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Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Philip J. Pritchard, Robert W. Fox

Chapter 5

Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

09:45

Problem 1

Which of the following sets of equations represent possible two-dimensional incompressible flow cases?
(a) $u=2 x^{2}+y^{2}-x^{2} y ; v=x^{3}+x\left(y^{2}-4 y\right)$
(b) $u=2 x y-x^{2} y ; v=2 x y-y^{2}+x^{2}$
(c) $u=x^{2} t+2 y ; v=x t^{2}-y t$
(d) $u=(2 x+4 y) x t ; v=-3(x+y) y t$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:12

Problem 2

Which of the following sets of equations represent possible three-dimensional incompressible flow cases?
(a) $u=2 y^{2}+2 x z ; v=-2 y z+6 x^{2} y z ; w=3 x^{2} z^{2}+x^{3} y^{4}$
(b) $u=x y z t ; v=-x y z t^{2} ; w=z^{2}\left(x t^{2}-y t\right)$
(c) $u=x^{2}+2 y+z^{2} ; v=x-2 y+z ; w=-2 x z+y^{2}+2 z$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:57

Problem 3

For a flow in the $x y$ plane, the $x$ component of velocity is given by $u=A x(y-B),$ where $A=1 \mathrm{ft}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=6 \mathrm{ft},$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in feet. Find a possible $y$ component for steady, incompressible flow. Is it also valid for unsteady, incompressible flow? Why? How many $y$ components are possible?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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02:56

Problem 4

The three components of velocity in a velocity field are given by $u=A x+B y+C z, v=D x+E y+F z,$ and $w=G x+$ $H y+J z .$ Determine the relationship among the coefficients $A$ through $J$ that is necessary if this is to be a possible incompressible flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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06:01

Problem 5

For a flow in the $x y$ plane, the $x$ component of velocity is given by $u=3 x^{2} y-y^{3} .$ Determine a possible $y$ component for steady, incompressible flow. Is it also valid for unsteady, incompressible flow? Why? How many possible $y$ components are there?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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03:09

Problem 6

The $x$ component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is $u=A / x,$ where $A=2 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s},$ and $x$ is measured in meters. Find the simplest $y$ component of velocity for this flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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04:06

Problem 7

The $y$ component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is $v=A x y\left(x^{2}-y^{2}\right),$ where $A=$ $3 m^{-3} \cdot s^{-1}$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters. Find the simplest $x$ component of velocity for this flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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03:58

Problem 8

The $y$ component of velocity in a steady incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is
\[v=\frac{2 x y}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{2}}\]
Show that the simplest expression for the $x$ component of velocity is
\[u=\frac{1}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}-\frac{2 y^{2}}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{2}}\]

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:04

Problem 9

The $x$ component of velocity in a steady incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is $u=A e^{x / b} \cos (y / b),$ where $A=10 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}, b=5 \mathrm{m},$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters. Find the simplest $y$ component of velocity for this flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:43

Problem 10

$\mathrm{A}$ crude approximation for the $x$ component of velocity in an incompressible laminar boundary layer is a linear variation from $u=0$ at the surface $(y=0)$ to the freestream velocity, $U,$ at the boundary-layer edge $(y=\delta) .$ The equation for the profile is $u=U y / \delta,$ where $\delta=c x^{1 / 2}$ and $c$ is a constant. Show that the simplest expression for the $y$ component of velocity is $v=u y / 4 x$. Evaluate the maximum value of the ratio $v / U,$ at a location where $x=0.5 \mathrm{m}$ and $\delta=5 \mathrm{mm}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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12:18

Problem 11

$\mathrm{A}$ useful approximation for the $x$ component of velocity in an incompressible laminar boundary layer is a parabolic variation from $u=0$ at the surface $(y=0)$ to the freestream velocity, $U,$ at the edge of the boundary layer $(y=\delta) .$ The equation for the profile is $u / U=2(y / \delta)-(y / \delta)^{2},$ where $\delta=$ $c x^{1 / 2}$ and $c$ is a constant. Show that the simplest expression for the $y$ component of velocity is
\[\frac{v}{U}=\frac{\delta}{x}\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{y}{\delta}\right)^{2}-\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{y}{\delta}\right)^{3}\right]\]
Plot $v / U$ versus $y / \delta$ to find the location of the maximum value of the ratio $v / U$. Evaluate the ratio where $\delta=5 \mathrm{mm}$ and $x=0.5 \mathrm{m}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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17:07

Problem 12

A useful approximation for the $x$ component of velocity in an incompressible laminar boundary layer is a sinusoidal variation from $u=0$ at the surface $(y=0)$ to the freestream velocity, $U,$ at the edge of the boundary layer $(y=\delta) .$ The equation for the profile is $u=U \sin (\pi y / 2 \delta),$ where $\delta=c x^{1 / 2}$ and $c$ is a constant. Show that the simplest expression for the $y$ component of velocity is
\[\frac{v}{U}=\frac{1}{\pi} \frac{\delta}{x}\left[\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{y}{\delta}\right)+\left(\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{y}{\delta}\right) \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{y}{\delta}\right)-1\right]\]
Plot $u / U$ and $v / U$ versus $y / \delta,$ and find the location of the maximum value of the ratio $v / U$. Evaluate the ratio where
$x=0.5 \mathrm{m} \text { and } \delta=5 \mathrm{mm}.$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:52

Problem 13

$ \mathrm{A}$ useful approximation for the $x$ component of velocity in an incompressible laminar boundary layer is a cubic variation from $u=0$ at the surface $(y=0)$ to the freestream velocity, $U,$ at the edge of the boundary layer $(y=\delta) .$ The equation for the profile is $u / U=\frac{3}{2}(y / \delta)-\frac{1}{2}(y / \delta)^{3},$ where $\delta=c x^{1 / 2}$ and $c$ is a constant. Derive the simplest expression for $v / U,$ the $y$ component of velocity ratio. Plot $u / U$ and $v / U$ versus $y / \delta,$ and find the location of the maximum value of the ratio $v / U$. Evaluate the ratio where $\delta=5 \mathrm{mm}$ and $x=0.5 \mathrm{m}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:45

