Chemistry

Kenneth W Whitten

Chapter 20

lonic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The solubility product constant values listed in Appendix $\mathrm{H}$ were determined at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How would those $K_{\mathrm{sp}}$ values change, if at all, with a change in temperature?

JF

Jon French

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

State the solubility product principle. What is its significance?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Why do we not include a term for the solid in a solubility product expression?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

What do we mean when we refer to the molar solubility of a compound?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Write the solubility product expression for each of the following salts: (a) $\mathrm{MgF}_{2}$, (b) $\mathrm{AlPO}_{4}$, (c) $\mathrm{CuCO}_{3}$, (d) $\mathrm{Ag}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$.

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Write the solubility product expression for each of the following salts: (a) $\mathrm{Mn}_{3}\left(\mathrm{AsO}_{4}\right)_{2}$, (b) $\mathrm{Hg}_{2} \mathrm{I}_{2}$ [contains mercury(I) ions, $\left.\mathrm{Hg}_{2}{ }^{2+}\right]$, (c) $\mathrm{AuI}_{3}$ (d) $\mathrm{SrCO}_{3}$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

The $K_{\text {sp }}$ value for $\mathrm{BaSO}_{4}$ is calculated from the expression $K_{\text {sp }}=\left[\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}\right]\left[\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\right]$, whereas the $K_{\text {sp }}$ value for $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ is calculated from the expression, $K_{\mathrm{sp}}=$ $\left[\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\right]\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]^{2} .$ Explain why the hydroxide ion concentration is squared, but none of the other concentrations is squared.

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

From the solubility data given for the following compounds, calculate their solubility product constants.
(a) $\mathrm{SrCrO}_{4}$, strontium chromate, $1.2 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$
(b) $\mathrm{BiI}_{3}$, bismuth iodide, $7.7 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(c) $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$, iron(II) hydroxide, $1.1 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(d) $\mathrm{SnI}_{2}$, tin(II) iodide, $10.9 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

From the solubility data given for the following compounds, calculate their solubility product constants.
(a) CuBr, copper(I) bromide, $1.0 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(b) AgI, silver iodide, $2.8 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~g} / 10 \mathrm{~mL}$
(c) $\mathrm{Pb}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$, lead(II) phosphate, $6.2 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}$
(d) $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$, silver sulfate, $5.0 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}$

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Construct a table like Table $20-1$ for the compounds listed in Exercise 8 . Which compound has (a) the highest molar solubility, (b) the lowest molar solubility, (c) the largest $K_{\text {sp }}$,
(d) the smallest $K_{\text {sn }}$ ?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Construct a table like Table $20-1$ for the compounds listed in Exercise $9 .$ Which compound has (a) the highest molar solubility, (b) the lowest molar solubility, (c) the largest $K_{\text {sp }}$ (d) the smallest $K_{\text {sp }}$ ?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

A solution is produced by stirring 1 gram of calcium fluoride in $1.00$ liter of water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Careful analysis shows that $0.0163$ grams of calcium fluoride has dissolved. Calculate the $K_{\mathrm{sp}}$ for calcium fluoride based on these data.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Calculate the $K_{\mathrm{sp}}$ for zinc phosphate if $1.18 \times 10^{-4}$ grams of zinc phosphate dissolved to make $2.5$ liters of a saturated solution.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Sea shells are calcium carbonate with traces of colored impurities. The solubility product for calcium carbonate is $4.8 \times 10^{-9}$. What is the solubility of calcium carbonate in grams per liter of solution?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Calculate molar solubilities, concentrations of constituent ions, and solubilities in grams per liter for the following compounds at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ :
(a) $\mathrm{Cd}(\mathrm{CN})_{2}$, cadmium cyanide;
(b) $\mathrm{PbI}_{2}$, lead iodide;
(c) $\mathrm{Sr}_{3}\left(\mathrm{AsO}_{4}\right)_{2}$, strontium arsenate;
(d) $\mathrm{Hg}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, mercury $(\mathrm{I})$ carbonate [the formula for the mercury(I) ion is $\left.\mathrm{Hg}_{2}{ }^{2+}\right]$.

