Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Gordon Betts, Peter DeSaix, Eddie Johnson

Chapter 9

Joints - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Go to this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/// childhand) to view a radiograph (X-ray image) of a child's hand and wrist. The growing bones of child have an epiphyseal plate that forms a synchondrosis between the shaft and end of a long bone. Being less dense than bone, the area of epiphyseal cartilage is seen on this radiograph as the dark epiphyseal gaps located near the ends of the long bones, including the radius, ulna, metacarpal, and phalanx bones. Which of the bones in this image do not show an epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal gap)?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ synjoints) to see an animation of synovial joints in action. Synovial joints are places where bones articulate with each other inside of a joint cavity. The different types of synovial joints are the ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint), hinge joint (knee), pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck), condyloid joint (radiocarpal joint of the wrist), saddle joint (first carpometacarpal joint, between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone, at the base of the thumb), and plane joint (facet joints of vertebral column, between superior and inferior articular processes). Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest ranges of motion?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/gout) to read about a patient who arrives at the hospital with joint pain and weakness in his legs. What caused this patient's weakness?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/// hipreplace) to observe hip replacement surgery (total hip arthroplasty), which can be used to alleviate the pain and loss of joint mobility associated with osteoarthritis of the hip joint. What is the most common cause of hip disability?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ rheuarthritis) to learn about the symptoms and treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Which system of the body malfunctions in rheumatoid arthritis and what does this cause?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org// anatomical) to learn about anatomical motions. What motions involve increasing or decreasing the angle of the foot at the ankle?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org//TMJ) to learn about TMJ. Opening of the mouth requires the combination of two motions at the temporomandibular joint, an anterior gliding motion of the articular disc and mandible and the downward hinging of the mandible. What is the initial movement of the mandible during opening and how much mouth opening does this produce?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ shoulderjoint1) for a tutorial on the anatomy of the shoulder joint. What movements are available at the shoulder joint?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// shoulderjoint2) to learn about the anatomy of the shoulder joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. What is the shape of the glenoid labrum in crosssection, and what is the importance of this shape?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ elbowjoint1) to learn more about the anatomy of the elbow joint. What structures provide the main stability for the elbow?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// elbowjoint2) to learn more about the anatomy of the elbow joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. What are the functions of the articular cartilage?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l hipjoint 1 ) for a tutorial on the anatomy of the hip joint. What is a possible consequence following a fracture of the femoral neck within the capsule of the hip joint?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ hipjoint2) to learn more about the anatomy of the hip joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Where is the articular cartilage thickest within the hip joint?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ flexext) to learn more about the flexion and extension of the knee, as the femur both rolls and glides on the tibia to maintain stable contact between the bones in all knee positions. The patella glides along a groove on the anterior side of the distal femur. The collateral ligaments on the sides of the knee become tight in the fully extended position to help stabilize the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament supports the knee when flexed and the anterior cruciate ligament becomes tight when the knee comes into full extension to resist hyperextension. What are the ligaments that support the knee joint?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ kneejoint1) to learn more about the anatomy of the knee joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Which ligament of the knee keeps the tibia from sliding too far forward in relation to the femur and which ligament keeps the tibia from sliding too far backward?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ kneeinjury) to learn more about different knee injuries and diagnostic testing of the knee. What are the most causes of anterior cruciate ligament injury?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// anklejoint1) for a tutorial on the anatomy of the ankle joint. What are the three ligaments found on the lateral side of the ankle joint?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// anklejoint2) to learn more about the anatomy of the ankle joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The ankle joint resembles what type of joint used in woodworking?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/// anklejoint3) to learn about the ligaments of the ankle joint, ankle sprains, and treatment. During an inversion ankle sprain injury, all three ligaments that resist excessive inversion of the foot may be injured. What is the sequence in which these three ligaments are injured?

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

The joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an invertebral disc is classified as which type of joint?
a. diarthrosis
b. multiaxial
c. amphiarthrosis
d. synarthrosis

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis?
a. the pubic symphysis
b. the manubriosternal joint
C. an invertebral disc
d. the shoulder joint

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis?
a. the metacarpophalangeal joint
b. the hip joint
c. the elbow joint
d. the pubic symphysis

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Synovial joints ________.
a. may be functionally classified as a synarthrosis
b. are joints where the bones are connected to each other by hyaline cartilage
c. may be functionally classified as a amphiarthrosis
d. are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Which type of fibrous joint connects the tibia and fibula?
a. syndesmosis
b. symphysis
c. suture
d. gomphosis

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

An example of a wide fibrous joint is ________.
a. the interosseous membrane of the forearm
b. a gomphosis
c. a suture joint
d. a synostosis

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

A gomphosis ________.
a. is formed by an interosseous membrane
b. connects the tibia and fibula bones of the leg
c. contains a joint cavity
d. anchors a tooth to the jaw

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

A syndesmosis is ________.
a. a narrow fibrous joint
b. the type of joint that unites bones of the skull
c. a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones
d. the type of joint that anchors the teeth in the jaws

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

A cartilaginous joint ________.
a. has a joint cavity
b. is called a symphysis when the bones are united by fibrocartilage
c. anchors the teeth to the jaws
d. is formed by a wide sheet of fibrous connective

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

A synchondrosis is ________.
a. found at the pubic symphysis
b. where bones are connected together with fibrocartilage
c. a type of fibrous joint
d. found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Which of the following are joined by a symphysis?
a. adjacent vertebrae
b. the first rib and the sternum
c. the end and shaft of a long bone
d. the radius and ulna bones

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a ________.
a. synchondrosis
b. synostosis
c. symphysis
d. syndesmosis

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?
a. ball-and-socket
b. hinge
c. condyloid
d. plane

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement?
a. saddle joint
b. hinge joint
c. condyloid joint
d. ball-and-socket joint

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

A bursa ________.
a. surrounds a tendon at the point where the tendon crosses a joint
b. secretes the lubricating fluid for a synovial joint
c. prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone
d. is the strong band of connective tissue that holds bones together at a synovial joint

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

At synovial joints, ________.
a. the articulating ends of the bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue
b. the ends of the bones are enclosed within a space called a subcutaneous bursa
c. intrinsic ligaments are located entirely inside of the articular capsule
d. the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

At synovial joints, ________.
a. the articulating ends of the bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue
b. the ends of the bones are enclosed within a space called a subcutaneous bursa
c. intrinsic ligaments are located entirely inside of the articular capsule
d. the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane ________.
a. forms the fibrous connective walls of the joint cavity
b. is the layer of cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones
c. forms the intracapsular ligaments
d. secretes the lubricating synovial fluid

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Condyloid joints ________.
a. are a type of ball-and-socket joint
b. include the radiocarpal joint
c. are a uniaxial diarthrosis joint
d. are found at the proximal radioulnar joint

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

A meniscus is ________.
a. a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones
b. a fluid-filled space that prevents friction between a muscle tendon and underlying bone
c. the articular cartilage that covers the ends of a bone at a synovial joint
d. the lubricating fluid within a synovial joint

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement?
a. lateral flexion
b. circumduction
c. dorsiflexion
d. abduction

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body?
a. elevation
b. dorsiflexion
c. eversion
d. plantar flexion

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion?
a. rotation
b. elevation
c. abduction
d. circumduction

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Supination is the motion that moves the ________.
a. hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position
b. foot so that the bottom of the foot faces the midline of the body
c. hand from the palm forward position to the palm backward position
d. scapula in an upward direction

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called ________.
a. elevation
b. eversion
c. abduction
d. lateral rotation

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

The primary support for the glenohumeral joint is provided by the ________.
a. coracohumeral ligament
b. glenoid labrum
c. rotator cuff muscles
d. subacromial bursa

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

The proximal radioulnar joint ________.
a. is supported by the annular ligament
b. contains an articular disc that strongly unites the bones
c. is supported by the ulnar collateral ligament
d. is a hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

Which statement is true concerning the knee joint?
a. The lateral meniscus is an intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the knee joint.
b. Hyperextension is resisted by the posterior cruciate ligament.
C. The anterior cruciate ligament supports the knee when it is flexed and weight bearing.
d. The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

The ankle joint ________.
a. is also called the subtalar joint
b. allows for gliding movements that produce inversion/eversion of the foot
c. is a uniaxial hinge joint
d. is supported by the tibial collateral ligament on the lateral side

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion for rotation?
a. cervical
b. thoracic
C. lumbar
d. sacral

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Intramembranous ossification ________.
a. gives rise to the bones of the limbs
b. produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull
c. produces the bones of the face and base of the skull
d. involves the conversion of a hyaline cartilage model into bone

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Synovial joints ________.
a. are derived from fontanelles
b. are produced by intramembranous ossification
c. develop at an interzone site
d. are produced by endochondral ossification

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

Endochondral ossification is ________.
a. the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue
b. the process by which mesenchyme differentiates directly into bone tissue
c. completed before birth
d. the process that gives rise to the joint interzone and future joint cavity

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

Define how joints are classified based on function. Describe and give an example for each functional type of joint.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Explain the reasons for why joints differ in their degree of mobility.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Distinguish between a narrow and wide fibrous joint and give an example of each.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

The periodontal ligaments are made of collagen fibers and are responsible for connecting the roots of the teeth to the jaws. Describe how scurvy, a disease that inhibits collagen production, can affect the teeth.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

Describe the two types of cartilaginous joints and give examples of each.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Both functional and structural classifications can be used to describe an individual joint. Define the first sternocostal joint and the pubic symphysis using both functional and structural characteristics.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

Describe the characteristic structures found at all synovial joints.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Describe the structures that provide direct and indirect support for a synovial joint.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

Briefly define the types of joint movements available at a ball-and-socket joint.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

Discuss the joints involved and movements required for you to cross your arms together in front of your chest.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

Discuss the structures that contribute to support of the shoulder joint.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

Describe the sequence of injuries that may occur if the extended, weight-bearing knee receives a very strong blow to the lateral side of the knee.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Describe how synovial joints develop within the embryonic limb.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Differentiate between endochondral and intramembranous ossification.

Alexander Burbelo

Alexander Burbelo

Numerade Educator