Problem 14

For a flow in the $x y$ plane, the $x$ component of velocity is given by $u=A x^{2} y^{2},$ where $A=0.3 \mathrm{m}^{-3} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters. Find a possible $y$ component for steady, incompressible flow. Is it also valid for unsteady, incompressible flow? Why? How many possible $y$ components are there? Determine the equation of the streamline for the simplest $y$ component of velocity. Plot the streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:02

Problem 15

The $y$ component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is $v=-B x y^{3},$ where $B=0.2 \mathrm{m}^{-3} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters. Find the simplest $x$ component of velocity for this flow field. Find the equation of the streamlines for this flow. Plot the streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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14:46

Problem 16

Consider a water stream from a jet of an oscillating lawn sprinkler. Describe the corresponding pathline and streakline.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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10:22

Problem 17

Derive the differential form of conservation of mass in rectangular coordinates by expanding the products of density and the velocity components, $\rho u, \rho v,$ and $\rho w,$ in a Taylor series about a point $O .$ Show that the result is identical to Eq. $5.1 \mathrm{a}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:09

Problem 18

Which of the following sets of equations represent possible incompressible flow cases?
(a) $V_{r}=U \cos \theta ; V_{\theta}=-U \sin \theta$
(b) $V_{r}=-q / 2 \pi r ; V_{\theta}=K / 2 \pi r$
(c) $V_{r}=U \cos \theta\left[1-(a / r)^{2}\right] ; V_{\theta}=-U \sin \theta\left[1+(a / r)^{2}\right]$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:40

Problem 19

Which of the following sets of equations represent(s) possible incompressible flow cases?
(a) $V_{r}=-K / r ; V_{\theta}=0$
(b) $V_{r}=0 ; V_{\theta}=K / r$
(c) $V_{r}=-K \cos \theta / r^{2} ; V_{\theta}=-K \sin \theta / r^{2}$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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04:34

Problem 20

For an incompressible flow in the $r \theta$ plane, the $r$ component of velocity is given as $V_{r}=U \cos \theta$.
(a) Determine a possible $\theta$ component of velocity.
(b) How many possible $\theta$ components are there?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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04:25

Problem 21

For an incompressible flow in the $r \theta$ plane, the $r$ component of velocity is given as $V_{r}=-A \cos \theta / r^{2} .$ Determine a possible $\theta$ component of velocity. How many possible $\theta$ components are there?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:49

Problem 22

A viscous liquid is sheared between two parallel disks of radius $R,$ one of which rotates while the other is fixed. The velocity field is purely tangential, and the velocity varies linearly with $z$ from $V_{\theta}=0$ at $z=0$ (the fixed disk) to the velocity of the rotating disk at its surface $(z=h) .$ Derive an expression for the velocity field between the disks.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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14:46

Problem 23

Evaluate $\nabla \cdot \rho \vec{V}$ in cylindrical coordinates. Use the definition of $\nabla$ in cylindrical coordinates. Substitute the velocity vector and perform the indicated operations, using the hint in footnote 1 on page $178 .$ Collect terms and simplify; show that the result is identical to Eq. $5.2 \mathrm{c}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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08:22

Problem 24

A velocity field in cylindrical coordinates is given as $\vec{V}=\hat{e}_{r} A / r+\hat{e}_{\theta} B / r,$ where $A$ and $B$ are constants with dimensions of $\mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$. Does this represent a possible incompressible flow? Sketch the streamline that passes through the point $r_{0}=1 \mathrm{m}, \theta=90^{\circ}$ if $A=B=1 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s},$ if $A=1 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$ and
$B=0,$ and if $B=1 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$ and $A=0$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:58

Problem 25

The velocity field for the viscometric flow of Example 5.7 is $\vec{V}=U(y / h) \hat{i} .$ Find the stream function for this flow. Locate the streamline that divides the total flow rate into two equal parts.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:59

Problem 26

Determine the family of stream functions $\psi$ that will yield the velocity field $\vec{V}=2 y(2 x+1) \hat{i}+\left[x(x+1)-2 y^{2}\right] \hat{j}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:38

Problem 27

Does the velocity field of Problem 5.24 represent a possible incompressible flow case? If so, evaluate and sketch the stream function for the flow. If not, evaluate the rate of change of density in the flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:11

Problem 28

The stream function for a certain incompressible flow field is given by the expression $\psi=-U r \sin \theta+q \theta / 2 \pi .$ Obtain an expression for the velocity field. Find the stagnation point(s) where $|\vec{V}|=0,$ and show that $\psi=0$ there.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:59

Problem 29

$* 5.29$ Consider a flow with velocity components $u=z$$\left(3 x^{2}-z^{2}\right), v=0, \text { and } w=x\left(x^{2}-3 z^{2}\right)$.
(a) Is this a one-, two-, or three-dimensional flow?
(b) Demonstrate whether this is an incompressible flow.
(c) If possible, derive a stream function for this flow.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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08:28

Problem 30

An incompressible frictionless flow field is specified by the stream function $\psi=-5 A x-2 A y,$ where $A=2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ and $x$ and $y$ are coordinates in meters.
(a) Sketch the streamlines $\psi=0$ and $\psi=5,$ and indicate the direction of the velocity vector at the point (0,0) on the sketch.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the flow rate between the streamlines passing through (2,2) and (4,1).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:19

Problem 31

A linear velocity profile was used to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer in Problem 5.10 . Derive the stream function for this flow field. Locate streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total volume flow rate in the boundary layer.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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08:40

Problem 32

A parabolic velocity profile was used to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer in Problem 5.11. Derive the stream function for this flow field. Locate streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total volume flow rate in the boundary layer.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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08:48

Problem 33

Derive the stream function that represents the sinusoidal approximation used to model the $x$ component of velocity for the boundary layer of Problem $5.12 .$ Locate streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total volume flow rate in the boundary layer.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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13:12

Problem 34

$ \mathrm{A}$ cubic velocity profile was used to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer in Problem 5.13. Derive the stream function for this flow field. Locate streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total volume flow rate in the boundary layer.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:42

Problem 35

A rigid-body motion was modeled in Example 5.6 by the velocity field $\vec{V}=r \omega \hat{e}_{\theta} .$ Find the stream function for this flow. Evaluate the volume flow rate per unit depth between $r_{1}=0.10 \mathrm{m}$ and $r_{2}=0.12 \mathrm{m},$ if $\omega=0.5 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s} .$ Sketch the
velocity profile along a line of constant $\theta$. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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06:25

Problem 36

In a parallel one-dimensional flow in the positive $x$ direction, the velocity varies linearly from zero at $y=0$ to $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at $y=1.5 \mathrm{m} .$ Determine an expression for the stream function,
$\psi$. Also determine the $y$ coordinate above which the volume flow rate is half the total between $y=0$ and $y=1.5 \mathrm{m}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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08:26

Problem 37

Example 5.6 showed that the velocity field for a free vortex in the $r \theta$ plane is $\vec{V}=\hat{e}_{\theta} C / r .$ Find the stream function for this flow. Evaluate the volume flow rate per unit depth between $r_{1}=0.20 \mathrm{m}$ and $r_{2}=0.24 \mathrm{m},$ if $C=0.3 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s} .$ Sketch
the velocity profile along a line of constant $\theta$. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
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06:14

Problem 38

Consider the flow field given by $\vec{V}=x y^{2} \hat{i}-\frac{1}{3} y^{3} \hat{j}+x y \hat{k}$.
Determine
(a) the number of dimensions of the flow, (b) if it is a possible incompressible flow, and (c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y, z)=(1,2,3)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:00

Problem 39

Consider the velocity field $\vec{V}=A\left(x^{4}-6 x^{2} y^{2}+y^{4}\right) \hat{i}+$
$A\left(4 x y^{3}-4 x^{3} y\right) \hat{j}$ in the $x y$ plane, where $A=0.25 \mathrm{m}^{-3} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}$,
and the coordinates are measured in meters. Is this a possible incompressible flow field? Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y)=(2,1)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:25

Problem 40

Consider the flow field given by $\vec{V}=a x^{2} y \hat{i}-b y \hat{j}+c z^{2} \hat{k}$,
where $a=2 \mathrm{m}^{-2} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, b=2 \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and $c=1 \mathrm{m}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}$. Deter-
mine (a) the number of dimensions of the flow, (b) if it is a possible incompressible flow, and (c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y, z)=(2,1,3)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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11:00

Problem 41

The $x$ component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field in the $x y$ plane is $u=A\left(x^{5}-10 x^{3} y^{2}+5 x y^{4}\right),$ where $A=2 \mathrm{m}^{-4} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and $x$ is measured in meters. Find the simplest $y$ component of velocity for this flow field. Evaluate the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y)=(1,3)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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10:27

Problem 42

The velocity field within a laminar boundary layer is approximated by the expression
\[\vec{V}=\frac{A U y}{x^{1 / 2}} \hat{i}+\frac{A U y^{2}}{4 x^{3 / 2}}\]
In this expression, $A=141 \mathrm{m}^{-1 / 2},$ and $U=0.240 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ is the freestream velocity. Show that this velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow. Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y)=(0.5 \mathrm{m}, 5 \mathrm{mm}) .$ Determine the slope of the streamline through the point.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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06:12

Problem 43

Wave flow of an incompressible fluid into a solid surface follows a sinusoidal pattern. Flow is two-dimensional with the $x$ axis normal to the surface and $y$ axis along the wall. The $x$ component of the flow follows the pattern
\[u=A x \sin \left(\frac{2 \pi t}{T}\right)\]
Determine the $y$ component of flow $(v)$ and the convective and local components of the acceleration vector.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:11

Problem 44

The $y$ component of velocity in a two-dimensional, incompressible flow field is given by $v=-A x y,$ where $v$ is in $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}, x$ and $y$ are in meters, and $A$ is a dimensional constant. There is no velocity component or variation in the $z$ direction. Determine the dimensions of the constant, $A$. Find the simplest $x$ component of velocity in this flow field. Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at point $(x, y)=(1,2)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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10:07

Problem 45

Consider the velocity field $\vec{V}=A x /\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \hat{i}+A y /$ $\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \hat{j}$ in the $x y$ plane, where $A=10 \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{s},$ and $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters. Is this an incompressible flow field? Derive an expression for the fluid acceleration. Evaluate the velocity and acceleration along the $x$ axis, the $y$ axis, and along a line defined by $y=x .$ What can you conclude about this flow field?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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02:24

Problem 46

An incompressible liquid with negligible viscosity flows steadily through a horizontal pipe of constant diameter. In a porous section of length $L=0.3 \mathrm{m},$ liquid is removed at a constant rate per unit length, so the uniform axial velocity in the pipe is $u(x)=U(1-x / 2 L),$ where $U=5 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. Develop an expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle along the centerline of the porous section.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:35

Problem 47

An incompressible liquid with negligible viscosity flows steadily through a horizontal pipe. The pipe diameter linearly varies from 4 in. to 1 in. over a length of 6 ft. Develop an expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle along the pipe centerline. Plot the centerline velocity and acceleration versus position along the pipe, if the inlet centerline velocity is $3 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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06:53

Problem 48

Consider the low-speed flow of air between parallel disks as shown. Assume that the flow is incompressible and inviscid, and that the velocity is purely radial and uniform at any section. The flow speed is $V=15 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at $R=75 \mathrm{mm}$. Simplify the continuity equation to a form applicable to this flow field. Show that a general expression for the velocity field is $\vec{V}=V(R / r) \hat{e}_{r}$ for $r_{i} \leq r \leq R .$ Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at the locations $r=r_{i}$ and $r=R$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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04:08

Problem 49

Solve Problem 4.123 to show that the radial velocity in the narrow gap is $V_{r}=Q / 2 \pi r h .$ Derive an expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle in the gap.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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11:19

Problem 50

As part of a pollution study, a model concentration $c$ as a function of position $x$ has been developed,
\[c(x)=A\left(e^{-x / 2 a}-e^{-x / a}\right)\]
where $A=3 \times 10^{-5}$ ppm (parts per million) and $a=3$ ft. Plot this concentration from $x=0$ to $x=30$ ft. If a vehicle with a pollution sensor travels through the area at $u=U=70 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}$ develop an expression for the measured concentration rate of change of $c$ with time, and plot using the given data.
(a) At what location will the sensor indicate the most rapid rate of change?
(b) What is the value of this rate of change?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:56

Problem 51

After a rainfall the sediment concentration at a certain point in a river increases at the rate of 100 parts per million (ppm) per hour. In addition, the sediment concentration increases with distance downstream as a result of influx from tributary streams; this rate of increase is 50 ppm per mile. At this point the stream flows at 0.5 mph. A boat is used to survey the sediment concentration. The operator is amazed to find three different apparent rates of change of sediment concentration when the boat travels upstream, drifts with the current, or travels downstream. Explain physically why the different rates are observed. If the speed of the boat is $2.5 \mathrm{mph}$, compute the three rates of change.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:15

Problem 52

As an aircraft flies through a cold front, an onboard instrument indicates that ambient temperature drops at the rate of $0.7^{\circ} \mathrm{F} / \mathrm{min} .$ Other instruments show an air speed of $400 \mathrm{knots}$ and a $2500 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$ rate of climb. The front is stationary and vertically uniform. Compute the rate of change of temperature with respect to horizontal distance through the cold front.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:03

Problem 53

An aircraft flies due north at 300 mph ground speed. Its rate of climb is $3000 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$. The vertical temperature gradient is $-3^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ per $1000 \mathrm{ft}$ of altitude. The ground temperature varies with position through a cold front, falling at the rate of $1^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ per mile. Compute the rate of temperature change shown by a recorder on board the aircraft.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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09:18

Problem 54

Wave flow of an incompressible fluid into a solid surface follows a sinusoidal pattern. Flow is axisymmetric about the $z$ axis, which is normal to the surface. The $z$ component of the flow follows the pattern Determine (a) the radial component of flow $\left(V_{r}\right)$ and (b) the convective and local components of the acceleration vector.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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05:14

Problem 55

Expand $(\vec{V} \cdot \nabla) \vec{V}$ in rectangular coordinates by direct substitution of the velocity vector to obtain the convective acceleration of a fluid particle. Verify the results given in Eqs. 5.11.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
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07:47

Problem 56

$\mathrm{A}$ steady, two-dimensional velocity field is given by $\vec{V}=A x \hat{i}-A y \hat{j},$ where $A=1 \mathrm{s}^{-1} .$ Show that the streamlines for this flow are rectangular hyperbolas, $x y=C .$ Obtain a general expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle in this velocity field. Calculate the acceleration of fluid particles at the points $(x, y)=\left(\frac{1}{2}, 2\right),(1,1),$ and $\left(2, \frac{1}{2}\right),$ where $x$ and
$y$ are measured in meters. Plot streamlines that correspond to $C=0,1,$ and $2 \mathrm{m}^{2}$ and show the acceleration vectors on the streamline plot.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:35

Problem 57

A velocity field is represented by the expression $\vec{V}=$ $(A x-B) \hat{i}-A y \hat{j},$ where $A=0.2 \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=0.6 \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and the
coordinates are expressed in meters. Obtain a general expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle in this velocity field. Calculate the acceleration of fluid particles at points $(x, y)=\left(0, \frac{4}{3}\right),(1,2),$ and $(2,4) .$ Plot a few streamlines in the $x y$ plane. Show the acceleration vectors on the streamline plot.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:56

Problem 58

$\mathrm{A}$ velocity field is represented by the expression $\vec{V}=$ $(A x-B) \hat{i}+C y \hat{j}+D t \hat{k},$ where $A=2 \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=4 \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, D=$
$5 \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-2},$ and the coordinates are measured in meters. Determine the proper value for $C$ if the flow field is to be incompressible. Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle located at point $(x, y)=(3,2) .$ Plot a few flow streamlines in the $x y$ plane.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:59

Problem 59

A linear approximate velocity profile was used in Problem 5.10 to model a laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat plate. For this profile, obtain expressions for the $x$ and $y$ components of acceleration of a fluid particle in the boundary layer. Locate the maximum magnitudes of the $x$ and $y$ accelerations. Compute the ratio of the maximum $x$ magnitude to the maximum $y$ magnitude for the flow conditions of Problem 5.10.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
10:51

Problem 60

$ \mathrm{A}$ parabolic approximate velocity profile was used in Problem 5.11 to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat plate. For this profile, find the $x$ component of acceleration, $a_{x},$ of a fluid particle within the boundary layer. Plot $a_{x}$ at location $x=0.8 \mathrm{m},$ where $\delta=1.2 \mathrm{mm},$ for a flow with $U=6 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ Find the maximum value of $a_{x}$ at this $x$ location.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
11:34

Problem 61

Show that the velocity field of Problem 2.18 represents a possible incompressible flow field. Determine and plot the streamline passing through point $(x, y)=(2,4)$ at $t=1.5 \mathrm{s}$. For the particle at the same point and time, show on the plot the velocity vector and the vectors representing the local, convective, and total accelerations.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
15:42

Problem 62

$\mathrm{A}$ sinusoidal approximate velocity profile was used in Problem 5.12 to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat plate. For this profile, obtain an expression for the $x$ and $y$ components of acceleration of a fluid particle in the boundary layer. Plot $a_{x}$ and $a_{y}$ at location $x=3 \mathrm{ft},$ where $\delta=0.04$ in., for a flow with $U=20 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}$. Find the maxima of $a_{x}$ and $a_{y}$ at this $x$ location.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
11:19

Problem 63

Air flows into the narrow gap, of height $h,$ between closely spaced parallel disks through a porous surface as shown. Use a control volume, with outer surface located at position $r,$ to show that the uniform velocity in the $r$ direction is $V=v_{0} r / 2 h .$ Find an expression for the velocity component in the $z$ direction $\left(v_{0} \ll V\right) .$ Evaluate the components of acceleration for a fluid particle in the gap.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
19:05

Problem 64

The velocity field for steady in viscid flow from left to right over a circular cylinder, of radius $R,$ is given by
\[\vec{V}=U \cos \theta\left[1-\left(\frac{R}{r}\right)^{2}\right] \hat{e}_{r}-U \sin \theta\left[1+\left(\frac{R}{r}\right)^{2}\right] \hat{e}_{\theta}\]
Obtain expressions for the acceleration of a fluid particle moving along the stagnation streamline $(\theta=\pi)$ and for the acceleration along the cylinder surface $(r=R) .$ Plot $a_{r}$ as a function of $r / R$ for $\theta=\pi,$ and as a function of $\theta$ for $r=R ;$ plot $a_{\theta}$ as a function of $\theta$ for $r=R$. Comment on the plots. Determine the locations at which these accelerations reach
maximum and minimum values.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:53

Problem 65

Air flows into the narrow gap, of height $h,$ between closely spaced parallel plates through a porous surface as shown. Use a control volume, with outer surface located at position $x,$ to show that the uniform velocity in the $x$ direction is $u=v_{0} x / h .$ Find an expression for the velocity component in the $y$ direction. Evaluate the acceleration of a fluid particle in the gap.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
07:45

Problem 66

Consider the incompressible flow of a fluid through a nozzle as shown. The area of the nozzle is given by $A=$ $A_{0}(1-b x)$ and the inlet velocity varies according to $U=$ $U_{0}(0.5+0.5 \cos \omega t)$ where $A_{0}=5 \mathrm{ft}^{2}, L=20 \mathrm{ft}, b=0.02 \mathrm{ft}^{-1}$, $\omega=0.16 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s},$ and $U_{0}=20 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s} .$ Find and plot the acceleration on the centerline, with time as a parameter.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
12:13

Problem 67

Consider again the steady, two-dimensional velocity field of Problem $5.56 .$ Obtain expressions for the particle coordinates, $x_{p}=f_{1}(t)$ and $y_{p}=f_{2}(t),$ as functions of time and the initial particle position, $\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right)$ at $t=0 .$ Determine the time required for a particle to travel from initial position, $\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{2}, 2\right)$ to positions $(x, y)=(1,1)$ and $\left(2, \frac{1}{2}\right) .$ Compare the particle accelerations determined by differentiating $f_{1}(t)$ and $f_{2}(t)$ with those obtained in Problem 5.56.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
12:56

Problem 68

Consider the one-dimensional, incompressible flow through the circular channel shown. The velocity at section
(1) is given by $U=U_{0}+U_{1} \sin \omega t,$ where $U_{0}=20 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$, $U_{1}=2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ and $\omega=0.3 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s} .$ The channel dimensions are
$L=1 \mathrm{m}, R_{1}=0.2 \mathrm{m},$ and $R_{2}=0.1 \mathrm{m} .$ Determine the particle
acceleration at the channel exit. Plot the results as a function of time over a complete cycle. On the same plot, show the acceleration at the channel exit if the channel is constant area, rather than convergent, and explain the difference between the curves.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 69

Which, if any, of the following flow fields are irrotational?
(a) $u=2 x^{2}+y^{2}-x^{2} y ; v=x^{3}+x\left(y^{2}-2 y\right)$
(b) $u=2 x y-x^{2}+y ; v=2 x y-y^{2}+x^{2}$
(c) $u=x t+2 y ; v=x t^{2}-y t$
(d) $u=(x+2 y) x t ; v=-(2 x+y) y t$

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator
12:40

Problem 70

Expand $(\vec{V} \cdot \nabla) \vec{V}$ in cylindrical coordinates by direct substitution of the velocity vector to obtain the convective acceleration of a fluid particle. (Recall the hint in footnote 1 on page $178 .)$ Verify the results given in Eqs. 5.12.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
09:54

Problem 71

Consider again the sinusoidal velocity profile used to model the $x$ component of velocity for a boundary layer in Problem $5.12 .$ Neglect the vertical component of velocity. Evaluate the circulation around the contour bounded by $x=0.4 \mathrm{m}, x=0.6 \mathrm{m}, y=0,$ and $y=8 \mathrm{mm} .$ What would be the results of this evaluation if it were performed $0.2 \mathrm{m}$ further downstream? Assume $U=0.5 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 72

Consider the velocity field for flow in a rectangular "corner," $\vec{V}=A x \hat{i}-A y \hat{j},$ with $A=0.3 \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ as in Example 5.8. Evaluate the circulation about the unit square of Example 5.8b.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
03:43

Problem 73

$ \mathrm{A}$ flow is represented by the velocity field $\vec{V}=\left(x^{7}-\right.$
$\left.21 x^{5} y^{2}+35 x^{3} y^{4}-7 x y^{6}\right) \hat{i}+\left(7 x^{6} y-35 x^{4} y^{3}+21 x^{2} y^{5}-y^{7}\right) \hat{i}.$
Determine if the field is (a) a possible incompressible flow and (b) irrotational.

Chai Santi
Chai Santi
Numerade Educator
09:39

Problem 74

Consider the two-dimensional flow field in which $u=A x^{2}$ and $v=B x y,$ where $A=1 / 2 \mathrm{ft}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=-1 \mathrm{ft}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and the
coordinates are measured in feet. Show that the velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow. Determine the rotation at point $(x, y)=(1,1) .$ Evaluate the circulation about the "curve" bounded by $y=0, x=1, y=1,$ and $x=0$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
10:18

Problem 75

Consider the two-dimensional flow field in which $u=A x y$ and $v=B y^{2},$ where $A=1 \mathrm{m}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, \quad B=-\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{m}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and
the coordinates are measured in meters. Show that the velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow. Determine the rotation at point $(x, y)=(1,1) .$ Evaluate the circulation about the "curve" bounded by $y=0, x=1, y=1,$ and $x=0$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
07:04

Problem 76

Consider a flow field represented by the stream function $\psi=3 x^{5} y-10 x^{3} y^{3}+3 x y^{5} .$ Is this a possible two-dimensional incompressible flow? Is the flow irrotational?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:18

Problem 77

Consider the flow field represented by the stream function $\psi=x^{6}-15 x^{4} y^{2}+15 x^{2} y^{4}-y^{6} .$ Is this a possible twodimensional, incompressible flow? Is the flow irrotational?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:02

Problem 78

Consider a velocity field for motion parallel to the $x$ axis with constant shear. The shear rate is $d u / d y=A,$ where $A=0.1 \mathrm{s}^{-1} .$ Obtain an expression for the velocity field, $\vec{V}$. Calculate the rate of rotation. Evaluate the stream function for this flow field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:30

Problem 79

Consider a flow field represented by the stream function $\psi=-\mathrm{A} / 2\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right),$ where $A=\mathrm{constant.}$ Is this a possible twodimensional incompressible flow? Is the flow irrotational?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:32

Problem 80

Consider the flow field represented by the stream func$\operatorname{tion} \psi=A x y+A y^{2},$ where $A=1 \mathrm{s}^{-1} .$ Show that this represents a possible incompressible flow field. Evaluate the rotation of the flow. Plot a few streamlines in the upper half plane.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
04:02

Problem 81

$ \mathrm{A}$ flow field is represented by the stream function $\psi=x^{2}-y^{2} .$ Find the corresponding velocity field. Show that this flow field is irrotational. Plot several streamlines and illustrate the velocity field.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:51

Problem 82

Consider the velocity field given by $\vec{V}=A x^{2} \hat{i}+B x y \hat{j}$, where $A=1 \mathrm{ft}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=-2 \mathrm{ft}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ and the coordinates
are measured in feet.
(a) Determine the fluid rotation.
(b) Evaluate the circulation about the "curve" bounded by $y=0, x=1, y=1,$ and $x=0$.
(c) Obtain an expression for the stream function.
(d) Plot several streamlines in the first quadrant.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:19

Problem 83

Consider the flow represented by the velocity field $\vec{V}=(A y+B) \hat{i}+A x \hat{j},$ where $A=10 \mathrm{s}^{-1}, B=10 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s},$ and the coordinates are measured in feet.
(a) Obtain an expression for the stream function.
(b) Plot several streamlines (including the stagnation streamline $)$ in the first quadrant.
(c) Evaluate the circulation about the "curve" bounded by $y=0, x=1, y=1,$ and $x=0$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:37

Problem 84

Consider again the viscometric flow of Example 5.7.Evaluate the average rate of rotation of a pair of perpendicular line segments oriented at $\pm 45^{\circ}$ from the $x$ axis. Show that this is the same as in the example.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
07:59

Problem 85

Consider the pressure-driven flow between stationary parallel plates separated by distance $b$. Coordinate $y$ is measured from the bottom plate. The velocity field is given by $u=U(y / b)[1-(y / b)] .$ Obtain an expression for the circulation about a closed contour of height $h$ and length $L$. Evaluate when $h=b / 2$ and when $h=b .$ Show that the same result is obtained from the area integral of the Stokes Theorem (Eq. 5.18).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:29

Problem 86

The velocity field near the core of a tornado can be approximated as Is this an irrotational flow field? Obtain the stream function for this flow.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:37

Problem 87

The velocity profile for fully developed flow in a circular tube is $V_{z}=V_{\max }\left[1-(r / R)^{2}\right] .$ Evaluate the rates of linear and angular deformation for this flow. Obtain an expression for the vorticity vector, $\zeta$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:53

Problem 88

Consider the pressure-driven flow between stationary parallel plates separated by distance $2 b$. Coordinate $y$ is measured from the channel centerline. The velocity field is given by $u=u_{\max }\left[1-(y / b)^{2}\right] .$ Evaluate the rates of linear and angular deformation. Obtain an expression for the vorticity vector, $\vec{\zeta} .$ Find the location where the vorticity is a maximum.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
11:23

Problem 89

Consider a steady, laminar, fully developed, incompressible flow between two infinite plates, as shown. The flow is due to the motion of the left plate as well a pressure gradient that is applied in the $y$ direction. Given the conditions that $\vec{V} \neq \vec{V}(z), w=0,$ and that gravity points in the negative $y$ direction, prove that $u=0$ and that the pressure gradient in the $y$ direction must be constant.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
10:07

Problem 90

Assume the liquid film in Example 5.9 is not isothermal, but instead has the following distribution:
\[T(y)=T_{0}+\left(T_{w}-T_{0}\right)\left(1-\frac{y}{h}\right)\]
where $T_{0}$ and $T_{w}$ are, respectively, the ambient temperature and the wall temperature. The fluid viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and is assumed to be described by
\[\mu=\frac{\mu_{0}}{1+a\left(T-T_{0}\right)}\]
with $a > 0 .$ In a manner similar to Example $5.9,$ derive an expression for the velocity profile.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:18

Problem 91

The $x$ component of velocity in a laminar boundary layer in water is approximated as $u=U \sin (\pi y / 2 \delta),$ where $U=3 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and $\delta=2 \mathrm{mm} .$ The $y$ component of velocity is much smaller than $u .$ Obtain an expression for the net shear force per unit volume in the $x$ direction on a fluid element. Calculate its maximum value for this flow.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
12:29

Problem 92

$\mathrm{A}$ linear velocity profile was used to model flow in a laminar incompressible boundary layer in Problem 5.10. Express the rotation of a fluid particle. Locate the maximum rate of rotation. Express the rate of angular deformation for a fluid particle. Locate the maximum rate of angular deformation. Express the rates of linear deformation for a fluid particle. Locate the maximum rates of linear deformation. Express the shear force per unit volume in the $x$ direction. Locate the maximum shear force per unit volume; interpret this result.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
07:11

Problem 93

Problem 4.35 gave the velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube as $u=u_{\max }\left[1-(r / R)^{2}\right]$. Obtain an expression for the shear force per unit volume in the $x$ direction for this flow. Evaluate its maximum value for the conditions of Problem 4.35.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
06:53

Problem 94

Assume the liquid film in Example 5.9 is horizontal (i.e. $\left.\theta=0^{\circ}\right)$ and that the flow is driven by a constant shear stress on the top surface $(y=h), \tau_{y x}=C .$ Assume that the liquid film is thin enough and flat and that the flow is fully developed with zero net flow rate (flow rate $Q=0$ ). Determine the velocity profile $u(y)$ and the pressure gradient $d p / d x$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:14

Problem 95

Consider a planar microchannel of width $h,$ as shown (it is actually very long in the $x$ direction and open at both ends A Cartesian coordinate system with its origin positioned at the center of the microchannel is used in the study. The microchannel is filled with a weakly conductive solution. When an electric current is applied across the two conductive walls, the current density, $\vec{J},$ transmitted through the solution is parallel to the $y$ axis. The entire device is placed in a constant magnetic field, $\vec{B},$ which is pointed outward from the plane (the $z$ direction $),$ as shown. Interaction between the current density and the magnetic field induces a Lorentz force of density $\vec{J} \times \vec{B}$. Assume that the conductive solution is incompressible, and since the sample volume is very small in lab-on-a-chip applications, the gravitational body force is neglected. Under steady state, the flow driven by the Lorentz force is described by the continuity (Eq. 5.1a) and Navier-Stokes equations (Eqs. 5.27 ), except the $x, y$, and $z$ components of the latter have extra Lorentz force components on the right. Assuming that the flow is fully developed and the velocity field $\vec{V}$ is a function of $y$ only, find the three components of velocity.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
11:31

Problem 96

The common thermal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process requires the cycling of reagents through three distinct temperatures for denaturation $\left(90-94^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),$ annealing $\left(50-55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right),$ and extension $\left(72^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) .$ In continuous-flow $\mathrm{PCR}$ reactors, the temperatures of the three thermal zones are maintained as fixed while the reagents are cycled continuously through these zones. These temperature variations induce significant variations in the fluid density, which under appropriate conditions can be used to generate fluid motion. The figure depicts a thermosiphon-based PCR device (Chen et al., 2004 , Analytical Chemistry, $76,3707-3715$ ).
The closed loop is filled with PCR reagents. The plan of the loop is inclined at an angle $\alpha$ with respect to the vertical. The loop is surrounded by three heaters and coolers that maintain different temperatures.
(a) Explain why the fluid automatically circulates in the closed loop along the counterclockwise direction.
(b) What is the effect of the angle $\alpha$ on the fluid velocity?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
08:50

Problem 97

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF) is the motion of liquid induced by an applied electric field across a charged capillary tube or microchannel. Assume the channel wall is negatively charged, a thin layer called the electric double layer (EDL) forms in the vicinity of the channel wall in which the number of positive ions is much larger than that of the negative ions. The net positively charged ions in the EDL then drag the electrolyte solution along with them and cause the fluid to flow toward the cathode. The thickness of the EDL is typically on the order of $10 \mathrm{nm}$. When the channel dimensions are much larger than the thickness of EDL, there is a slip velocity, $y-\frac{\varepsilon \zeta}{\mu} \vec{E},$ on the channel wall, where $\varepsilon$ is the fluid permittivity,
$\zeta$ is the negative surface electric potential, $\vec{E}$ is the electric field intensity, and $\mu$ is the fluid dynamic viscosity. Consider a microchannel formed by two parallel plates. The walls of the channel have a negative surface electric potential of $\zeta .$ The microchannel is filled with an electrolyte solution, and the microchannel ends are subjected to an electric potential difference that gives rise to a uniform electric field strength of $E$ along the $x$ direction. The pressure gradient in the channel is zero. Derive the velocity of the steady, fully developed electro-osmotic flow. Compare the velocity profile of the EOF to that of pressure-driven flow. Calculate the EOF velocity using $\varepsilon=7.08 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{C} \cdot \mathrm{V}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^{-1}, \zeta=-0.1 \mathrm{V}, \mu=10^{-3} \mathrm{Pa} \cdot \mathrm{s},$ and $E=1000 \mathrm{V} / \mathrm{m}.$

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:17

Problem 98

$ \mathrm{A}$ tank contains water $\left(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ at an initial depth $y_{0}=$ 1 $\mathrm{m}$. The tank diameter is $D=250 \mathrm{mm}$, and a tube of diameter $d=3 \mathrm{mm}$ and length $L=4 \mathrm{m}$ is attached to the bottom of the tank. For laminar flow a reasonable model for the water level
over time is
\[\frac{d y}{d t}=-\frac{d^{4} \rho g}{32 D^{2} \mu L} y \quad y(0)=y_{0}\]
Using Euler methods with time steps of 12 min and 6 min:
(a) Estimate the water depth after 120 min, and compute the errors compared to the exact solution
\[y_{\mathrm{exact}}(t)=y_{0} e^{-\frac{d^{4} \rho g}{32 D^{2} \mu L} t}\]
(b) Plot the Euler and exact results.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 99

Use the Euler method to solve and plot
\[\frac{d y}{d x}=\cos (x) \quad y(0)=0\]
from $x=0$ to $x=\pi / 2,$ using step sizes of $\pi / 48, \pi / 96,$ and $\pi / 144$ Also plot the exact solution,
\[y(x)=\sin (x)\]
and compute the errors at $x=\pi / 2$ for the three Euler method solutions.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 100

Use Excel to generate the solution of Eq. 5.31 for $m=1$
shown in Fig. $5.18 .$ To do so, you need to learn how to perform linear algebra in Excel. For example, for $N=4$ you will end up with the matrix equation of Eq. 5.37 . To solve this equation for the $u$ values, you will have to compute the inverse of the $4 \times 4$ matrix, and then multiply this inverse into the $4 \times 1$ matrix on the right of the equation. In Excel, to do array operations, you must use the following rules: Pre-select the cells that will contain the result; use the appropriate Excel array function (look at Excel's Help for details); press Ctrl+Shift+Enter, not just Enter. For example, to invert the $4 \times 4$ matrix you would: Pre-select a blank $4 \times 4$ array that will contain the inverse matrix; type $=$ minverse ( [array containing matrix to be inverted $]$; press Ctrl+Shift + Enter. To multiply a $4 \times 4$ matrix into a $4 \times 1$ matrix you would: Pre-select a blank $4 \times 1$ array that will contain the result; type $=m m u l t($ [array containing $4 \times 4 \quad \text { matrix }], \quad[\text { array } \quad \text { containing } \quad 4 \times 1 \quad \text { matrix }]$ ); press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Michael Jacobsen
Michael Jacobsen
Numerade Educator
02:33

Problem 101

Following the steps to convert the differential equation Eq. 5.31 (for $m=1$ ) into a difference equation (for example, Eq. 5.37 for $N=4$ ), solve
\[
\frac{d u}{d x}+u=2 \cos (2 x) \quad 0 \leq x \leq 1 \quad u(0)=0
\]
for $N=4,8,$ and 16 and compare to the exact solution
\[
u_{\mathrm{exact}}=\frac{2}{5} \cos (2 x)+\frac{4}{5} \sin (2 x)-\frac{2}{5} e^{-x}
\]
Hints: Follow the rules for Excel array operations as described in Problem $5.100 .$ Only the right side of the difference equations will change, compared to the solution method of Eq. 5.31 (for example, only the right side of Eq. 5.37 needs modifying

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 102

Following the steps to convert the differential equation Eq. 5.31 (for $m=1$ ) into a difference equation (for example, Eq. 5.37 for $N=4$ ), solve
\[
\frac{d u}{d x}+u=2 x^{2}+x \quad 0 \leq x \leq 1 \quad u(0)=3
\]
for $N=4,8,$ and 16 and compare to the exact solution
\[
u_{\text {exact }}=2 x^{2}-3 x+3
\]
Hint: Follow the hints provided in Problem 5.101.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:03

Problem 103

$* \mathrm{A} 50-\mathrm{mm}$ cube of mass $M=3 \mathrm{kg}$ is sliding across an oiled surface. The oil viscosity is $\mu=0.45 \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}^{2},$ and the thickness of the oil between the cube and surface is $\delta=0.2 \mathrm{mm}$ If the initial speed of the block is $u_{0}=1 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$, use the numerical method that was applied to the linear form of Eq. 5.31 to predict the cube motion for the first second of motion. Use $N=4,8,$ and 16 and compare to the exact solution
\[
u_{\text {exact }}=u_{0} e^{-(A \mu / M \delta) t}
\]
where $A$ is the area of contact. Hint: Follow the hints provided in Problem 5.101.

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 104

Use Excel to generate the solutions of Eq. 5.31 for
$m=2,$ as shown in Fig. 5.21.

Christopher Stanley
Christopher Stanley
Numerade Educator
03:54

Problem 105

Use Excel to generate the solutions of $\mathrm{Eq} .5 .31$ for
$m=2,$ as shown in Fig. $5.21,$ except use 16 points and as many iterations as necessary to obtain reasonable convergence.

Priyanka Sadarangani
Priyanka Sadarangani
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 106

Use Excel to generate the solutions of Eq. 5.31 for
$m=-1,$ with $u(0)=3,$ using 4 and 16 points over the interval from $x=0$ to $x=3,$ with sufficient iterations, and compare to the exact solution
\[
u_{\text {exact }}=\sqrt{9-2 x}
\]
To do so, follow the steps described in "Dealing with Nonlinearity" section.

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
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Problem 107

An environmental engineer drops a pollution measuring probe with a mass of 0.3 slugs into a fast moving river (the speed of the water is $U=25$ ft/s). The equation of motion for your speed $u$ is
\[
M \frac{d u}{d t}=k(U-u)^{2}
\]
where $k=0.02$ lbf $\cdot s^{2} / f t^{2}$ is a constant indicating the drag of the water. Use Excel to generate and plot the probe speed
versus time (for the first 10 s) using the same approach as the solutions of Eq. 5.31 for $m=2,$ as shown in Fig $5.21,$ except use 16 points and as many iterations as necessary to obtain reasonable convergence. Compare your results to the exact solution
\[
u_{\mathrm{exact}}=\frac{k U^{2} t}{M+k U t}
\]
Hint: Use a substitution for $(U-u)$ so that the equation of motion looks similar to Eq. 5.31.

Victor Salazar
Victor Salazar
Numerade Educator