Biology for AP Courses

Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht

Chapter 11

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

How many and what type of daughter cells does meiosis produce?
a. four haploid
b. four diploid
c. two haploid
d. two diploid

Rikhil Makwana

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

What structure is most important in forming the tetrads?
a. centromere
b. chiasmata
c. kinetochore
d. Synaptonemal complex

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other?
a. anaphase I
b. anaphase II
c. prophase I
d. prophase II

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures?
a. chiasmata
b. kinetochores
c. microtubules
d. recombination nodules

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

What phase(s) of mitotic interphase is missing from meiotic interkinesis?
a. $\mathrm{G}_{0}$ phase
b. $\mathrm{G}_{1}$ phase
c. $\mathrm{G}_{2}$ phase
d. $\mathrm{S}$-phase

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

What part of meiosis is most similar to mitosis?
a. reduction division
b. interkinesis
c. meiosis I
d. meiosis II

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Which of the following is not true during crossing over?
a. Chiasmata are formed.
b. Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material.
c. Recombination nodules mediate cross over events.
d. Spindle microtubules guide the movement of chromosomal material.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

During which phase does the second round of genetic variation occur during meiosis?
a. anaphase I
b. metaphase I
c. prophase II
d. Genetic variation only occurs during prophase I.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and a diploid multicellular stage?
a. alternation of generations
b. asexual
c. diploid-dominant
d. haploid-dominant

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

What is a source of variation in asexual reproduction?
a. crossing over of chromosomes
b. mutation of DNA
c. random assortment of chromosomes
d. There is no variation in asexual reproduction.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
a. Sexual reproduction involves fewer steps.
b. Sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring.
c. Sexual reproduction is more metabolically efficient.
d. Sexual reproduction uses up fewer resources in a given environment.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction over asexual forms of reproduction?
a. Half the population is capable of carrying offspring.
b. Identical offspring are not produced.
c. Adaptation to rapidly changing environments is more difficult.
d. Mutation rates are slower.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Fungi typically display which type of life cycle?
a. alternation of generations
b. asexual
c. diploid-dominant
d. haploid-dominant

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

What is a haploid cell produced in a diploid-dominant organism by meiosis called?
a. gamete
b. gametophyte
c. spore
d. sporophyte

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Describe what happens to the tetrads after they form.
a. Prophase I of meiosis forms the tetrads. They line up at the midway point between the two poles of the cell to form the metaphase plate. There is equal chance of a microtubule fiber to encounter a maternally or a paternally inherited chromosome. Orientation of each tetrad is independent of the orientation of other tetrads.
b. Prophase II of meiosis forms the tetrads. They line up at the midway point between the two poles of the cell to form the metaphase plate. There is equal chance of microtubule fiber to encounter maternally or paternally inherited chromosome. Orientation of each tetrad is independent of the orientation of other tetrads.
c. Prophase I of mitosis forms the tetrads. They line up at the midway between the two poles of
the cell to form the metaphase plate. There is equal chance of a microtubule fiber to encounter a maternally or a paternally inherited chromosome. Orientation of each tetrad is independent of the orientation of other tetrads.
d. Prophase I of meiosis forms the tetrads. They line up at the midway between the two poles of the cell to form the metaphase plate. There is a chance of microtubule fiber to encounter maternally inherited chromosome. Orientation of each tetrad is independent of the orientation of other tetrads.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Which of the following distinguishes metaphase I from metaphase II?
a. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Metaphase II has a single line of chromosomes on the spindle. A Pair of chromosomes is pulled apart and migrate towards pole in anaphase I, while in anaphase II sister chromatids separate. Telophase I reconstitutes the nucleus and loosen the chromosomes, while telophase II mimics telophase I.
b. Prophase I condenses the chromosomes and eliminates the nuclear membrane. The microtubules arrange in a spindle. Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Metaphase II has a single line of chromosomes on the spindle. Pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart and migrate towards the poles during anaphase I, while in anaphase II sister chromatids separate. Telophase I reconstitutes the nucleus and condenses the chromosomes, while telophase II mimics telophase I.
c. Prophase I condense the chromosomes and add nuclear membrane. The microtubules arrange in
a spindle. Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Metaphase II has a single line of chromosomes on the spindle. Pair of chromosomes are pulled apart and migrate towards the poles in anaphase I, while in anaphase II sister chromatids separate. Telophase I reconstitutes the nucleus and loosens the chromosomes, while telophase II mimics telophase I.
d. Prophase I condenses the chromosomes and eliminates the nuclear membrane. The microtubules arrange in a spindle. Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. During Metaphase II, the chromosomes line up in a double line across the spindle. Each pair of chromosomes is pulled apart and migrate towards the poles in anaphase I, while in anaphase II sister chromatids separate. Telophase I reconstitutes the nucleus and loosen the chromosomes, while telophase II mimics telophase I.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Though the stages of meiosis have the same names as the stages of mitosis, they exhibit fundamental differences. What are the main differences between the two processes?
a. Meiosis differs from mitosis in that the number of chromosomes is halved and genetic variation is introduced in meiosis, but not in mitosis.
b. Meiosis differs from mitosis in that the number of chromosomes is halved and genetic variation is reduced in meiosis, but not in mitosis.
c. Metaphase and telophase portions of meiosis and mitosis are the same. Meiosis and mitosis are also the same, except for the number of chromosomes. Anaphase I and anaphase are
different.
d. Prophase and telophase portions of meiosis and mitosis are the same. Meiosis II and mitosis are
also the same and have the same number of chromosomes. Anaphase I and anaphase are different.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Explain how the orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis contributes to greater variation in gametes.
a. The random alignment of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate ensures the random destination of the chromosomes in the daughter cells.
b. Because homologous chromosomes dissociate from the spindle fibers during metaphase I, they move randomly to the daughter cells.
c. The homologous chromosomes are paired tightly during metaphase I and undergo crossover as the synaptonemal complex forms a lattice around them.
d. Recombination of maternal and paternal chromosomes occurs in metaphase I because the homologous chromosomes are not connected at their centromeres.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Explain how the Red Queen’s catchphrase, “It takes all the running you can do to stay in the same place,” describes co-evolution between competing species.
a. When a sexually reproducing species and an asexually reproducing species compete for the same resources, they both “run [evolve] in the same place” because the increased genetic variation in the sexually reproducing species balances the loss in energy it uses to find and attract mates.
b. When one species gains an advantage with a favorable variation, selection increases on another species with which it competes. This species must also develop an advantage or it will be outcompeted. The two species “run [evolve] to stay in the same place.”
c. When one species develops a mutation that decreases its ability to survive, a competing species will become better able to survive even though it has not changed in any way. In effect, this species “runs [evolves] to stay in the same place.”
d. When two asexually reproducing species encounter rapid environmental change, the species that is also able to reproduce sexually will outcompete the other. This way it can “run [evolve] to stay in the same place.”

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Which three processes lead to variation among offspring that have the same two parents?
a. genetic recombination, fertilization, meiosis
b. crossing over, random chromosome assortment, genetic recombination
c. meiosis, crossing over, genetic recombination
d. fertilization, crossing over, random chromosome assortment

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Compare the three main types of life cycles in multicellular organisms and give an example of an organism that employs each.
a. In a diploid dominant cycle, the multicellular diploid stage is present, as in humans. Haploid dominant life cycles have a multicellular haploid stage, as in fungi. In alternation of generations, both haploid dominant and diploid dominant stages alternate, as in plants.
b. In a diploid dominant cycle, the unicellular diploid stage is present, as in humans. In a haploid dominant life cycle, a unicellular haploid stage is present, as in fungi. In alternation of generations both haploid dominant and diploid dominant stages alternate, as in plants.
c. In a diploid dominant cycle, a multicellular haploid stage is present, as in humans. In a haploid dominant life cycle, a multicellular diploid stage is present, as in fungi. In alternation of generations, both haploid dominant and diploid dominant stages alternate, as in plants.
d. In a diploid dominant cycle, a multicellular diploid stage is present, as in algae. In a haploid dominant life cycle, a multicellular haploid stage is present, as in plants. In alternation of generations, both haploid dominant and diploid dominant stages alternate, as in fungi.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Reproductive cells in most species are different from the cells that make up the rest of the organism. What are the “body” cells called and how are they different from the reproductive cells?
a. Body cells are called gametes and they have half the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.
b. Body cells are called somatic cells and have the same number of chromosomes as reproductive cells.
c. Body cells are called somatic cells and have double the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.
d. Body cells are called gametes and have double the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Spores are structures produced by some plants and all fungi. Which is true about them?
a. Spores are haploid reproductive cells that can produce haploid organisms through mitosis.
b. Spores are haploid precursors to gametes that give rise to gametes when environmental conditions are favorable.
c. Spores are haploid reproductive cells that can produce diploid cells without fertilization.
d. Spores are haploid cells formed only during asexual reproduction and so are not formed by meiosis.

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

In prophase I, the homologous chromosomes are paired up and linked together. What binds the chromosomes together and maintains their alignment?
a. cohesin proteins
b. tetrads
c. the centromere
d. synaptonemal complex

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

One of the ways that sexual reproduction enhances the diversity of offspring from the same parents is through a process called crossing over. What entities does this occur between during prophase I?
a. sister chromatids
b. tetrads
c. non-homologous chromosomes
d. non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

There are three sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction. Which is not considered random?
a. All are random.
b. Crossing over
c. Egg and sperm fertilization
d. Tetrad alignment on the meiotic spindle.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Which one of the three types of life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms does not have a multicellular haploid stage?
a. alternation of generations
b. diploid-dominant
c. haploid-dominant
d. They all have a multicellular haploid stage in their life cycles.

Keemin Lee

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

How are spores produced in haploid-dominant and alternation of generation life cycles?
a. by gametophytes
b. by germ cells
c. through mitosis
d. through meiosis

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

What is one thing that is true of haploid-dominant life cycles but not of alternation of generation life cycles?
a. meiosis
b. $(+)$ and $(?)$ mating types
c. spores
d. a free-living haploid stage

Rikhil Makwana

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Meiosis involves processes that are common to all eukaryotes, involving the same or similar genes. Evaluate the support for the theory of evolution provided by this evidence and, additionally, by the absence of any alternative process.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Meiotic phases of yeast cells were observed microscopically with fluorescent markers (Nachman et al.,
Cell, 131(3), 2007) to determine the time intervals of meiosis I and meiosis II. The data are displayed in the following figure:
A. Qualitatively compare the mean and standard deviation for these two distributions.
B. The gene Ime1 is transcribed at the start of meiosis I in response to nitrogen starvation. This activates Ime2 that interacts with Ime1. If, during meiosis I, the cells are supplied with nitrogen, meiosis is halted. Based on these data, justify the claim that this interaction provides a negative feedback loop.
C. Explain the advantage provided to the population and the risk to individual cells of the timing of meiosis displayed in the graph above.

Alexander Cheng

Alexander Cheng

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Construct an explanation as to how DNA is transmitted to the next generation via meiosis followed by
fertilization.

Grant Castaneda

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction involves the recombination of heritable information from both parents
via meiosis followed by fertilization. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to haploid (1n) during the production of gametes. Meiosis begins with the duplication of DNA, producing four strands of DNA in two pairs of homologous chromosomes: 2(2n) becomes 4(n), that is, four haploid cells, where n is the number of strands of DNA in a chromosome.
A. Construct an explanation of the importance of random, independent assortment to genetic variation by creating a diagram that represents homologous chromosomes during prophase I without crossover and the possible arrangements of these chromosomes during metaphase I:
• without recombination during prophase I
• with recombination involving two chiasmata
B. An alternative would be to bypass the initial duplication of DNA: 2n becomes 2(n), that is, a diploid cell becomes two haploid cells. Predict the effect that this would have on genetic variation.

Bryan Valdivia

Numerade Educator