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Calculate molar solubilities, concentrations of constituent ions, and solubilities in grams per liter for the following compounds at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}:$ (a) $\mathrm{CuCl}$, copper $(\mathrm{I})$ chloride:
(b) $\mathrm{Ba}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$, barium phosphate; (c) $\mathrm{PbF}_{2}$, lead(II) fluoride;
(d) $\mathrm{Sr}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$, strontium phosphate.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

What is the concentration of lead ions in one liter of saturated $\mathrm{PbCrO}_{4}$ solution?

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Barium sulfate is used to produce distinct X-rays of the gastrointestinal tract. What is the maximum mass of barium sulfate that can dissolve in $5.00$ liters of water, a volume much greater than the volume of the average gastrointestinal tract?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Calculate the molar solubility of $\mathrm{CuBr}$ in $0.010 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KBr}$ solution.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Calculate the molar solubility of $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ in $0.12 \mathrm{MK}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ solution.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Construct a table similar to Table $20-1$ for the compounds listed in Exercise 15 . Which compound has (a) the highest molar solubility; (b) the lowest molar solubility; (c) the highest solubility, expressed in grams per liter; (d) the lowest solubility, expressed in grams per liter?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Construct a table similar to Table $20-1$ for the compounds listed in Exercise $16 .$ Which compound has (a) the highest molar solubility; (b) the lowest molar solubility; (c) the highest solubility, expressed in grams per liter; (d) the lowest solubility, expressed in grams per liter?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Of the three compounds $\mathrm{CuCO}_{3}, \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$, and $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}$, which has (a) the highest molar solubility; (b) the lowest molar solubility; (c) the highest solubility, expressed in grams per liter; and (d) the lowest solubility, expressed in grams per liter?

Anand Jangid

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Of the three compounds, $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}, \mathrm{AgCl}$, and $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$,
which has (a) the highest molar solubility; (b) the lowest molar solubility; (c) the highest solubility, expressed in grams per liter; and (d) the lowest solubility, expressed in grams per liter?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

What volume of water is required to dissolve $8.5$ grams of copper(II) carbonate, $\mathrm{CuCO}_{3}$ ?

Nicholas Mogoi

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Which has the greater molar solubility in $0.125 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}$ solution: $\mathrm{BaCrO}_{4}$ or $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4} ?$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Will a precipitate form when $1.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{AgNO}_{3}$ is added to $50.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.050 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}$ ? If so, would you expect the precipitate to be visible?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Will a precipitate of $\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}$ form when $5.0 \mathrm{~g}$ of solid $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of $0.010 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}$ ? Assume
that volume change is negligible.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

Sodium bromide and lead nitrate are soluble in water. Will lead bromide precipitate when $1.03 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{NaBr}$ and $0.332 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ are dissolved in sufficient water to make $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of solution?

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Will a precipitate of $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ form when $10.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.010 \mathrm{MNaOH}$ is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of $0.010 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{CuCl}_{2} ?$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

A solution is $0.0100 M$ in $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ ions. If $0.103 \mathrm{~mol}$ of solid $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of this solution (with negligible volume change), what percentage of the $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ ions remain in solution?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

A solution is $0.0100 M$ in $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ ions. If $0.103 \mathrm{~mol}$ of solid NaI is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of this solution (with negligible volume change), what percentage of the $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ ions remain in solution?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

A solution is $0.0100 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$. If $0.103 \mathrm{~mol}$ of solid $\mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$ is added to $1.00 \mathrm{~L}$ of this solution (with negligible volume change), what percentage of the $\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}$ ions remain in solution?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

What is fractional precipitation?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Solid $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ is added slowly to a solution that is $0.10 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ and $0.10 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$. In what order will solid $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{BaSO}_{4}$ form? Calculate the percentage of $\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}$ that precipitates just before $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$ begins to precipitate.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

