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An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Janet Holmes, Nick Wilson

Chapter 3

Language maintenance and shift - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

03:35

Problem 1

(a) If you have a friend or acquaintance who belongs to a different ethnic group from you with a distinct language, they may be willing to share their family history with you. It is very important to be polite and not to put any pressure on someone who is reluctant, however. They may have good reason to feel unwilling to share experiences which may have been painful.
If they are willing to talk to you, find out whether they migrated to the country you both now live in, or whether their parents or grandparents did so. If so, when did they arrive, and why did they come? Try to trace the language history of each generation. What languages do their grandparents/parents/brothers and sisters speak in different domains? Does your friend still speak their ethnic language? If so, who to and in what contexts?
(b) People are often unaware of the range of ethnic groups living in their area. How could you find out how many ethnic groups there are in the area where you live?
(c) Walk down the main street of your city, town or village and photograph and/or write down all the material which you think contributes to the linguistic landscape. You should take note of everything visual which has the goal of communication. Note where it occurs, its size and colour, and any other relevant features. What clues distinguish between an "official" sign and an unofficial or informal sign? Who do you think are the intended addressees of the official signs compared to the unofficial signs?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator

Problem 2

There are migrant communities in many countries: e.g. Irish and Welsh communities in Argentina, Portuguese Africans, and Germans in South Africa. Choose a country which you know very little about and see what you can discover about the pattern of language maintenance and shift for one migrant community in the country.

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01:13

Problem 3

(a) Assuming the direction of shift had remained constant, add another two rows of speakers ( $\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{I}$ ) to table $\mathbf{3 . 1}$ predicting a possible pattern of language use for two ten-year-olds in Oberwart for columns 1-6.
(b) This first section has shown how the patterns of use of a minority language shift over time. In which domains might a minority language group realistically hope to maintain their language?

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Using this resource as a starting point, consider how the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has impacted endangered languages:
www.nytimes.com/2021/01/24/opinion/covid-lakota-language.html.

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Problem 5

(a) What is the difference between language shift and language death?
(b) When language shift occurs in a diglossia situation, $\mathrm{H}$ sometimes displaces $\mathrm{L}$, while in other contexts $\mathrm{L}$ displaces $\mathrm{H}$. Can you think of examples of each of these processes?

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Problem 6

What would you predict as the effect of intermarriage on language maintenance and shift? If, in England, an English-speaking woman marries a Gujarati-speaking man, for instance, which language will they use to their children?

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Problem 7

(a) Why do you think people might want to maintain their language when they move to a new country?
(b) Make a list of the factors which seem to contribute to language maintenance as opposed to those which favour language shift.

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02:34

Problem 8

Imagine you have moved to another country where your mother tongue is not used and you want to teach it to your children. What strategies could you use to encourage them to want to understand and use your language?

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 9

List the different kinds of institutional support which can be sought by a community of people who want to maintain their minority language within a society where English is the language of the majority. Provide an example of each.

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 10

Exercise 1 (c) introduced the idea of a linguistic landscape.
What kind of information can a study of language in the public domain or the linguistic landscape provide about the vitality of a minority linguistic community?

Alexa Moschella
Alexa Moschella
Numerade Educator
00:20

Problem 11

The scales introduced in chapter 1 provide a useful framework for considering the different factors which lead to language maintenance or language shift in different contexts. Consider one minority group situation that is familiar to you.
(a) What is the status of the minority group compared to the majority group?
(b) Which is the language of solidarity for the group and which language expresses social distance or formality?
(c) How formal are the different situations each language is used in?
(d) Which language expresses referential meaning most satisfactorily and most frequently, and which expresses social or affective meaning most often?
(e) Which patterns are likely to result in language maintenance and which in language shift?

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
04:07

Problem 12

Figure 3.1 provides a useful way of analysing the relationship between linguistic and nonlinguistic factors in relation to language maintenance and shift. Consider how each of the factors in the wheel is relevant in favouring or inhibiting language shift in relation to a minority language in your country.
Figure 3.1 Dimensions for analysing language maintenance and shift (FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Chris Trentman
Chris Trentman
Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Yoruba, the language of people living in the state of Lagos in Nigeria, West Africa, is increasingly threatened by the spread of English. In November 2006, Chief Olusoji Smith led a group of tribal elders who recommended that Yoruba be made compulsory as an admission criterion into tertiary institutions. How much of a contribution do you think this will make to encouraging parents to use Yoruba in the home?

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00:47

Problem 14

Can you think of any factors which may contribute to language shift which have not been discussed in detail in this chapter?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Bilingual education has been discussed in this chapter mainly as a means of maintaining or reviving the language of a minority community under threat from a more dominant language. But there are other benefits of bilingualism. Can you think of three additional reasons why parents might wish their children to be bilingual?

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