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Business Database Systems

Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Richard Holowczak

Chapter 8

Normalization - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Discuss how normalization may be used in database design.

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Problem 2

Describe the types of update anomalies that may occur in a table that has redundant data.

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Problem 3

Describe the characteristics of a table that violates first normal form (1NF) and then describe how such a table is converted to $1 \mathrm{NF}$.

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Problem 4

What is the minimal normal form that a relation must satisfy? Provide a definition for this normal form.

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Describe an approach to converting a first normal form (1NF) table to second normal form (2NF) table(s).

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Problem 6

Describe the characteristics of a table in second normal form (2NF).

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Problem 7

Describe what a functional dependency represents.

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Problem 8

How does a full functional dependency differ from a partial functional dependency?

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Problem 9

Describe what is meant by partial functional dependency and describe how this type of dependency relates to $2 \mathrm{NF}$. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.

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Problem 10

Describe the characteristics of a table in third normal form (3NF).

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Problem 11

Describe the characteristics of a transitive dependency.

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Problem 12

Describe what is meant by transitive dependency, and describe how this type of dependency relates to $3 \mathrm{NF}$. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.

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Problem 13

In Exercise 6.10 we described companies that have departments, which employ employees. Some employees have had one or more jobs before starting their current employment. The table in Figure 8.9 shows five sample records that represent the employment histories for three members of staff. Each employee is uniquely identified using employee number (eNumber). (Note in this example we do not include the details concerning companies, departments, and dependants.)
(a) The table shown in Figure 8.9 is susceptible to update anomalies. Provide examples of insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies.
(b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the data shown in the table of Figure 8.9. State any assumptions you make about the data shown in this table.
$$
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { eNumber } & \text { eName } & \text { DOB } & \text { orgName } & \text { positionHeld } & \text { dateStart } & \text { dateFinish } \\
\hline 0056 & \text { Kate Brown } & 12 / 12 / 76 & \text { Paterson \& Co } & \text { IT Assistant } & 01 / 11 / 90 & 30 / 04 / 95 \\
\hline 0057 & \text { Gillian Bradford } & 01 / 03 / 71 & \text { Willies and Sons } & \text { Technician } & 01 / 06 / 88 & 31 / 03 / 91 \\
\hline 0057 & \text { Gillian Bradford } & 01 / 03 / 71 & \text { Willies and Sons } & \text { Assistant Researcher } & 01 / 04 / 91 & 31 / 03 / 94 \\
\hline 0057 & \text { Gillian Bradford } & 01 / 03 / 71 & \text { Willies and Sons } & \text { Project Manager } & 01 / 04 / 94 & 31 / 01 / 96 \\
\hline 0089 & \text { Stephen Widden } & 09 / 09 / 83 & \text { Paterson \& Co } & \text { IT Assistant } & 01 / 03 / 91 & 31 / 08 / 95 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
(c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in Figure 8.9 to $3 N F$. Identify the primary key and, where appropriate, alternate and foreign keys in each table.
(d) Demonstrate that the functional dependencies identified in part (b) are present in the 3NF tables described in part (c). fig cant copy

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02:18

Problem 14

In Exercise 6.11 we described the data requirements of an organization that has several car parks, which are used by staff. The table in Figure 8.10 shows five sample records that represent members of staff who have been allocated a car parking space. Each car park space provided by the organization is uniquely identified using a space number (spaceNo). (Note in this example we do not include the extension number and vehicle license number data associated with staff.)
$$
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { staffNo } & \text { name } & \text { carParkName } & \text { location } & \text { capacity } & \text { noOfFloors } & \text { spaceNo } \\
\hline \text { S1156 } & \text { Jane Jones } & \text { Yellow } & \text { Block E } & 120 & 3 & 123 \\
\hline \text { S2311 } & \text { Karen Gilmore } & \text { Yellow } & \text { Block E } & 120 & 3 & 145 \\
\hline \text { S1167 } & \text { Richard Blight } & \text { Yellow } & \text { Block E } & 120 & 3 & 156 \\
\hline \text { S2345 } & \text { Guy Ritchie } & \text { Green } & \text { Block D } & 45 & 2 & 26 \\
\hline \text { S3434 } & \text { Stephen Williams } & \text { Green } & \text { Block D } & 45 & 2 & 34 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
(a) The table shown in Figure 8.10 is susceptible to update anomalies. Provide examples of insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies.
(b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the data shown in the table of Figure 8.10. State any assumptions you make about the data shown in this table.
(c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in Figure 8.10 to $3 \mathrm{NF}$. Identify the primary key and, where appropriate, alternate and foreign keys in each table.
(d) Demonstrate that the functional dependencies identified in part (b) are present in the 3NF tables described in part (c).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 15