To a solution that is $0.010 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Cu}^{+}, 0.010 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$, and $0.010 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Au}^{+}$, solid $\mathrm{NaBr}$ is added slowly. Assume that there is no volume change due to the addition of solid NaBr. (a) Which compound will begin to precipitate first?
(b) Calculate $\left[\mathrm{Au}^{+}\right]$ when $\mathrm{AgBr}$ just begins to precipitate. What percentage of the $\mathrm{Au}^{+}$ has precipitated at this point?
(c) Calculate $\left[\mathrm{Au}^{+}\right]$ and $\left[\mathrm{Ag}^{+}\right]$ when $\mathrm{CuBr}$ just begins to precipitate.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

A solution is $0.015 M$ in $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ and $0.015 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$. As $\mathrm{Cl}$ is introduced to the solution by the addition of solid $\mathrm{NaCl}$, determine (a) which substance will precipitate first, $\mathrm{AgCl}$ or $\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}$, and (b) the fraction of the metal ion in the first precipitate that remains in solution at the moment the precipitation of the second compound begins.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

A solution is $0.050 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ and $0.050 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}$. A
solution of $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ is added slowly without changing the volume appreciably. (a) Which salt, $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$ or $\mathrm{PbCrO}_{4}$, will precipitate first? (b) What is $\left[\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}\right]$ when the salt in part (a) begins to precipitate? (c) What is $\left[\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}\right]$ when the other lead salt begins to precipitate? (d) What are $\left[\mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}\right]$ and $\left[\mathrm{CrO}_{4}^{2-}\right]$ when the lead salt in part (c) begins to precipitate?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Solid $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ is added slowly to a solution that is $0.015 M$ each in $\mathrm{NaOH}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, and $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$. (a) In what
order will solid $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}, \mathrm{PbCO}_{3}$, and $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$ begin to precipitate? (b) Calculate the percentages of $\mathrm{OH}^{-}$ and $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2}$ that have precipitated when $\mathrm{PbSO}_{4}$ begins to precipitate.

Kratika Bhadauria

Kratika Bhadauria

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Suppose you have three beakers that contain, respectively, $100 \mathrm{~mL}$ of each of the following solutions: (i) $0.0015 \mathrm{M}$ $\mathrm{KOH}$, (ii) $0.0015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, (iii) $0.0015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCN}$.
(a) If solid zinc nitrate, $\mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$, were added slowly to each beaker, what concentration of $\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}$ would be required to initiate precipitation? (b) If solid zinc nitrate were added to each beaker until $\left[\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\right]=0.0015 M$, what concentrations of $\mathrm{OH}^{-}, \mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}$, and $\mathrm{CN}^{-}$ would remain in solution, that is, unprecipitated? Neglect any volume change when solid is added.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Suppose you have three beakers that contain, respectively, $100 \mathrm{~mL}$ each of the following solutions: (i) $0.0015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KOH}$,
(ii) $0.0015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$, (iii) $0.0015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KI}$.
(a) If solid lead nitrate, $\mathrm{Pb}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$, were added slowly to each beaker, what concentration of $\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ would be required to initiate precipitation? (b) If solid lead nitrate were added to each beaker until $\left[\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}\right]=0.0015 M$, what concentrations of $\mathrm{OH}^{-}$, $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$, and $\mathrm{I}^{-}$ would remain in solution, that is, unprecipitated? Neglect any volume change when solid is added.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

If a solution is made $0.080 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}, 0.075 \mathrm{M}$ in aqueous ammonia, and $3.5 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}$, will $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ precipitate? What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of this solution?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

If a solution is made $0.090 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}, 0.090 \mathrm{M}$ in aqueous ammonia, and $0.080 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}$, will $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ precipitate? What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of this solution?

