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Quantitative Human Physiology

Joseph J. Feher

Chapter 8

Mouth and Esophagus - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

01:07

Problem 1

What are the Atwater factors for protein, carbohydrate, and fats? Are they simply the results of bomb calorimetry? What is a bomb calorimeter, anyway?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 1

How much of an increase in area is caused by the folds of Kerckring? By the villi? By the microvilli?

Qudsiya Anis
Qudsiya Anis
Numerade Educator

Problem 1

What is gastric accommodation and how does it differ from receptive relaxation? What causes each?

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01:41

Problem 1

What exocrine secretions does the pancreas make? Where do these things go?

Ritika Shakkerwal
Ritika Shakkerwal
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 1

What is a sphincter? Name the GI sphincters, in order, from mouth to anus.

Qudsiya Anis
Qudsiya Anis
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 1

Where is the myenteric plexus? The submucosal plexus?

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
00:49

Problem 2

What are the three phases of pancreatic secretion? What mediates them? What are the initial sensory stimuli in each case?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 2

What is indirect calorimetry? What is meant by "energy equivalent" of oxygen for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates? Why do you think the energy equivalent of oxygen is so close for all three macronutrients?

Kevin Chimex
Kevin Chimex
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 2

Why do gastric contractions occur in two waves, one stronger than the other?

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
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02:43

Problem 2

What is mucus? What does it do? What salivary glands produce it? What stimulates its production?

Mirza  Aslam Beig
Mirza Aslam Beig
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 2

What are interstitial cells of Cajal? Why are they important?

Kyle Gassaway
Kyle Gassaway
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 2

How fast do cells in the intestine turn over? Where do new ones come from? Where do the old ones go?

Ritika Shakkerwal
Ritika Shakkerwal
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 3

How does parasympathetic stimulation stimulate serous saliva production?

Mirza  Aslam Beig
Mirza Aslam Beig
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 3

What are intrinsic primary afferent neurons? To what to they respond? What cells do they activate?

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
00:53

Problem 3

How does gastric motility differ after a meal and during the interdigestive period?

Kelly Lentsch
Kelly Lentsch
Numerade Educator
04:07

Problem 3

What does acid do to proteins in the stomach? What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach? What cells secrete it? How is it activated?

Qudsiya Anis
Qudsiya Anis
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 3

What is the BMR? Why is this important? What accounts for the largest part of variation in energy requirement or expenditure?

Sarah Gao
Sarah Gao
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02:12

Problem 3

Where is bile formed? Trace its flow from liver to duodenum.

Bhumika Jayee
Bhumika Jayee
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 4

What is meant by "primary" bile acids and "secondary" bile acids? Which bile acids are primary and which are secondary? How do the secondary bile acids get into the bile?

Bhumika Jayee
Bhumika Jayee
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 4

What part of the brain is involved in homeostatic regulation of body adiposity?

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator
00:44

Problem 4

What proteolytic enzymes does the pancreas make? How are they activated? Why doesn't trypsin inhibitor inhibit trypsin in the lumen of the gut? What products result from luminal proteolysis?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 4

What is the enterogastric inhibitory reflex? What is its purpose?

Mystique Till
Mystique Till
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 4

Why is swallowing so complicated? What controls swallowing? What would happen if that area is damaged by a stroke, for example?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 5

What is the "enterohepatic circulation"? Where are bile acids absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 5

What short-term signals turn on feeding behavior? What short-term signals turn off feeding behavior? What is GLP-1? Where is it made? What increases its secretion? What is ghrelin? Where is it secreted? What stimulates its secretion?

Katie Haasch
Katie Haasch
Numerade Educator
00:32

Problem 5

What proteolytic enzymes are on the brush border?

Natalie Johns
Natalie Johns
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 5

What stimulates acid secretion? What inhibits it?

Kelly Lentsch
Kelly Lentsch
Numerade Educator
00:15

Problem 5

What is peristalsis? In the esophagus, what causes primary peristalsis? What causes secondary peristalsis? What is a vagovagal reflex?

Emily Marty
Emily Marty
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 6

What are glucose-responsive neurons? What are glucose-sensitive neurons? How would these influence feeding behavior?

James Thierer
James Thierer
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 6

What muscle layers are responsible for peristalsis? What controls these muscle layers?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
00:46

Problem 6

The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome often results from a carcinoma of the duodenum or pancreas that produces gastrin. What do you expect happens to the stomach in these cases?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
00:17

Problem 6

What else is in bile besides the bile acids?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 6

How are amino acids absorbed into the enterocyte? How do they get into the blood? Are all proteins broken down to single amino acids for absorption?

Danielle Ashley
Danielle Ashley
Numerade Educator
00:24

Problem 7

What is the only essential secretion of the stomach?

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
02:28

Problem 7

Some amount of circulating cholesterol is absorbed from dietary sources. This absorption requires the bile acids to solubilize the cholesterol in the gut so it can be absorbed. Cholestyramine is an ionexchange resin that binds bile acids and therefore interferes with the enterohepatic circulation. Since bile acids are necessary for dietary cholesterol absorption, and also are the main sink for cholesterol in the body, ingesting cholestyramine should lower blood cholesterol. Do you anticipate any negative side effects of cholestyramine ingestion?

Ramesh Singh
Ramesh Singh
Numerade Educator
00:14

Problem 7

What candidates are there for long-term regulation of feeding behavior? What is leptin? Where is it made? What does it do?

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
00:29

Problem 7

What does pancreatic amylase do? What is a limit dextrin?

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 8

What cells secrete $\mathrm{HCl}$ ? What cells secrete pepsinogen? What cells secrete gastrin?

Bryan Lynn
Bryan Lynn
Numerade Educator
00:39

Problem 8

What does the gallbladder do? What happens if you remove it (cholecystectomy) due to gallstones?

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 8

What enzymes for carbohydrate digestion are on the brush border? What sugars get absorbed? How are they absorbed?

NU
Noor Ul Ain
Numerade Educator
02:17

Problem 9

What is the main stimulus for gallbladder contraction?

Briana De La Torre
Briana De La Torre
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 9

What is lactose intolerance?

Shahina -
Shahina -
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 10

What is emulsification? Why does pancreatic lipase need pancreatic colipase and bile acids? What is a mixed micelle? What happens to fatty acids, glycerol, and other lipolytic products in the enterocyte?

Ramesh Singh
Ramesh Singh
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 11

Where and how are bile acids absorbed?

Ramesh Singh
Ramesh Singh
Numerade Educator