The table shown in Figure 8.11 lists dentist/patient appointment data. A patient is given an appointment at a specific time and date with a dentist located at a particular surgery. On each day of patient appointments, a dentist is allocated to a specific surgery for that day.
(a) The table shown in Figure 8.11 is susceptible to update anomalies. Provide examples of insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies.
(b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the data shown in the table of Figure 8.11. State any assumptions you make about the data shown in this table.
$$
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline{\text { staffNo }} & {\text { dentistName }} & {\text { patientNo }} &{\text { patientName }} & {\text { appointment }} & {\text { surgeryNo }} \\
{ 4 - 6 } & & & & \text { date } & \text { time } & \\
\hline \text { S1011 } & \text { Tony Smith } & \text { P100 } & \text { Gillian White } & \text { 12-Aug-09 } & 10.00 & \text { S10 } \\
\hline \text { S1011 } & \text { Tony Smith } & \text { P105 } & \text { Jill Bell } & \text { 13-Aug-09 } & 12.00 & \text { S15 } \\
\hline \text { S1024 } & \text { Helen Pearson } & \text { P108 } & \text { lan MacKay } & \text { 12-Sept-09 } & 10.00 & \text { S10 } \\
\hline \text { S1024 } & \text { Helen Pearson } & \text { P108 } & \text { lan MacKay } & \text { 14-Sept-09 } & 10.00 & \text { S10 } \\
\hline \text { S1032 } & \text { Robin Plevin } & \text { P105 } & \text { Jill Bell } & \text { 14-Oct-09 } & 16.30 & \text { S15 } \\
\hline \text { S1032 } & \text { Robin Plevin } & \text { P110 } & \text { John Walker } & \text { 15-Oct-09 } & 18.00 & \text { S13 } \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
(c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in Figure 8.11 to 3 NF. Identify the primary key and, where appropriate, alternate and foreign keys in each table.
(d) Demonstrate that the functional dependencies identified in part (b) are present in the 3NF tables described in part (c).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 16

An agency called InstantCover supplies part-time/temporary staff to hotels throughout Scotland. The table shown in Figure 8.12 lists the time spent by agency staff working at two hotels. The National Insurance Number (NIN) is unique for every member of staff.
$$
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { NIN } & \text { contractNo } & \text { hoursPerWeek } & \text { eName } & \text { hotelNo } & \text { hotelLocation } \\
\hline \text { 113567WD } & \text { C1024 } & 16 & \text { John Smith } & \text { H25 } & \text { Edinburgh } \\
\hline \text { 234111XA } & \text { C1024 } & 24 & \text { Diane Hocine } & \text { H25 } & \text { Edinburgh } \\
\hline \text { 712670YD } & \text { C1025 } & 28 & \text { Sarah White } & \text { H4 } & \text { Glasgow } \\
\hline \text { 113567WD } & \text { C1025 } & 16 & \text { John Smith } & \text { H4 } & \text { Glasgow } \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
(a) The table shown in Figure 8.12 is susceptible to update anomalies. Provide examples of insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies.
(b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the data shown in the table of Figure 8.12. State any assumptions you make about the data shown in this table.
(c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in Figure 8.12 to $3 N F$. Identify the primary key and, where appropriate, altemate and foreign keys in each table.
(d) Demonstrate that the functional dependencies identified in part (b) are present in the 3NF tables described in part (c).

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator