mathbf{d}) 350.00 \mathrm{K},(\mathbf{e}) 307.080 \mathrm{g},(\mathbf{f}) 1.3 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ .

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:59

Problem 47

Round each of the following numbers to four significant figures and express the result in standard exponential notation: (a) $102.53070,$ (b) $656.980,$ (c) 0.008543210 ,(d) $0.000257870 (\mathbf{e})-0.0357202$

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
02:29

Problem 48

(a) The diameter of Earth at the equator is 7926.381 $\mathrm{mi}$ . Round this number to three significant figures and express it in standard exponential notation. (b) The circumference of Earth through the poles is $40,008 \mathrm{km}$ . Round this number to four significant figures and express it in standard exponential notation.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
04:37

Problem 49

Carry out the following operations and express the answers with the appropriate number of significant figures.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}{\text { (a) } 14.3505+2.65} & {\text { (b) } 952.7-140.7389} \\ {\text { (c) }\left(3.29 \times 10^{4}\right)(0.2501)} & {\text { (d) } 0.0588 / 0.677}\end{array}
$$

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 50

Carry out the following operations and express the answer with the appropriate number of significant figures.
$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } 320.5-(6104.5 / 2.3)} \\ {\text { (b) }\left[\left(285.3 \times 10^{5}\right)-\left(1.200 \times 10^{3}\right)\right] \times 2.8954} \\ {\text { (c) }(0.0045 \times 20,000.0)+(2813 \times 12)} \\ {\text { (a) } 863 \times[1255-(3.45 \times 108)]}\end{array}
$$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
00:38

Problem 51

You weigh an object on a balance and read the mass in grams according to the picture. How many significant figures are in this measurement?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:12

Problem 52

You have a graduated cylinder that contains a liquid (see photograph). Write the volume of the liquid, in milliliters, using the proper number of significant figures.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
05:14

Problem 53

Using your knowledge of metric units, English units, and the information on the back inside cover, write down the con- version factors needed to convert (a) mm to nm, (b) mg to kg, (c) km to ft, (d) in. $^{3}$ to $\mathrm{cm}^{3} .$

Regina Hays
Regina Hays
Numerade Educator
03:36

Problem 54

Using your knowledge of metric units, English units, and the information on the back inside cover, write down the conversion factors needed to convert (a) \mum to mm, (b) ms to ns, (c) mi to km, (d) $\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ to $\mathrm{L}$ .

Mary Wakumoto
Mary Wakumoto
Numerade Educator
05:48

Problem 55

(a) A bumblebee flies with a ground speed of 15.2 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . Calculate its speed in $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{hr}$ . (b) The lung capacity of the blue whale is $5.0 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{L}$ . Convert this volume into gallons. (c) The Statue of Liberty is 151 $\mathrm{ft}$ tall. Calculate its height in meters. (d) Bamboo can grow up to 60.0 $\mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{day}$ . Convert
this growth rate into inches per hour.

Allison Krajewski
Allison Krajewski
Numerade Educator
07:52

Problem 56

(a) The speed of light in a vacuum is $2.998 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . Calculate its speed in miles per hour. (b) The Sears Tower in Chicago is 1454 ft tall. Calculate its height in meters. (c) The Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida has a volume of $3,666,500 \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ Convert this volume to liters and express the result in standard exponential no-
tation. (d) An individual suffering from a high cholesterol level in her blood has 242 mg of cholesterol per 100 $\mathrm{mL}$ of blood. If the total blood volume of the individual is 5.2 $\mathrm{L}$ ,
how many grams of total blood cholesterol does the individual's body contain?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
08:29

Problem 57

Perform the following conversions: (a) 5.00 days to s, (b) 0.0550 $\mathrm{mi}$ to $\mathrm{m},(\mathbf{c}) \$ 1.89 / \mathrm{gal}$ to dollars per liter,(d) 0.510 in. $/ \mathrm{ms}$ to $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{hr},$ (e) 22.50 $\mathrm{gal} / \mathrm{min}$ to $\mathrm{L} / \mathrm{s}$ (f) 0.02500 $\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ to $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ .

Aparna Shakti
Aparna Shakti
Numerade Educator
08:51

Problem 58

Carry out the following conversions: (a) 0.105 in. to mm,(a) 0.510 in. $/ \mathrm{ms}$ to $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{hr},$ (e) 22.50 gal/min to $\mathrm{L} / \mathrm{s}$ to yd $^{3}(\mathbf{e}) \$ 3.99 / \mathrm{b}$ to dollars per $\mathrm{kg},(\mathbf{f}) 8.75 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}$ to $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
07:22

Problem 59

(a) How many liters of wine can be held in a wine barrel whose capacity is 31 gal? (b) The recommended adult dose of Elixophyllin', a drug used to treat asthma, is 6 $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}$ of body mass. Calculate the dose in milligrams for a 185 -lb person. (c) If an automobile is able to travel 400 $\mathrm{km}$ on 47.3 $\mathrm{L}$ of gasoline, what is the gas mileage in miles per gallon?(d) When the coffee is brewed according to directions, a pound of coffee beans yields 50 cups of coffee $(4$ cups $=1$ qt). How many kg of coffee are required to produce 200 cups of coffee?

Allison Krajewski
Allison Krajewski
Numerade Educator
05:47

Problem 60

(a) If an electric car is capable of going 225 $\mathrm{km}$ on a single charge, how many charges will it need to travel from Seattle, Washington, to San Diego, California, a distance of 1257 $\mathrm{mi}$ assuming that the trip begins with a full charge? (b) If a migrating loon flies at an average speed of 14 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ , what is its average speed in mi/hr? (c) What is the engine piston displacement in liters of an engine whose displacement is listed as 450 in. $^{3} ?(\mathbf{d})$ In March $1989,$ the Exxon Valdez ran aground and spilled $240,000$ barrels of crude petroleum off the coast of Alaska. One barrel of petroleum is equal to 42 gal. How
many liters of petroleum were spilled?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:32

Problem 61

The density of air at ordinary atmospheric pressure and $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is 1.19 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L} .$ What is the mass, in kilograms, of the air in a room that measures 14.5 $\mathrm{ft} \times 16.5 \mathrm{ft} \times 8.0 \mathrm{ft}$ ?

Dan Ni
Dan Ni
Numerade Educator
02:36

Problem 62

The concentration of carbon monoxide in an urban apartment is 48$\mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ What mass of carbon monoxide in grams is present in a room measuring 10.6 $\mathrm{ft} \times 14.8 \mathrm{ft} \times 20.5 \mathrm{ft}$ ?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
06:22

Problem 63

Gold can be hammered into extremely thin sheets called gold leaf. An architect wants to cover a 100 $\mathrm{ft} \times 82$ ft ceiling with gold leaf that is five-millionths of an inch thick. The
density of gold is $19.32 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ and gold costs $\$ 1654$ per troy ounce $(1$ troy ounce $=31.1034768 \mathrm{g}) .$ How much will it cost the architect to buy the necessary gold?

Tianyu Li
Tianyu Li
Numerade Educator
03:39

Problem 64

A copper refinery produces a copper ingot weighing 150 $\mathrm{lb}$ . If the copper is drawn into wire whose diameter is 7.50 $\mathrm{mm}$ , how many feet of copper can be obtained from the ingot?
The density of copper is 8.94 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ (Assume that the wire is a cylinder whose volume $V=\pi r^{2} h,$ where ris its radius and $h$ is its height or length.)

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:16

Problem 65

Classify each of the following as a pure substance, a solution, or a heterogeneous mixture: (a) a gold ingot, (b) a cup of coffee, (c) a wood plank.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 66

(a) Which is more likely to eventually be shown to be incorrect: an hypothesis or a theory? (b) A(n)
predicts the behavior of matter, while a(n) an explanation for that behavior.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:03

Problem 67

A sample of ascorbic acid (vitamin $\mathrm{C} )$ is synthesized in the laboratory. It contains 1.50 $\mathrm{g}$ of carbon and 2.00 $\mathrm{g}$ of oxygen. Another sample of ascorbic acid isolated from citrus fruits contains 6.35 $\mathrm{g}$ of carbon. According to the law of constant composition, how many grams of oxygen does it contain?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 68

Ethyl chloride is sold as a liquid (see photo) under pressure for use as a local skin anesthetic. Ethyl chloride boils at $12^{\circ \circ} \mathrm{C}$ at atmospheric pressure. When the liquid is sprayed onto the skin, it boils off, cooling and numbing the skin as it vaporizes. (a) What changes of state are involved in this use of ethyl chloride? (b) What is the boiling point of ethyl chlo-
ride in degrees Fahrenheit? (c) The bottle shown contains 103.5 $\mathrm{mL}$ of ethyl chloride. The density of ethyl chloride at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is 0.765 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the mass of ethyl chloride in the bottle?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:01

Problem 69

Two students determine the percentage of lead in a sample as a laboratory exercise. The true percentage is 22.52$\%$ . The students' results for three determinations are as follows:
$$\begin{array}{l}{\text { (1) } 22.52,22.48,22.54} \\ {\text { (2) } 22.64,22.58,22.62}\end{array}$$
(a) Calculate the average percentage for each set of data and state which set is the more accurate based on the average. (b) Precision can be judged by examining the average of the deviations from the average value for that data set. (Calculate the average value for each data set; then calculate the average value of the absolute deviations of each measurement from the average.) Which set is more precise?

Dan Ni
Dan Ni
Numerade Educator
03:01

Problem 70

Is the use of significant figures in each of the following statements appropriate? (a) The 2005 circulation of National Geo graphic was $7,812,564$ . (b) On July 1, 2005, the population
of Cook County, Illinois, was $5,303,683 .(\mathbf{c})$ In the United States, 0.621$\%$ of the population has the surname Brown. (\boldsymbol{d} ) ~ Y o u ~ c a l c u l a t e ~ y o u r ~ g r a d e ~ p o i n t ~ a v e r a g e ~ t o ~ b e ~ 3.87562

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:20

Problem 71

What type of quantity (for example, length, volume, density) do the following units indicate? (a) $\mathrm{mL},(\mathbf{b}) \mathrm{cm}^{2}$ ,$(\mathbf{c}) \mathrm{mm}^{3},(\mathbf{d}) \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L},(\mathbf{e}) \mathrm{ps},(\mathbf{f}) \mathrm{nm},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{K}$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 72

Give the derived SI units for each of the following quantities in base Sl units:
$$\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) acceleration }=\text { distance } / \text { time }^{2}} \\ {\text { (b) force }=\text { mass } \times \text { acceleration }} \\ {\text { (c) work }=\text { force } \times \text { distance }} \\ {\text { (d) pressure }=\text { force/area }}\end{array}$$$$
\begin{array}{l}{\text { (e) power }=\text { work/time }} \\ {\text { (f) velocity }=\text { distance } / \text { time }} \\ {\text { (g) energy }=\text { mass } \times \text { (velocity) }^{2}}\end{array}
$$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
05:42

Problem 73

The distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately $240,000 \mathrm{mi.}$ (a) What is this distance in meters? (b) The peregrine falcon has been measured as traveling up to 350 $\mathrm{km} /$ hr in a dive. If this falcon could fly to the Moon at this speed, how many seconds would it take? (c) The speed of light is $3.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ How long does it take for light to travel from Earth to the Moon and back again? (\boldsymbol{d} ) ~ E a r t h ~ t r a v e l s ~ a r o u n d ~the Sun at an average speed of 29.783 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s} .$ Convert this speed to miles per hour.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 74

Which of the following would you characterize as a pure or nearly pure substance? (a) baking powder; (b) lemon juice; (c) propane gas, used in outdoor gas grills; (d) aluminum foil; (e) ibuprofen; (f) bourbon whiskey; (g) helium gas; (h) clear water pumped from a deep aquifer.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
04:09

Problem 75

The U.S. quarter has a mass of 5.67 $\mathrm{g}$ and is approximately 1.55 $\mathrm{mm}$ thick. (a) How many quarters would have to be stacked to reach 575 $\mathrm{ft}$ , the height of the Washington Monument? (b) How much would this stack weigh? (c) How much money would this stack contain? (d) The U.S. National Debt Clock showed the outstanding public debt to
be $\$ 16,213,166,914,811$ on October $28,2012 .$ How many stacks like the one described would be necessary to pay off this debt?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
05:13

Problem 76

In the United States, water used for irrigation is measured in acre-feet. An acre-foot of water covers an acre to a depth of exactly 1 ft. An acre is 4840 yd. An acre-foot is enough water to supply two typical households for 1.00 yr. (a) If desalinated water costs $\$ 1950$ per acre-foot, how much does desalinated water cost per liter? (b) How much would it cost one household per day if it were the only source of water?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
02:06

Problem 77

By using estimation techniques, determine which of the following is the heaviest and which is the lightest: a $5-1$ b bag of potatoes, a 5 -kg bag of sugar, or 1 gal of water (density $=1.0 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ).

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 78

Suppose you decide to define your own temperature scale with units of $\mathrm{O},$ using the freezing point $\left(13^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ and boiling point $\left(360^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ of oleic acid, the main component of olive oil. If you set the freezing point of oleic acid as $0^{\circ} \mathrm{O}$ and the boiling point as $100^{\circ} \mathrm{O},$ what is the freezing point of water on this new scale?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:08

Problem 79

The liquid substances mercury (density $=13.6 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL} ),$ water $(1.00 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}),$ and cyclohexane $(0.778 \mathrm{gL})$ do not form a solution when mixed but separate in distinct layers. Sketch how the liquids would position themselves in a test tube.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 80

Two spheres of equal volume are placed on the scales as shown. Which one is more dense?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:45

Problem 81

Water has a density of 0.997 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ ice has a density of 0.917 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (a) If a soft-drink bottle whose volume is 1.50 $\mathrm{L}$ is completely filled with water and then frozen to $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what volume does the ice occupy? (b) Can the ice be contained within the bottle?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 82

A 32.65 -g sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene, in which the solid is insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together is 50.00 $\mathrm{mL} .$ The solid and toluene together weigh 58.58 $\mathrm{g}$ . The density of toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . What is the density of the solid?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
01:36

Problem 83

A thief plans to steal a gold sphere with a radius of 28.9 $\mathrm{cm}$ from a museum. If the gold has a density of $19.3 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ what is the mass of the sphere in pounds? [The volume of a sphere is $V=(4 / 3) \pi r^{3} . ]$ Is the thief likely to be able to walk off with the gold sphere unassisted?

Anthony Han
Anthony Han
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 84

Automobile batteries contain sulfuric acid, which is commonly referred to as "battery acid." Calculate the number of grams of sulfuric acid in 1.00 gal of battery acid if the solution has a density of 1.28 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ and is 38.1$\%$ sulfuric acid by mass.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
07:57

Problem 85

A 40 -lb container of peat moss measures $14 \times 20 \times 30$ in. A 40 -lb container of topsoil has a volume of 1.9 gal. (a) Calculate the average densities of peat moss and topsoil in units of$\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Would it be correct to say that peat moss is "lighter"
than topsoil? (b) How many bags of peat moss are needed to cover an area measuring 15.0 $\mathrm{ft} \times 20.0 \mathrm{ft}$ to a depth of 3.0 in.?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:14

Problem 86

A package of aluminum foil contains 50 $\mathrm{ft}^{2}$ of foil, which weighs approximately 8.0 oz. Aluminum has a density of 2.70 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ What is the approximate thickness of the foil in millimeters?

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator
04:37

Problem 87

The total rate at which power is used by humans world wide is approximately 15 TW (terawatts). The solar flux averaged over the sunlit half of Earth is 680 $\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}$ (assuming no clouds). The area of Earth's disc as seen from the Sun is $1.28 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{m}^{2} .$ The surface area of Earth is approximately $197,000,000$ square miles. How much of Earth's surface would we need to cover with solar energy collectors to power the planet for use by all humans? Assume that the solar energy collectors can convert only 10$\%$ of the available sun light into useful power.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 88

In $2005,$ J. Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and for establishing experimental proof that it plays a major role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The story began when Warren, a pathologist, noticed that bacilli were associated with the tissues taken from patients suffering from ulcers. Look up the history of this case and describe Warren's first hypothesis. What sorts of evidence did it take to create a credible theory based on it?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
04:31

Problem 89

A 25.0 -cm-long cylindrical glass tube, sealed at one end, is filled with ethanol. The mass of ethanol needed to fill the tube is found to be 45.23 g. The density of ethanol is 0.789 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}$ . Calculate the inner diameter of the tube in centimeters.

Dominique Jan Tan
Dominique Jan Tan
Numerade Educator
08:03

Problem 90

Gold is alloyed (mixed) with other metals to increase its hardness in making jewelry. (a) Consider a piece of gold jewelry that weighs 9.85 $\mathrm{g}$ gond has a volume of 0.675 $\mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ The jewelry contains only gold and silver, which have densities of 19.3 and 10.5 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ , respectively. If the total volume of the jewelry is the sum of the volumes of the gold and silver that it contains, calculate the percentage of gold (by mass) in the jewelry. (b) The relative amount of gold in an alloy is commonly expressed in units of carats. Pure gold is 24 carat, and the percentage of gold in an alloy is given as a percentage of this value. For example, an alloy that is 50$\%$ gold is 12 carat. State the purity of the gold jewelry in carats.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:35

Problem 91

Paper chromatography is a simple but reliable method for separating a mixture into its constituent substances. You have a mixture of two vegetable dyes, one red and one blue, that you are trying to separate. You try two different chromatography procedures and achieve the separations
shown in the figure. Which procedure worked better? Can you suggest a method to quantify how good or poor the separation was?

Bridger Johnston
Bridger Johnston
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 92

Judge the following statements as true or false. If you believe a statement to be false, provide a corrected version.(a) Air and water are both elements. (b) All mixtures contain at least one element and one compound.(c) Compounds can be decomposed into two or more other substances; elements cannot. (d) Elements can exist in any of the three states of matter. (e) When yellow stains in a kitchen sink are treated with bleach water, the disappearance of the stains is due to a physical change. (f) A hypothesis is more weakly supported by experimental
evidence than a theory. (g) The number 0.0033 has more significant figures than 0.033 .
(h) Conversion factors used in converting units always have a numerical value of one. (i) Compounds always contain at least two different elements.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
02:45

Problem 93

You are assigned the task of separating a desired granular material with a density of 3.62 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ from an undesired granular material that has a density of 2.04 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ You want to do this by shaking the mixture in a liquid in which the heavier material will fall to the bottom and the lighter material will float. A solid will float on any liquid that is more dense. Using an Internet-based source or a handbook of chemistry, find the densities of the following substances: carbon tetrachlo ride, hexane, benzene, and diiodomethane. Which of these liquids will serve your purpose, assuming no chemical interaction takes place between the liquid and the solids?

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 94

In $2009,$ a team from Northwestern University and Western Washington University reported the preparation of a new "spongy" material composed of nickel, molybdenum, and sulfur that excels at removing mercury from water. The density of this new material is 0.20 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$ , and its surface area is 1242 $\mathrm{m}^{2}$ per gram of material. (a) Calculate the volume of a 10.0 -mg sample of this material. (b) Calculate the surface area for a 10.0 -mg sample of this material. (c) A 10.0 -mL sample of contaminated water had 7.748 mg of mercury in it. After treatment with 10.0 $\mathrm{mg}$ of the new spongy material, 0.001 $\mathrm{mg}$ of mercury remained in the contaminated water. What percentage of the mercury was removed from the water? (d) What is the final mass of the spongy material after the exposure to mercury?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami