Chapter Questions
How do climate models work? Describe the equations that are solved.
When were the first climate models developed?
What is the hierarchy of climate models?
List three different types of climate models of different complexity.
Which components of the climate system are currently included interactively in most climate models?
Which components are currently not included in most models?
What is an Earth System Model?
What is the typical resolution of a General Circulation Model (include units)?
How many layers does a typical three-dimensional climate model have in the ocean?
How many does it have in the atmosphere?
Are observations used in forward climate model simulations?
What are some inputs (boundary conditions) required for a climate model simulation? List two.
How are climate models evaluated?
Which variable to climate models simulate better: temperature or precipitation?
What are climate models used for? List two applications.
How are climate models used to attribute recent climate change?
What is the result of those attribution studies?