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Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach

Mark S. Cracolice, Edward I. Peters

Chapter 4

Introduction to Gases - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

00:43

Problem 1

What properties of gases are the result of the kinetic character of a gas? Explain.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:33

Problem 2

What is the meaning of kinetic as it is used in describing gases and molecular theory? What is kinetic energy?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:29

Problem 3

State how and explain why the pressure exerted by a gas is different from the pressure exerted by a liquid or solid.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:34

Problem 4

What causes pressure in a gas?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:02

Problem 5

What are the desirable properties of air in an air mattress used by a camper? Show which part of the ideal gas model is related to each property.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:01

Problem 6

List some properties of air that make it suitable for use in automobile tires. Explain how each property relates to the ideal gas model.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:59

Problem 7

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Pressure is exerted on the top of a tank holding a gas, as well as on its sides and bottom.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
00:41

Problem 8

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Gases with a distinctive odor can be detected some distance from their source.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:05

Problem 9

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Balloons expand in all directions when blown up, not just at the bottom as when filled with water.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:00

Problem 10

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Steam bubbles rise to the top in boiling water.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:43

Problem 11

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Even though an automobile tire is "filled" with air, more air can always be added without increasing the volume of the tire significantly.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 12

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
The density of liquid oxygen is about $1.4 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Vaporized at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 760 torr, this same $1.4 \mathrm{g}$ occupies $980 \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ an expansion of nearly 1000 times.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:32

Problem 13

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Gas bubbles always rise through a liquid and become larger as they move upward.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:40

Problem 14

Explain how the physical phenomenon described is related to one or more features of the ideal gas model.
Any container, regardless of size, will be completely filled by one gram of hydrogen.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:29

Problem 15

What does pressure measure? What does temperature measure?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:56

Problem 16

Four properties of gases may be measured. Name them.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:17

Problem 17

Explain how a manometer works.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:14

Problem 18

Explain how a barometer works.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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04:20

Problem 19

Complete the table by converting the given pressure to each of the other pressures:

Eileen Sullivan
Eileen Sullivan
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04:20

Problem 20

Complete the table by converting the given pressure to each of the other pressures:

Eileen Sullivan
Eileen Sullivan
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00:43

Problem 21

Find the pressure of the gas in the mercury manometer shown if atmospheric pressure is 747 torr.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:53

Problem 22

A mercury manometer is used to measure pressure in the container illustrated. Calculate the pressure exerted by the gas if atmospheric pressure is 752 torr.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:06

Problem 23

A student records a temperature of $-18 \mathrm{K}$ in an experiment. What is the nature of things at that temperature? What would you guess the student meant to record? What absolute temperature corresponds to the temperature the student meant to record?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:32

Problem 24

What does the term absolute zero mean? What physical condition is presumed to exist at absolute zero?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:50

Problem 25

If the temperature in the room is $31^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, what is the equivalent absolute temperature?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:47

Problem 26

perature and pressure, can often be liquefied or solidified only at very low temperatures. At a pressure of 1 atm, $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ does not condense to a liquid until $-10.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and does not freeze until $-72.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ What are the equivalent absolute temperatures?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:02

Problem 27

Hydrogen remains a gas at very low temperatures. It does not condense to a liquid until the temperature is $-253^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and it freezes shortly thereafter, at $-259^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What are the equivalent absolute temperatures?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:02

Problem 28

than $110^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ whereas most metals are solids at room temperature and have much higher boiling points. The boiling point of bromoethane, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Br},$ is $38.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the equivalent absolute temperature? The boiling point of aluminum is $2740.2 \mathrm{K}$. What is the equivalent temperature on the Celsius scale?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:56

Problem 29

Hydrogen cyanide is the deadly gas used in some execution chambers. It melts at 259 K and changes to a gas at 299 K. What are the Celsius temperatures at which hydrogen cyanide changes state?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:47

Problem 30

than $110^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ whereas most metals are solids at room temperature and have much higher boiling points. The boiling point of propanol, $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{OH},$ is $370.6 \mathrm{K}$. What is the equivalent Celsius temperature? The boiling point of nickel is $3003.2 \mathrm{K}$. What is the equivalent temperature on the Celsius scale?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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03:06

Problem 31

A variable-volume container holds 24.3 L of gas at $55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If pressure remains constant, what will the volume be if the temperature falls to $17^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shalini Tyagi
Shalini Tyagi
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01:22

Problem 32

temperature of $26^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ occupies a volume of 8.97 L.. If the gas is heated at constant pressure to a temperature of $71^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what will be the volume of the gas sample?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:52

Problem 33

A spring-loaded closure maintains constant pressure on a gas system that holds a fixed quantity of gas, but a bellows allows the volume to adjust for temperature changes. From a starting point of $1.26 \mathrm{L}$ at $19^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what Celsius temperature will cause the volume to change to 1.34 L.?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:41

Problem 34

temperature of $151^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ occupies a volume of $857 \mathrm{mL}$. If the gas is heated at constant pressure until its volume is $1.02 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{mL}$ what will be the Celsius temperature of the gas sample?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 35

If you squeeze the bulb of a dropping pipet (eye dropper) when the tip is below the surface of a liquid, bubbles appear. When you release the bulb, liquid flows into the pipct. Explain why in terms of Boyle's Law.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:49

Problem 36

Squeezing a balloon is one way to burst it. Why?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:09

Problem 37

The pressure on 648 mL. of a gas is changed from 772 torr to 695 torr. What is the volume at the new pressure?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:12

Problem 38

And a temperature of $21.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ occupies a volume of 12.9 liters. If the gas is allowed to expand at constant temperature to a volume of 22.3 liters, what will be the pressure of the gas sample (in liters)?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 39

A cylindrical gas chamber has a piston at one end that can be used to compress or expand the gas. If the gas is initially at 1.22 atm when the volume is 7.26 L. what will the pressure be if the volume is adjusted to $3.60 \mathrm{L} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:21

Problem 40

A A sample of krypton gas at a pressure of 905 torr and a temperature of $28.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ occupies a volume of $631 \mathrm{mI}$.. If the gas is allowed to expand at constant temperature until its pressure is 606 torr, what will be the volume of the gas sample (in liters)?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:59

Problem 41

The gas in a 0.7 17 -L cylinder of a diesel engine exerts a pressure of 744 torr at $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The piston suddenly compresses the gas to 48.6 atm and the temperature rises to $547^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the final volume of the gas?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:33

Problem 42

$64^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 361 torr. If the volume of the gas sample is increased to $8.99 \mathrm{L}$ while its temperature is increased to $114^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ what will be the resulting gas pressure (in torr)?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:34

Problem 43

A collapsible balloon for carrying meteorological testing instruments aloft is partly filled with 626 liters of helium, measured at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 756 torr. Assuming the volume of the balloon is free to expand or contract according to changes in pressure and temperature, what will be its volume at an altitude where the temperature is $-58^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the pressure is 0.641 atm?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:30

Problem 44

And 0.634 atm. If it is desired to increase the volume of the gas sample to 9.92 L while decreasing its pressure to 0.634 atm, what will be the temperature of the gas sample at the new volume and pressure? Answer in $^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:50

Problem 45

Why have the arbitrary conditions of STP been established? Are they realistic?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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00:45

Problem 46

What is the meaning of STP?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:35

Problem 47

If one cubic foot $-28.3 \mathrm{L}$ - of air at common room conditions of $23^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 739 torr is adjusted to $\mathrm{STP}$, what does the volume become?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 48

A sample of helium gas has a volume of $7.06 \mathrm{L}$ at $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 2.12 atm. What would be the volume of this gas sample at STP?

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
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01:30

Problem 49

An experiment is designed to yield $44.5 \mathrm{mL}$ oxygen, measured at STP. If the actual temperature is $28^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the actual pressure is 0.894 atm, what volume of oxygen will result?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
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01:03

Problem 50

A sample of krypton gas has a volume of $9.92 \mathrm{L}$ at STP. What would be the volume of this gas sample at $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 982 $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 51

What pressure (atm) will be exerted by a tank of natural gas used for home heating if its volume is $19.6 \mathrm{L}$ at $\mathrm{STP}$ and it is compressed to $6.85 \mathrm{L}$ at $24^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 52

A gas occupies 2.33 L. at STP. What pressure (torr) will this gas exert if it is expanded to 6.19 L. and warmed to $17^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 53

A container with a volume of 56.2 L holds helium at STP. The gas is compressed to $23.7 \mathrm{L}$ and 2.09 atm. To what must the temperature change $\left(^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ to satisfy the new volume and pressure?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 54

At STP, a sample of neon fills a 4.47 -l. container. The gas is transferred to a 6.05 - $L$ container, and its temperature is adjusted until the pressure is 552 torr. What is the new temperature?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
06:14

Problem 55

Distinguish precisely and in scientific terms the differences among items in each of the following groups.
a) Kinetic theory of gases, kinetic molecular theory
b) Pascal, mm Hg, torr, atmosphere, psi, bar
c) Barometer, manometer
d) Pressure, gauge pressure
e) Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, Combined Gas Law
f) Celsius and kelvin temperature scales
g) Temperature and pressure, standard temperature and pressure, STP, T.c, T $_{F: T_{K}}$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
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03:47

Problem 56

Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false:
a) The total kinetic energy of two molecules in the gas phase is the same before and after they collide with each other.
b) Gas molecules are strongly attracted to each other.
c) Gauge pressure is always greater than absolute pressure except in a vacuum.
d) For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, if volume increases, pressure decreases.
c) For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, if temperature increases, volume decreases.
I) For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, if temperature increases, pressure increases.
g) At a given temperature, the number of degrees Celsius is larger than the number of kelvins.
h) Both temperature and pressure ratios are larger than 1 when calculating the final gas volume as conditions change from STP to $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 0.834 atm.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 57

Explain how the following physical phenomenon is related to one or more of the features of the ideal gas model.
Very small dust particles, seen in a beam of light passing through a darkened room, appear to be moving about erratically.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 58

Explain how the following physical phenomenon is related to one or more of the features of the ideal gas model.
Properties of gases become less "ideal" - -the substance adopts behavior patterns not typical of gases - when subjected to very high pressures so that the individual molecules are close to each other.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 59

Explain how the following physical phenomenon is related to one or more of the features of the ideal gas model.
The volume of the air chamber of a bicycle pump is $0.26 \mathrm{L}$. The volume of a bicycle tire, including the hose between the pump and the tire, is $1.80 \mathrm{L}$. If both the tire and the air in the pump chamber begin at 743 torr, what will be the pressure in the tire after a single stroke to the pump?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 60

Explain how the following physical phenomenon is related to one or more of the features of the ideal gas model.
A $1.91-\mathrm{L}$ gas chamber contains air at 959 torr. It is connected through a closed valve to another chamber with a volume of $2.45 \mathrm{L} .$ The larger chamber is evacuated to negligible pressure. What pressure will be reached in both chambers if the valve between them is opened and the air occupies the total volume?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:10

Problem 61

A hydrogen cylinder holds gas at 3.67 atm in a laboratory where the temperature is $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. To what will the pressure change when the cylinder is placed in a storeroom where the temperature drops to $7^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
00:47

Problem 62

Air in a steel cylinder is heated from $19^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $42^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the initial pressure was 4.26 atm, what is the final pressure?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 63

A gas storage tank is designed to hold a fixed volume and quantity of gas at 1.74 atm and $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. To prevent excessive pressure due to overheating, the tank is fitted with a relief valve that opens at 2.00 atm. To what temperature $\left(^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ must the gas rise in order to open the valve?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 64

A gas in a steel cylinder shows a gauge pressure of 355 psi while sitting on a loading dock in the winter when the temperature is $-18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What pressure (psi) will the gauge show when the tank is brought inside and its contents warm up to $23^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$ The pressure inside the laboratory is 14.7 psi.

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 65

If $1.62 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ of air at $12^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 738 torr is compressed into a $0.140-m^{3}$ tank, and the temperature is raised to $28^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ while the external pressure is $14.7 \mathrm{psi}$, what pressure (psi) will show on the gauge?

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 66

The pressure gauge reads 125 psi on a $0.140-m^{3}$ compressed air tank when the gas is at $33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. To what volume will the contents of the tank expand if they are released to an atmospheric pressure of 751 torr and the temperature is $13^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shashika Bandara
Shashika Bandara
Numerade Educator
03:03

Problem 67

The compression ratio in an automobile engine is the ratio of the gas pressure at the end of the compression stroke to the pressure at the beginning. Assume that compression occurs at constant temperature. The total volume of a cylinder in a compact automobile is $350 \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ and the displacement (the reduction in volume during the compression stroke) is $309 \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. What is the compression ratio in that engine?

Sanchit Jain
Sanchit Jain
Numerade Educator