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Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 11

Modern Atomic Theory - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

02:45

Problem 1

Describe the nuclear model of the atom.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
00:16

Problem 2

Describe the relationship between stability and potential energy.

Devon Burke
Devon Burke
Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The electron is extremely tiny, and modern physics tells us that
_______ things happen in the realm of the very, very small.

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Problem 4

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The modern description of the electron is based on complex _______ and on the discoveries of _______ -

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Problem 5

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Modern physics tells us that it is _______ to know _______ where an electron is and what it is doing.

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Problem 6

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
There are two ways in which scientists deal with the problems associated with the complexity and fundamental uncertainty of the modern description of the electron,
_______ and _______ .

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Problem 7

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
In order to accommodate the uncertainty of the electron's position and motion, scientists talk about where the electron _______ is within the atom, instead of where it _______ is.

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Problem 8

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Each electron seems to have a dual nature in which both _______ and _______
_______ characteristics are apparent.

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Problem 9

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
In the wave view, an electron has an effect on the space around it that can be described as a wave of _______ varying in its intensity.

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Problem 10

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The _______ for electrons in an atom describe the variation in intensity of negative charge within the atom, with respect to the location of the nucleus. This can be described without mentioning the _______ and
_______ of the electron particle itself.

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Problem 11

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Just as the _______ of a guitar string can vary, so can the
_______ of the electron vary at different positions outside the nucleus.

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Problem 12

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The variation in the intensity of the electron charge can be described in terms of a(n) $\qquad$ standing wave like the standing wave of the guitar string.

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Problem 13

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
As in the case of the guitar string, only certain waveforms are _______ for the electron in an atom.

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Problem 14

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Most of the general descriptions of electrons found in this chapter are based on the wave mathematics for the one electron in afn) _______ atom.

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Problem 15

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The information calculated for the hydrogen electron is used to describe the _______
_______ as well.

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Problem 16

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
For the 1 s orbital, the negative charge is most $\qquad$ at the nucleus and
_______ with increasing distance from the nucleus.

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Problem 17

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The allowed waveforms for the electron are also called orbitals. Another definition of orbital is as the volume that contains a given _______ of the electron charge. An orbital can also be defined as the _______ within which an electron has a high probability of being found.

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Problem 18

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
According to the _______ of the wave character of the electron, the surface that surrounds $90 \%$ of an electron's charge is the surface within which we have a 90\% probability of finding the electron.

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Problem 19

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
In the particle view, the electron _______ can be compared to a multiple exposure photograph of the electron.

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Problem 20

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
All _______ electron waveforms are called $s$ orbitals.

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Problem 21

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Because the _______ of the attraction between positive and negative charges decreases with increasing distance between the charges, an electron is more strongly attracted to the nucleus and therefore is more stable when it has the smaller $1 s$ waveform than when it has the larger $2 s$ waveform. Increased stability is associated with _______ potential energy, so a $1 s$ electron has lower potential energy than a $2 s$ electron.

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Problem 22

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
All of the orbitals that have the same potential energy for a hydrogen atom are said to be in the same _______ energy level.

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Problem 23

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
After the electron is excited from the $1 s$ orbital to the $2 s$ orbital, it
_______ to its lower-energy 1 s form.

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Problem 24

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
There are _______ possible $2 p$ orbitals.

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Problem 25

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Orbitals that have the same potential energy, the same size, and the same shape are in the same _______

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Problem 26

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
In the third principal energy level, there are _______ possible orbitals for an electron, in three different sublevels.

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Problem 27

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Note that the first principal energy level has one sublevel, the second has two, the third has three, and the fourth has four. If _______ is the number associated with the principal energy level, each principal energy level has $n$ sublevels.

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Problem 28

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Each s sublevel has one orbital, each $p$ sublevel has three orbitals, each $d$ sublevel has
_______ orbitals, and each $f$ sublevel has _______ orbitals.

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Problem 29

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
None of the known elements in its ground state has any electrons in a principal energy level higher than the _______

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Problem 30

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
Scientist assume that all of the elements have the same set of possible principal energy levels, sublevels, and orbitals that has been _______ .

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Problem 31

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
We can visualize the two electrons in a helium atom as _______ in opposite directions.

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Problem 32

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
In the broadest sense, a(n) _______ is any description of the complete distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.

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Problem 33

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
An atomic orbital may contain _______ electrons at most, and the electrons must have different _______

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Problem 34

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
When electrons are filling orbitals of the same energy, they enter orbitals in such a way as to maximize the number of _______ electrons, all with the same spin. In other words, they enter empty orbitals first, and all electrons in half-filled orbitals have the same spin.

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Problem 35

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The highest-energy electrons for all of the elements in groups $1(1 \mathrm{~A})$ and $2(2 \mathrm{~A})$ in the periodic table are in _______

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Problem 36

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
All of the elements in the block with boron, B , neon, Ne , thallium, Tl , and radon, Rn , at the corners have their highest-energy electrons in $p$ orbitals, so this is called the _______ .

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Problem 37

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The last electrons to be added to an orbital diagram for the atoms of the transition metal elements go into _______ orbitals.

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Problem 38

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { analogies } & \text { particle } \\
\text { calculated for hydrogen } & \text { particle interpretation } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { positions } \\
d & \text { possible } \\
\text { decreased } & \text { principal } \\
\text { definitely } & \text { probabilities } \\
\text { diminishes } & \text { probably } \\
\text { electron configuration } & \text { s orbitals } \\
\text { exactly } & \text { seven } \\
\text { five } & \text { seventh } \\
\text { high percentage } & \text { spherical } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { spinning } \\
\text { impossible } & \text { spins } \\
\text { inner transition metals } & \text { spontaneously returns } \\
\text { intense } & \text { strange } \\
\text { intensity of the movement } & \text { strength } \\
\text { intensity of the negative charge } & \text { sublevel } \\
\text { mathematics } & \text { three } \\
\text { modern physics } & \text { three-dimensional } \\
\text { motion } & \text { two } \\
n & \text { unpaired } \\
\text { negative charge } & \text { volume } \\
\text { nine } & \text { wave } \\
\text { other elements } & \text { waveforms } \\
p \text { block } & \\
\end{array}
$$
The section of the periodic table that contains the _______ is called the $f$ block.

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01:44

Problem 39

Explain why, in theory, a guitar string can vibrate with an infinite number of possible waveforms, but why not all waveforms are possible.

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
Numerade Educator
00:28

Problem 40

Describe how electrons are like vibrating guitar strings.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 41

Describe the $1 s$ orbital in a hydrogen atom in terms of negative charge and in terms of the electron as a particle.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 42

Explain why electrons in atoms are often described in terms of electron clouds.

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 43

Describe a $2 s$ orbital for a hydrogen atom.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
00:42

Problem 44

Explain why an electron has lower potential energy in the 1 s orbital than the 2 s orbital for a hydrogen atom.

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
03:40

Problem 45

Which is larger, a $2 p$ orbital or a $3 p$ orbital? Would the one electron in a hydrogen atom be more strongly attracted to the nucleus in a $2 p$ orbital or in a 3 p orbital? Would the electron be more stable in a $2 p$ orbital or in a $3 p$ orbital? Would the electron have higher potential energy when it is in a $2 p$ orbital or a $3 p$ orbital?

Kevin Chimex
Kevin Chimex
Numerade Educator
00:23

Problem 46

Which is larger, a $3 d$ orbital or a $4 d$ orbital? Would the one electron in a hydrogen atom be more strongly attracted to the nucleus in a $3 d$ orbital or in a $4 d$ orbital? Would the electron be more stable in a $3 d$ orbital or in a $4 d$ orbital? Would the electron have higher potential energy when it is in a $3 d$ orbital or a $4 d$ orbital?

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 47

Describe the three $2 p$ orbitals for a hydrogen atom.

Shveta Prithiani
Shveta Prithiani
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 48

Write descriptions of the $3 s, 3 p$, and $3 d$ orbitals.

Shveta Prithiani
Shveta Prithiani
Numerade Educator
00:53

Problem 49

How many sublevels are in the fourth principal energy level for the hydrogen atom? What is the shorthand notation used to describe them? (For example, there is one sublevel in the first principal energy level, and it is described as 1 s. )

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 50

How many orbitals are there in the $3 p$ sublevel for the hydrogen atom?

Kim Trang Nguyen
Kim Trang Nguyen
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 51

How many orbitals are there in the $4 d$ sublevel for the hydrogen atom?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 52

How many orbitals are there in the third principal energy level for the hydrogen atom?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 53

How many orbitals are there in the fourth principal energy level for the hydrogen atom?

Sheh Lit Chang
Sheh Lit Chang
University of Washington
00:43

Problem 54

Which of the following sublevels do not exist?
a. $5 p$
b. $2 s$
c. $3 f$
d. $6 d$

An Lo
An Lo
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 55

Which of the following sublevels do not exist?
a. $1 p$
b. $5 d$
c. $6 f$
d. $1 s$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:39

Problem 56

Describe the difference between any two electrons in the same atomic orbital.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 57

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a $3 p$ orbital?... in a $3 d$ orbital?

Kim Trang Nguyen
Kim Trang Nguyen
Numerade Educator
01:54

Problem 58

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a $5 s$ orbital?...in a $5 f$ orbital?

Cathy Geisel
Cathy Geisel
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 59

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a $3 p$ sublevel?... in a $3 d$ sublevel?

Kim Trang Nguyen
Kim Trang Nguyen
Numerade Educator
00:38

Problem 60

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a $5 s$ sublevel?... in a $5 f$ sublevel?

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
00:31

Problem 61

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in the third principal energy level?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:53

Problem 62

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be placed in the fourth principal energy level?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 63

For each of the following pairs, identify the sublevel that is filled first.
a. 2 s or 3 s
b. $3 p$ or 3 s
c. 3 d or 4 s
d. $4 f$ or $6 s$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:10

Problem 64

For each of the following pairs, identify the sublevel that is filled first.
a. $2 p$ or $3 p$
b. $5 s$ or $5 d$
c. $4 d$ or $5 s$
d. $4 f$ or $5 d$

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 65

Write the complete electron configuration and orbital diagram for each of the following.
a. carbon, C
b. phosphorus, P
c. vanadium, V
d. iodine, I
e. mercury, Hg

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
16:42

Problem 66

Write the complete electron configuration and orbital diagram for each of the following.
a. oxygen, O
b. sulfur, $S$
c. manganese, Mn
d. tellurium, Te
e. radon, Rn

David Alvarez-Carbonell
David Alvarez-Carbonell
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 67

Which element is associated with each of the ground state electron configurations listed below?
a. $1 s^2 2 s^2$
b. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^1$
c. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^{10} 4 p^5$
d. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^{10} 4 p^6 5 s^2 4 d^{10} 5 p^6 6 s^2 4 f^{14} 5 d^{10} 6 p^2$

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 68

Which element is associated with each of the ground state electron configurations listed below?
a. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^3$
b. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6$
c. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^{10}$
d. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^{10} 4 p^6 5 s^2 4 d^{10} 5 p^6 6 s^2$

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 69

Would the following electron configurations represent ground states or excited states?
a. $1 s^2 2 s^1 2 p^5$
b. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^4$
c. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^4 3 s^1$
d. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^5$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:46

Problem 70

Would the following electron configurations represent ground states or excited states?
a. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2$
b. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^1 3 p^1$
c. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^8 4 p^1$
d. $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^9$

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator
08:38

Problem 71

Write the abbreviated electron configurations for each of the following.
a. fluorine, F
b. silicon, Si
c. cobalt, Co
d. indium, In
e. polonium, Po
f. palladium, Pd

Matthew Kieras
Matthew Kieras
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 72

Write the abbreviated electron configurations for each of the following.
a. chlorine, Cl
b. boron, B
c. scandium, Sc
d. yttrium, Y
e. astatine, At

Edward Zhang
Edward Zhang
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 73

Which sublevel contains:
a. the highest-energy electron for francium, Fr?
b. the $25^{\text {th }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than chromium, Cr ?
c. the $93^{\text {rd }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than uranium, U?
d. the $82^{\text {nd }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than lead, Pb ?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 74

Which sublevel contains:
a. the highest-energy electron for strontium, Sr?
b. the $63^{\text {rd }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than samarium, Sm?
c. the $33^{\text {rd }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than germanium, Ge?
d. the $75^{\text {th }}$ electron added to an orbital diagram for elements larger than tungsten, W?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 75

What is the first element on the periodic table to have
a. an electron in the $3 p$ sublevel.
b. a filled $4 s$ sublevel.
c. a half-filled $3 d$ sublevel.

Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira
Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 76

What is the first element on the periodic table to have
a. an electron in the $5 s$ sublevel.
b. a filled $4 d$ sublevel.
c. a half-filled $6 p$ sublevel.

Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira
Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 77

Which pair of the following ground-state, abbreviated electron configurations corresponds to elements in the same group on the periodic table? What elements are they? What is the name of the group to which they belong?
a. $[\mathrm{Ne}] 3 s^2$
b. $[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^2 3 d^{10}$
c. $[\mathrm{Kr}] 5 s^2$
d. $[\mathrm{Xe}] 6 s^2 4 f^{14} 5 d^{10} 6 p^1$

An Lo
An Lo
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 78

Which pair of the following ground-state, abbreviated electron configurations corresponds to elements in the same group on the periodic table? What elements are they? What is the name of the group to which they belong?
a. $[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^2 3 d^{10} 4 p^3$
b. $[\mathrm{Ne}] 3 s^2 3 p^5$
c. $[\mathrm{Xe}] 6 s^2$
d. $[\mathrm{Kr}] 5 s^2 4 d^{10} 5 p^5$

An Lo
An Lo
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 79

What is the maximum number of electrons in each of the following?
a. the $8 j$ sublevel
b. a $6 h$ orbital
c. the $n=8$ principal energy level

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:59

Problem 80

What is the maximum number of electrons in each of the following?
a. the $9 k$ sublevel
b. a $12 n$ orbital
c. the $n=9$ principal energy level

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 81

Draw a sketch of how the orbitals for the electron clouds for all of the electrons in a phosphorus atom are superimposed on each other.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:14

Problem 82

Write the expected abbreviated electron configuration for the as-yet-undiscovered element with an atomic number of 121 . Use Uno for the symbol of the noble gas below xenon, Xe. (Hint: See Figure 11.17.)

Madysn Cardinal
Madysn Cardinal
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 83

Write the expected abbreviated electron configuration for the as-yet-undiscovered element with an atomic number of 139 . Use Uno for the symbol of the noble gas below xenon, Xe. (Hint: See Figure 11.17.)

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
17:19

Problem 84

Draw a periodic table like the one in Figure 11.17 but showing the 5 g sublevel in its correct position.

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 85

Do you think electrons are more like baseballs or guitar strings?

ES
Eugene Schneider
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
02:21

Problem 86

What do you think of the following statement? "We will never know about the true nature of the electron."

Shital Rijal
Shital Rijal
Numerade Educator

Problem 87

Do you think that there is some understanding of nature that is just beyond our ability to attain? What do you think about the following statement? "Just as all dogs have a limit to their ability to understand things, humans also have a limit."

Check back soon!
01:44

Problem 88

With which of the following two statements do you most agree?
"The main criterion for accepting a scientific model, such as our model for the electron, is whether or not it is true."
"The main criterion for accepting a scientific model, such as our model for the electron, is whether or not it is useful."

Courtney Burson
Courtney Burson
Numerade Educator