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Calculate the solubility of $\mathrm{CaF}_{2}$ in a solution that is buffered at $\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=0.0050 M$ with $[\mathrm{HF}]=0.10 M$.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Calculate the solubility of AgCN in a solution that is buffered at $\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=0.000200 M$, with $[\mathrm{HCN}]=0.01 M$.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

If a solution is $2.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ and $1.0 \times 10^{-3}$
$M$ in aqueous ammonia, will $\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ precipitate?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

If a solution is $0.040 M$ in manganese(II) nitrate, $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$, and $0.080 M$ in aqueous ammonia, will manganese(II) hydroxide, $\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$, precipitate?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Milk of magnesia is a suspension of the slightly soluble compound $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ in water. (a) What is the molar solubility of $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ in a $0.015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}$ solution? (b) What is the molar solubility of $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ in a $0.015 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{MgCl}_{2}$ solution?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

How many moles of $\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}$ will dissolve in $555 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a solution with a $\mathrm{pH}$ of $5.00$ ?

Sima Sarker

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Determine whether a precipitate forms when a $0.00050 M$ solution of magnesium nitrate is brought to a pH of $8.70$.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

What concentration of $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}$ is necessary to prevent precipitation of $\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ in the solution of Exercise $47 ?$

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

(a) What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of a saturated solution of $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ ?
(b) What is the solubility in grams of $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} / 100 . \mathrm{mL}$ of solution?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

(a) What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of a saturated solution of $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} ?$
(b) What is the solubility in grams of $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} / 100 . \mathrm{mL}$ of solution?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Explain, by writing appropriate equations, how the following insoluble compounds can be dissolved by the addition of a solution of nitric acid. (Carbonates dissolve in strong acids to form water and gaseous carbon dioxide.) What is the "driving force" for each reaction? (a) $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$,
(b) $\mathrm{Sn}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}$, (c) $\mathrm{ZnCO}_{3}$,
(d) $(\mathrm{PbOH})_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Explain, by writing equations, how the following insoluble compounds can be dissolved by the addition of a solution of ammonium nitrate or ammonium chloride.
(a) $\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$,
(b) $\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$,
(c) $\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$

Anand Jangid

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

The following insoluble sulfides can be dissolved in $3 M$ hydrochloric acid. Explain how this is possible, and write the appropriate equations. (a) $\mathrm{MnS},(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{CuS}$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

The following sulfides are less soluble than those listed in Exercise 56 and can be dissolved in hot $6 M$ nitric acid, an oxidizing acid. Explain how, and write the appropriate balanced equations. (a) $\mathrm{PbS}$, (b) $\mathrm{CuS}$, (c) $\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}$ Why would $\mathrm{MnS}$ be expected to be more soluble in

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Why would $\mathrm{MnS}$ be expected to be more soluble in $0.10 M \mathrm{HCl}$ solution than in water? Would the same be true for $\mathrm{Mn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2} ?$

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

For each pair, choose the salt that would be expected to be more soluble in acidic solution than in pure water, and justify your choice: (a) $\mathrm{Hg}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}$ or $\mathrm{Hg}_{2} \mathrm{Br}_{2}$, (b) $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ or $\mathrm{PbI}_{2}$, (c) $\mathrm{AgI}$ or $\mathrm{AgNO}_{2}$.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

We mix $25.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a $0.0030 \mathrm{M}$ solution of $\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}$ and $50.0 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a $0.050 \mathrm{M}$ solution of $\mathrm{NaF}$. (a) Find $\left[\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}\right]$ and $\left[\mathrm{F}^{-}\right]$ in the mixed solution at the instant of mixing (before anv possible reaction occurs). (b) Would $\mathrm{BaF}_{2}$ precipitate?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

A concentrated, strong acid is added to a solid mixture of $0.015-\mathrm{mol}$ samples of $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ placed in $1.0 \mathrm{~L}$ of water. At what values of $\mathrm{pH}$ will the dissolution of each hydroxide be complete? (Assume negligible volume change.)

Kratika Bhadauria

Kratika Bhadauria

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

A solution is $0.015 M$ in $\mathrm{I}^{-}$ ions and $0.015 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Br}^{-}$ ions. $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$ ions are introduced to the solution by the addition of solid $\mathrm{AgNO}_{3}$. Determine (a) which compound will precipitate first, AgI or $\mathrm{AgBr}$, and (b) the percentage of the halide ion in the first precipitate that is removed from solution before the precipitation of the second compound begins.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

Calculate the molar solubility of $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(\mathrm{a})$ in pure water, (b) in $0.010 \mathrm{MAgNO}_{3}$, and (c) in $0.010 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

Suppose there was a deposit of gold(I) chloride in a river bed. What minimum volume of water, at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, would be required to dissolve $1.0$ gram of gold ions? Assume sufficient contact time for the water to become saturated with $\mathrm{AuCl}$.

Narayan Hari

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

(a) Are "insoluble" substances really insoluble?
(b) What do we mean when we refer to insoluble substances?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Solubility product calculations are actually based on heterogeneous equilibria. Why are pure solids and liquids exempted from these calculations?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Draw a picture of a portion of a saturated silver chloride solution at the molecular level. Show a small amount of solid plus some dissociated ions. You need not show water or waters of hydration. Prepare a second drawing that includes the same volume of solution but twice as much solid. Should your drawing include more, fewer, or the same number of silver ions?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

A The solubility product constants of silver chloride, $\mathrm{AgCl}$, and silver chromate, $\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}$, are $1.8 \times 10^{-10}$ and $9.0 \times 10^{-12}$, respectively. Suppose that the chloride, $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(\mathrm{aq})$ and chromate, $\mathrm{CrO}_{4}{ }^{2-}(\mathrm{aq})$, ions are both present in the same solution at concentrations of $0.010 \mathrm{M}$ each. A standard solution of silver ions, $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(\mathrm{aq})$, is dispensed slowly from a buret into this solution while it is stirred vigorously. Solid silver chloride is white, and silver chromate is red. What will be the concentration of $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(\mathrm{aq})$ ions in the mixture when the first tint of red color appears in the mixture?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

How many moles of $\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}$ must be added to $0.50$ liter of a $0.10 \mathrm{MSr}^{2+}$ solution to produce a solution that is $1.0 \times 10^{-6} M \mathrm{Sr}^{2+} ?$ How many moles of $\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}$ are in the
final solution, and how many moles of $\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}$ are in the precipitate formed? Assume no volume change for the solution.

Kratika Bhadauria

Kratika Bhadauria

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

A fluoridated water supply contains $1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of $\mathrm{F}^{-}$. What is the maximum amount of $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$, expressed in grams per liter, that can exist in this water supply?

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

Many industrial operations require very large amounts of water as a coolant in heat exchange processes. Muddy on cloudy water is usually unsatisfactory because the dispersed solids may clog filters or deposit sediment in pipes and pumps. Murky water can be clarified on a large scale by adding agents to coagulate colloidal material, and then allowing the precipitate to settle out in holding tanks or ponds before the clarified water is sent to plant intakes. Recent methods employ the addition of both calcium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate. If $56 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ and $45 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{MgCO}_{3}$ were added to $520 .$ liters of water, would these compounds form a precipitate of calcium carbonate?

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

Magnesium carbonate is used in the manufacture of a highdensity magnesite brick. This material is not well suited to general exterior use because the magnesium carbonate easily erodes. What percentage of 28 grams of surface-exposed $\mathrm{MgCO}_{3}$ would be lost through the solvent action of 15 liters of water? Assume sufficient contact time for the water to become saturated with $\mathrm{MgCO}_{3}$.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

Search the web for an application of a relatively insoluble salt as a soil additive.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

Use the Handbook of Cbemistry and Pbysics or other suitable reference to find solubility data for inorganic compounds. What are some qualitative rules that relate to solubilities?

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

Use the Handbook of Cbemistry and Pbysics or other suitable reference to find a solubility chart of inorganic compounds. List five nickel salts that are listed as being insoluble in water but soluble in acid. Write the net ionic equation for the dissolution of each salt in a strong acid.

Adriano Chikande

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator