• Home
  • Textbooks
  • Introduction to Chemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry

Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 18

Nuclear Chemistry - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

02:45

Problem 1

Describe the nuclear model of the atom, including the general location of the protons, neutrons, and electrons, the relative size of the nucleus compared to the size of the atom, and the modern description of the electron.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 2

With reference to both their particle and their wave nature, describe the similarities and differences between gamma radiation and radio waves. Which has higher energy?
Complete the following statements by writing the word or phrase in each blank that best completes the thought.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 3

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called _______ . They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Aishu Sanchula
Aishu Sanchula
Numerade Educator
00:47

Problem 4

The _______ for an atom is equal to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It establishes the element's identity.

Noah Barguez-Arias
Noah Barguez-Arias
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 5

The _______ for an atom is equal to the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Dr. Satish Ingale
Dr. Satish Ingale
Numerade Educator
00:15

Problem 6

_______ is the capacity to do work.

Niamat Khuda
Niamat Khuda
Numerade Educator
00:15

Problem 7

_____________ is the capacity to do work due to the motion of an object.

Niamat Khuda
Niamat Khuda
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 8

The _____________ states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but
it can be transferred from one system to another and changed from one form to
another.

Vysakh M
Vysakh M
Numerade Educator
00:37

Problem 9

_____________ is a retrievable, stored form of energy an object possesses by
virtue of its position or state.

Niamat Khuda
Niamat Khuda
Numerade Educator
00:16

Problem 10

The more stable a system is, the _____________ (higher or lower) its potential
energy

Devon Burke
Devon Burke
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 11

When a system shifts from a less stable to a more stable state, energy is
_____________ (absorbed or released).

Shital Rijal
Shital Rijal
Numerade Educator
00:40

Problem 12

The _____________ of an atom is the condition in which its electrons are in the
orbitals that give it the lowest possible potential energy

Saad Khan
Saad Khan
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 13

The _____________ of an atom is the condition in which one or more of its
electrons are in orbitals that do not represent the lowest possible potential energy.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Because _____________ and _____________ reside in the nucleus of atoms,
they are called nucleons.

Check back soon!

Problem 15

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
The symbols used for nucleons have the atomic number (_____________) as a
subscript in front of the element symbol and the nucleon number
(_____________) as a superscript above the atomic number.

Check back soon!

Problem 16

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
There are two forces among the particles within the nucleus. The first, called the
_____________ force, is the force between electrically charged particles. The
second force, called the _____________ force, holds nucleons (protons and
neutrons) together.

Check back soon!

Problem 17

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
You can think of neutrons as the nuclear _____________ that allows protons to
stay together in the nucleus. Adding neutrons to a nucleus leads to more
_____________ holding the particles of the nucleus together without causing
increased _____________ between those particles.

Check back soon!

Problem 18

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Larger atoms with more protons in their nuclei require a greater _____________
of neutrons to protons to balance the increased repulsion between protons.

Check back soon!

Problem 19

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
If a nucleus contains more than _____________, the nucleus cannot be made
completely stable no matter how many neutrons are added.

Check back soon!

Problem 20

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
One of the ways that heavy nuclides change to move back into the band of
stability is to release two protons and two neutrons in the form of a helium
nucleus, called a(n) _____________ particle.

Check back soon!

Problem 21

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
When a radioactive nuclide has a neutron-to-proton ratio that is
_____________, it undergoes beta emission (b-). In this process, a neutron
becomes a proton and an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus, and the
electron, which is called a beta particle in this context, is ejected from the atom.

Check back soon!

Problem 22

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
When a radioactive nuclide has a neutron-to-proton ratio that is
_____________, it can move toward stability in one of two ways, positron
emission or electron capture. In positron emission (b+), a proton becomes a
neutron and a positron. The neutron stays in the nucleus, and the positron speeds
out of the nucleus at high velocity.

Check back soon!

Problem 23

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
In electron capture, an electron combines with the proton to form a neutron.
Like positron emission, electron capture causes the radioactive nuclide to change
to a new element with an atomic number that is _____________ but with the
same mass number.

Check back soon!

Problem 24

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Because radioactive decay leads to more stable products, it always
_____________ energy, some in the form of kinetic energy of the moving
product particles, and some in the form of gamma rays. Gamma rays can be
viewed as a stream of high-energy _____________.

Check back soon!

Problem 25

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Nuclear reactions involve changes in the _____________, whereas chemical
reactions involve the loss, gain, and sharing of electrons.

Check back soon!

Problem 26

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Different isotopes of the same element, which share the same chemical
characteristics, often undergo very _____________ nuclear reactions.

Check back soon!

Problem 27

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Unlike chemical reactions, the rates of nuclear reactions are _____________
by temperature, pressure, and the other atoms to which the radioactive atom is
bonded.

Check back soon!

Problem 28

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Nuclear reactions, in general, give off a lot more _____________ than chemical
reactions.

Check back soon!

Problem 29

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
The equations that describe nuclear reactions are different than those that
describe chemical reactions because in nuclear equations _____________ is
disregarded.

Check back soon!

Problem 30

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Rates of radioactive decay are described in terms of half-life, the time it takes for
_____________ of a sample to disappear.

Check back soon!

Problem 31

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma photons are often called
_____________ radiation, because they are all able to strip electrons from atoms
as they move through matter, leaving ions in their wake.

Check back soon!

Problem 32

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
As alpha particles, which move at up to 10% the speed of light, move through
the tissues of our bodies, they _____________ electrons away from the tissue’s
atoms.

Check back soon!

Problem 33

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
The repulsion between negatively-charged beta particles and the electrons on
atoms and molecules of our tissues leads to electrons being _____________ off
the uncharged particles.

Check back soon!

Problem 34

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Gamma photons are ionizing radiation, because they can _____________
electrons enough to actually remove them from atoms.

Check back soon!

Problem 35

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Alpha particles that strike the outside of the body are stopped by the top layer of
_____________.

Check back soon!

Problem 36

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Because beta particles are smaller than alpha particles, and because they can
move up to 90% the speed of light, they are about _____________ times as
penetrating as alpha particles.

Check back soon!

Problem 37

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Gamma photons are much more penetrating than alpha and beta particles, so
gamma radiation from outside the body can do damage to _____________.

Check back soon!

Problem 38

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Gamma photons that penetrate the body do more damage to _____________
cells than to others.

Check back soon!

Problem 39

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Carbon-14 atoms are constantly being produced in our upper atmosphere
through neutron bombardment of _____________ atoms.

Check back soon!

Problem 40

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
To date an artifact, a portion of it is analyzed to determine the _____________,
which can be used to determine its age.

Check back soon!

Problem 41

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
Because the amount of energy _____________ when a nucleus is formed is a
reflection of the strength with which nucleons are bound, it is called the atom’s
binding energy.

Check back soon!

Problem 42

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
It takes about _____________ times as much energy to remove a proton or a
neutron from the nucleus of a hydrogen-2 atom as to remove its one electron.

Check back soon!

Problem 43

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
A higher _____________ reflects more stable and more tightly bound nucleons
in their nucleus.

Check back soon!

Problem 44

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
There appears to be something stable about having 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126
protons or neutrons. The nuclides with _____________ have very high stability.

Check back soon!

Problem 45

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
For atoms _____________ iron-56, energy is released when smaller atoms
combine to form larger ones.

Check back soon!

Problem 46

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
For atoms _____________ iron-56, splitting larger atoms to form more stable,
smaller atoms releases energy.

Check back soon!

Problem 47

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
The fission reactions of uranium-235 yield more than _____________ different
nuclides of _____________ different elements.

Check back soon!

Problem 48

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
The nuclear reactor in a nuclear power plant is really just a big _____________
that generates heat to convert liquid water to steam that turns a steam turbine
generator to produce electricity.

Check back soon!

Problem 49

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
35 & \text { neutrons } \\
83 \text { protons } & \text { nitrogen } \\
100 & \text { nucleus } \\
200 & \text { one-half } \\
10,000 & \text { one lower } \\
\text { A } & \text { photons } \\
\text { alpha } & \text { protons } \\
\text { attractions } & \text { pull } \\
\text { binding energy per nucleon } & \text { pushed } \\
14 \mathrm{C} /^{12} \mathrm{C} \text { ratio } & \text { rapidly reproducing } \\
\text { charge } & \text { ratio } \\
\text { different } & \text { released } \\
\text { double magic numbers } & \text { releases } \\
\text { electrostatic } & \text { repulsion } \\
\text { energy } & \text { skin } \\
\text { excite } & \text { smaller than } \\
\text { furnace } & \text { strong } \\
\text { glue } & \text { too high } \\
\text { identical } & \text { too low } \\
\text { internal organs } & \text { unaffected } \\
\text { ionizing } & Z \\
\text { larger than } &
\end{array}
$$
A chain reaction is a process in which one of the products of the reaction initiates
another _____________ reaction.

Check back soon!
02:34

Problem 50

A radioactive nuclide that has an atomic number of 88 and a mass (nucleon) number of 226 is used in radiation therapy. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_{\mathrm{Z}}^{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{X}$. Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Natalie Johns
Natalie Johns
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 51

A radioactive nuclide that has an atomic number of 54 and a mass (nucleon) number of 133 is used to determine lung capacity. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A \mathrm{X}$. Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 52

A radioactive nuclide that has 6 protons and 5 neutrons is used to generate positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A X$. Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Arpit Gupta
Arpit Gupta
Numerade Educator

Problem 53

A radioactive nuclide that has 29 protons and 35 neutrons is used to diagnose liver disease. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A \mathrm{X}$. Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Check back soon!
00:56

Problem 54

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{19}^{40} \mathrm{~K}$ is used for geologic dating. What is its atomic number and mass (nucleon) number? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
05:48

Problem 55

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{79}^{198} \mathrm{Au}$ is used in the measurement of kidney activity. What is its atomic number and mass (nucleon) number? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 56

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{49}^{111} \mathrm{In}$ is used to label blood platelets. How many protons and how many neutrons does each atom have? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Audrey Kile
Audrey Kile
Numerade Educator
04:22

Problem 57

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_9^{18} \mathrm{~F}$ is used in bone scans. How many protons and how many neutrons does each atom have? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
00:46

Problem 58

Barium-131 is used to detect bone tumors. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
06:25

Problem 59

Polonium-210 is used in radiation therapy. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
00:46

Problem 60

The radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }^{75} \mathrm{Se}$ is used to measure the shape of the pancreas. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 61

The radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }^{125} \mathrm{I}$ is used to measure blood hormone levels. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Audrey Kile
Audrey Kile
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 62

Describe the two opposing forces between particles in the nucleus, and with reference to these forces, explain why the ratio of neutrons to protons required for a stable nuclide increases as the number of protons in a nucleus increases.

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 63

Explain why the ${ }_2^2 \mathrm{He}$ nuclide does not exist.

Nicole Basile
Nicole Basile
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 64

Write a general description of the changes that take place in alpha emission. Write the two symbols used for an alpha particle. Write the general equation for alpha emission, using X for the reactant element symbol, Y for the product element symbol, Z for atomic number, and A for mass number.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
05:47

Problem 65

Write a general description of the changes that take place in beta emission. Write the three symbols used for a beta particle. Write the general equation for beta emission, using X for the reactant element symbol, Y for the product element symbol, Z for atomic number, and A for mass number.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
05:47

Problem 66

Write a general description of the changes that take place in positron emission. Write the three symbols used for a positron. Write the general equation for positron emission, using X for the reactant element symbol, Y for the product element symbol, Z for atomic number, and A for mass number.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 67

Write a general description of the changes that take place in electron capture. Write the general equation for electron capture, using X for the reactant element symbol, Y for the product element symbol, Z for atomic number, and A for mass number.

Matt Braby
Matt Braby
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 68

Consider three isotopes of bismuth: ${ }_{83}^{202} \mathrm{Bi},{ }_{83}^{209} \mathrm{Bi}$, and ${ }_{83}^{215} \mathrm{Bi}$. Bismuth-209 is stable. One of the other nuclides undergoes beta emission, and the remaining nuclide undergoes electron capture. Identify the isotope that makes each of these changes, and explain your choices.

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 69

Consider three isotopes of nitrogen: ${ }_7^{13} \mathrm{~N},{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}$, and ${ }_7^{16} \mathrm{~N}$. Nitrogen-14 is stable. One of the other nuclides undergoes beta emission, and the remaining nuclide undergoes positron emission. Identify the isotope that makes each of these changes, and explain your choices.

Shubham Kumar
Shubham Kumar
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 70

Explain why gamma rays often accompany alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, and electron capture.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 71

What nuclear process or processes lead to each of the results listed below? The possibilities are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, electron capture, and gamma emission.
a. Atomic number increases by 1 .
b. Mass number decreases by 4
c. No change in atomic number or mass number.
d. The number of protons decreases by 1 .
e. The number of neutrons decreases by 1 .
f. The number of protons decreases by 2 .

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:47

Problem 72

What nuclear process or processes lead to each of the results listed below? The possibilities are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, electron capture, and gamma emission.
a. The number of neutrons increases by 1 .
b. Atomic number decreases by 2 .
c. The number of neutrons decreases by 2 .
d. Atomic number decreases by 1 .
e. The number of protons increases by 1 .
f. No change in the number of protons and neutrons.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 73

Describe the differences between nuclear reactions and chemical reactions.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 74

Explain why ${ }_{17}^{38} \mathrm{Cl}$ and ${ }_{17}^{38} \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$are very different chemically and why they each undergo identical nuclear reactions.

Nicholas Majtenyi
Nicholas Majtenyi
Numerade Educator

Problem 75

Describe the difference between nuclear equations and chemical equations.

Check back soon!
01:32

Problem 76

Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 for her study of radioactive nuclides, including polonium-218 (which was named after her native country, Poland). Polonium-218 undergoes alpha emission. Write the nuclear equation for this change.

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 77

Americium-243 is an alpha emitter used in smoke detectors. Write the nuclear equation for its alpha emission.

Daphne G. Moore
Daphne G. Moore
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 78

Cobalt-60, which is the most common nuclide used in radiation therapy for cancer, undergoes beta emission. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

Gwendolyn Burke
Gwendolyn Burke
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 79

Radioactive iron-59, which is used to assess blood iron changes, shifts toward stability by emitting beta particles. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 80

Carbon-11 is used in PET brain scans because it emits positrons. Write the nuclear equation for the positron emission of carbon-11.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 81

Oxygen-13 atoms undergo positron emission, so they can be used to generate PET scans. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

Shreestika Pradhan
Shreestika Pradhan
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 82

Mercury-197 was used in the past for brain scans. Its decay can be detected, because this nuclide undergoes electron capture, which forms an excited atom that then releases a gamma photon that escapes the body and strikes a detector. Write the nuclear equation for the electron capture by mercury-197.

Mayank Tripathi
Mayank Tripathi
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 83

Your cardiovascular system can be assessed using krypton-79, which shifts to a more stable nuclide by electron capture. Write an equation that describes this change.

Matthew Lueckheide
Matthew Lueckheide
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 84

Complete the following nuclear equations.
a. ${ }_{38}^{90} \mathrm{Sr} \rightarrow{ }_{39}^{90} \mathrm{Y}+$ $\qquad$
b. ${ }_9^{17} \mathrm{~F} \rightarrow{ }_8^{17} \mathrm{O}+$ $\qquad$
c. ${ }_{86}^{222} \mathrm{Rn} \rightarrow{ }_{84}^{218} \mathrm{Po}+$ $\qquad$
d. ${ }_9^{18} \mathrm{~F}+\longrightarrow \rightarrow{ }_8^{18} \mathrm{O}$
c. ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U} \rightarrow++{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}$
f. ${ }_4^7 \mathrm{Be}+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e} \rightarrow$ $\qquad$
g. ${ }_{26}^{52} \mathrm{Fe} \rightarrow \longrightarrow+{ }_{+1}^0$
h. ${ }_1^3 \mathrm{H} \rightarrow+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
i. $\longrightarrow{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
$\mathrm{j} . \longrightarrow{ }_{53}^{118} \mathrm{I}+{ }_{+1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
k. $\qquad$ $+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e} \rightarrow{ }_{83}^{204} \mathrm{Bi}$
1. $\qquad$ $\rightarrow{ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}$

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
00:21

Problem 85

Complete the following nuclear equations.
a. $\qquad$ $\rightarrow{ }_8^{18} \mathrm{O}+{ }_{+1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
b. ${ }_{13}^{26} \mathrm{Al} \rightarrow{ }_{14}^{26} \mathrm{Si}+$ $\qquad$
c. $\qquad$ $+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e} \rightarrow{ }_{26}^{58} \mathrm{Fe}$
d. ${ }_{96}^{242} \mathrm{Cm} \rightarrow{ }_{94}^{238} \mathrm{Pu}+$ $\qquad$
e. $\rightarrow{ }_{88}^{210} \mathrm{Ra}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}$
f. $\quad{ }_{84}^{210} \mathrm{Po} \rightarrow$ $\qquad$ $+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}$
g. ${ }_{15}^{30} \mathrm{P} \rightarrow$ $\qquad$ $+{ }_{+1}^0$
h. ${ }_{43}^{104} \mathrm{Tc} \rightarrow{ }_{44}^{104} \mathrm{Ru}+$ $\qquad$
i. $\quad{ }_{22}^{44} \mathrm{Ti}+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e} \rightarrow$ $\qquad$
j. ${ }_{55}^{137} \mathrm{Cs} \rightarrow$ $\qquad$ $+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
k. $\qquad$ $\rightarrow{ }_{16}^{32} \mathrm{~S}+{ }_{-1}^0 \mathrm{e}$
1. ${ }_{29}^{64} \mathrm{Cu}+$ $\qquad$ $\rightarrow \quad{ }_{28}^{64} \mathrm{Ni}$

Derrick Danso
Derrick Danso
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 86

Silver-117 atoms undergo three beta emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Tom Comey
Tom Comey
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 87

Molybdenum -105 atoms undergo four beta emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Kayla Gephart
Kayla Gephart
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 88

Tellurium -116 atoms undergo two electron captures before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 89

Cesium -127 atoms undergo two electron captures before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 90

Samarium -142 atoms undergo two positron emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator

Problem 91

Indium-107 atoms undergo a positron emission and an electron capture before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Check back soon!
View

Problem 92

Bismuth-211 atoms undergo an alpha emission and beta emission before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Tom Comey
Tom Comey
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 93

Polonium-214 atoms undergo an alpha emission, two beta emissions, and another alpha emission before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 94

Complete the following nuclear equations describing the changes that led to the formation of previously undiscovered nuclide.
a. ${ }_{96}^{246} \mathrm{Cm}+{ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow+{ }_{60}^1 \mathrm{n}$
b. $\qquad$ $+{ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow{ }_{106}^{263} \mathrm{Sg}+2{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$
c. ${ }_{95}^{240} \mathrm{Am}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{97}^{243} \mathrm{Bk}+$ $\qquad$
d. ${ }_{98}^{252} \mathrm{Cf}+$ $\qquad$ $\rightarrow{ }_{103}^{257} \mathrm{Lr}+5{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 95

Complete the following nuclear equations describing the changes that led to the formation of previously undiscovered nuclide.
a. ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}+{ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow+{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$
b. $\qquad$ $+{ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow{ }_{102}^{252} \mathrm{No}+5{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$
c. ${ }_{99}^{253} \mathrm{Es}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{102}^{256} \mathrm{Md}+$ $\qquad$
d. ${ }_{96}^{246} \mathrm{Cm}+$ $\qquad$ $\rightarrow{ }_{102}^{254} \mathrm{No}+5{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
03:33

Problem 96

In February 1981, the first atoms of the element Bohrium-262, ${ }_{107}^{262} \mathrm{Bh}$, were made from the bombardment of bismuth-209 atoms by chromium-54 atoms. Write a nuclear equation for this reaction. (One or more neutrons may be released in this type of nuclear reaction.)

Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Michigan Technological University
02:02

Problem 97

In December 1994, the nuclide roentgenium-272, ${ }_{111}^{272} \mathrm{Rg}$, was made from the bombardment of bismuth-209 atoms with nickel-64 atoms. Write a nuclear equation for this reaction. (One or more neutrons may be released in this type of nuclear reaction.)

Sandra Lundell
Sandra Lundell
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 98

Cesium-133, which is used in radiation therapy, has a half-life of 30 years. How long before a sample decreases to $1 / 4$ of what was originally there?

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 99

Gold-198, which is used to assess kidney function, has a half-life of 2.70 days. How long before a sample decreases to $1 / 16$ of what was originally there?

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 100

Phosphorus-32, which is used for leukemia therapy, has a half-life of 14.3 days. What fraction of a sample is left in 42.9 days?

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 101

Cobalt-60, which is used in radiation therapy, has a half-life of 5.26 years. What fraction of a sample is left in 26.3 years?

Jacquelinne S. Mejia Sandoval
Jacquelinne S. Mejia Sandoval
Numerade Educator
00:41

Problem 102

Explain why short-lived radioactive nuclides are found in nature.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:03

Problem 103

Describe the source of radium-226 and radon-222 found in nature. What problems do these nuclides cause?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 104

Explain why radon-222 is considered an indirect rather than a direct cause of cancer.

Evey Z
Evey Z
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 105

The first six steps of the decay series for uranium- 235 consist of the changes alpha emission, beta emission, alpha emission, beta emission, alpha emission, and alpha emission. Write the products formed after each of these six steps.

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 106

The last five steps of the decay series for uranium- 235 consist of alpha emission from ${ }_{86}^{219} \mathrm{Rn}$ followed by alpha emission, beta emission, beta emission, and alpha emission. Write the products formed after each of these steps.

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
03:44

Problem 107

In the first five steps of the decay series for thorium-232, the products are ${ }_{88}^{228} \mathrm{Ra},{ }_{89}^{228} \mathrm{Ac},{ }_{90}^{228} \mathrm{Th},{ }_{88}^{224} \mathrm{Ra}$, and ${ }_{86}^{220} \mathrm{Rn}$. Identify each of these steps as alpha emissions or beta emissions.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:34

Problem 108

The last five steps of the decay series for thorium- 232 start with ${ }_{86}^{220} \mathrm{Rn}$, and the products are ${ }_{84}^{216} \mathrm{Po},{ }_{82}^{212} \mathrm{~Pb},{ }_{83}^{212} \mathrm{Bi},{ }_{84}^{212} \mathrm{Po}$, and ${ }_{82}^{208} \mathrm{~Pb}$. Identify each of these steps as alpha emissions or beta emissions.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 109

Explain why alpha particles are considered ionizing radiation.

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 110

Explain why beta particles are considered ionizing radiation.

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 111

Explain why gamma photons are considered ionizing radiation.

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 112

Describe how alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma photons interact with water to form ions and free radicals, and explain why these products can do damage to the body.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
00:25

Problem 113

What types of tissues are most sensitive to emission from radioactive nuclides? Why do radiation treatments do more damage to cancer cells than to regular cells? Why are children more affected by radiation than adults are?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 114

Explain how strontium-90 atoms can cause bone cancer or leukemia, how cesium-137 atoms can cause tissue damage, and how iodine-131 can damage thyroid glands.

James Irizarry
James Irizarry
Numerade Educator
02:31

Problem 115

Why do you think radium- 226 concentrates in our bones?

Aja S
Aja S
Numerade Educator
00:30

Problem 116

Describe the relative penetrating ability of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma photons, and use this description to explain why gamma photons emitted outside the body can do damage to internal organs but alpha and beta emitters must be inside the body to do damage.

Sisi Gao
Sisi Gao
Numerade Educator
03:18

Problem 117

Why are alpha particles more damaging to tissues when the source is ingested than the same number of gamma photons would be?

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 118

Describe how cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer.

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator

Problem 119

Explain how MRI produces images of the soft tissues of the body.

Check back soon!
00:42

Problem 120

Explain how PET can show dynamic processes in the body, such as brain activity and blood flow.

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 121

Explain how fluorine-18 is used to study bones and how carbon-11 is used to study brain activity.

Sandra Lundell
Sandra Lundell
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 122

Describe how carbon-14 (radiocarbon) dating of artifacts is done.

Niamat Khuda
Niamat Khuda
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 123

Explain how smoke detectors containing americium-241 work.

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 124

Describe how iridium-192 can be used to find leaks in welded pipe joints.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
03:09

Problem 125

Describe the pros and cons of food irradiation.

Gwendolyn Burke
Gwendolyn Burke
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 126

Explain how scientists use radioactive tracers.

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 127

Explain how the binding energy of a nucleus reflects its stability.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
03:38

Problem 128

Explain how the binding energy per nucleon can be used to compare the stability of nuclides.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
03:59

Problem 129

Describe the general trend in binding energy per nucleon for the natural nuclides, and use it to explain how energy is released in both nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:18

Problem 130

Explain why ${ }_2^4 \mathrm{He},{ }_6^{12} \mathrm{C},{ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O}$, and ${ }_{10}^{20} \mathrm{Ne}$ are especially stable.

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 131

Explain why ${ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}$ and ${ }_{82}^{208} \mathrm{~Pb}$ are especially stable.

Ivan Kochetkov
Ivan Kochetkov
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 132

Give two reasons why ${ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O}$ is more stable than ${ }_8^{15} \mathrm{O}$.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 133

Describe the fission reaction of uranium-235, and explain how it can lead to a chain reaction.

Catherine Lemar
Catherine Lemar
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 134

Describe how heat is generated in a nuclear power plant.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 135

Explain why uranium must be enriched in uranium- 235 before it can be used as fuel in a typical nuclear reactor.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 136

Describe the role of the moderator in a nuclear reactor.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 137

Describe the problems associated with the production of plutonium-239 in nuclear reactors.

Sheh Lit Chang
Sheh Lit Chang
University of Washington
08:10

Problem 138

The reason that nuclear wastes must be isolated from the environment for a very long time is that they contain relatively long-lived radioactive nuclides, such as technetium- 99 with a half-life of over $2.1 \times 10^5$ years. One proposed solution is to bombard the waste with neutrons so as to convert the long lived nuclides into nuclides that decay more quickly. When technetium-99 absorbs a neutron, it forms technetium-100, which has a half-life of 16 seconds and forms stable ruthenium-100 by emitting a beta particle. Write the nuclear equations for these two changes.

Logan Heckart
Logan Heckart
Numerade Educator
00:26

Problem 139

Describe the role of the control rods in a nuclear reactor.

Amy Jiang
Amy Jiang
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 140

Describe how energy is generated in the sun.

Catherine Lemar
Catherine Lemar
Numerade Educator
04:07

Problem 141

A radioactive nuclide that has an atomic number of 53 and a mass (nucleon) number of 131 is used to measure thyroid function. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A X$. Write two other ways to symbolize this nuclide.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 142

A radioactive nuclide that has an atomic number of 6 and a mass (nucleon) number of 14 is used to determine the age of artifacts. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A X$. Write two other ways to symbolize this nuclide.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:55

Problem 143

A radioactive nuclide that has 11 protons and 13 neutrons is used to detect blood clots. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A X$. Write two other ways to symbolize this nuclide.

ED
Elaine Dorr
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 144

A radioactive nuclide that has 43 protons and 56 neutrons is used in bone scans. Write its nuclide symbol in the form of ${ }_Z^A X$. Write two other ways to symbolize this nuclide.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 145

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{55}^{133} \mathrm{Cs}$ is used in radiation therapy. What is its atomic number and mass (nucleon) number? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator

Problem 146

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{36}^{79} \mathrm{Kr}$ is used to assess cardiovascular function. What is its atomic number and mass (nucleon) number? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Check back soon!
02:05

Problem 147

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_{24}^{51} \mathrm{Cr}$ is used to determine blood volume. How many protons and neutrons does each atom have? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Kevin Chimex
Kevin Chimex
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 148

A radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }_8^{15} \mathrm{O}$ is used to test lung function. How many protons and neutrons does each atom have? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Arnelia K
Arnelia K
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 149

Gallium-67 is used to diagnose lymphoma. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 150

Nitrogen-13 is used in heart imaging. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Chloe Schroeder
Chloe Schroeder
Numerade Educator

Problem 151

The radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }^{32} \mathrm{P}$ is used to detect eye tumors. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Check back soon!
02:16

Problem 152

The radioactive nuclide with the symbol ${ }^{41} \mathrm{Ar}$ is used to measure the flow of gases from smokestacks. What is its atomic number and mass number? How many protons and how many neutrons are in the nucleus of each atom? Write two other ways to represent this nuclide.

Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Ali
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 153

Consider three isotopes of neon: ${ }_{10}^{18} \mathrm{Ne},{ }_{10}^{20} \mathrm{Ne}$, and ${ }_{10}^{24} \mathrm{Ne}$. Neon-20, which is the most abundant isotope of neon, is stable. One of the other nuclides undergoes beta emission, and the remaining nuclide undergoes positron emission. Identify the isotope that makes each of these changes, and explain your choices.

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 154

Consider three isotopes of chromium: ${ }_{24}^{48} \mathrm{Cr},{ }_{24}^{52} \mathrm{Cr}$, and ${ }_{24}^{56} \mathrm{Cr}$. Chromium52 , the most abundant, is stable. One of the other nuclides undergoes beta emission, and the remaining nuclide undergoes electron capture. Identify the isotope that makes each of these changes, and explain your choices.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 155

Write the nuclear equation for the alpha emission of bismuth- 189 .

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 156

Write the nuclear equation for the alpha emission of radium-226, which is used in radiation therapy.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 157

Phosphorus-32, which is used to detect breast cancer, undergoes beta emission. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 158

Radioactive xenon-133 is used to measure lung capacity. It shifts toward stability by emitting beta particles. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 159

Write the nuclear equation for the positron emission of potassium-40.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
04:10

Problem 160

Liver disease can be diagnosed with the help of radioactive copper-64, which is a positron emitter. Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 161

Radioactive selenium-75, used to determine the shape of the pancreas, shifts to a more stable nuclide via electron capture. Write the nuclear equation for this change.

Yujie Wang
Yujie Wang
College of San Mateo
View

Problem 162

Intestinal fat absorption can be measured using iodine-125, which undergoes electron capture. Write an equation that describes this change.

Tom Comey
Tom Comey
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 163

Germanium-78 atoms undergo two beta emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:43

Problem 164

Iron-61 atoms undergo two beta emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 165

Iron-52 atoms undergo one positron emission and one electron capture before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:43

Problem 166

Titanium- 43 atoms undergo two positron emissions before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 167

Arsenic-69 atoms undergo one positron emission and one electron capture before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 168

Radon-217 atoms undergo two alpha emissions and a beta emission before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 169

Astatine-216 atoms undergo an alpha emission, a beta emission, and another alpha emission before they reach a stable nuclide. What is the final product?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 170

Complete the following nuclear equations.
a. ${ }_{98}^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+{ }_7^{15} \mathrm{~N} \rightarrow \longrightarrow+5{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$
b. $+{ }_5^{10} \mathrm{~B} \rightarrow{ }_{103}^{257} \mathrm{Lr}+2{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$
c. ${ }_{51}^{121} \mathrm{Sb}+{ }_1^1 \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }_{52}^{121} \mathrm{Te}+$ $\qquad$

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 171

Complete the following nuclear equations.
a. ${ }_5^{10} \mathrm{~B}+{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n} \rightarrow \longrightarrow+{ }_1^1 \mathrm{H}$
b. $+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{53}^{124} \mathrm{I}+{ }_{0 \mathrm{n}}^1$
c. ${ }_{94}^{239} \mathrm{Pu}+{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He} \rightarrow \longrightarrow+{ }_1^1 \mathrm{H}+2{ }_0^1 \mathrm{n}$

Arpit Gupta
Arpit Gupta
Numerade Educator
00:27

Problem 172

Nitrogen-containing explosives carried by potential terrorists can be detected at airports by bombarding suspicious luggage with low-energy neutrons. The nitrogen- 14 atoms absorb the neutrons, forming nitrogen- 15 atoms. The nitrogen-15 atoms emit gamma photons of a characteristic wavelength that can be detected outside the luggage. Write a nuclear equation for the reaction that forms nitrogen-15 from nitrogen-14.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 173

In September 1982, the element meitnerium-266, ${ }_{109}^{266} \mathrm{Mt}$, was made from the bombardment of bismuth-209 atoms with iron-58 atoms. Write a nuclear equation for this reaction. (One or more neutrons may be released in this type of nuclear reaction.)

John Nicolle
John Nicolle
Numerade Educator
02:44

Problem 174

In March 1984, the nuclide hassium- $265,{ }_{108}^{265} \mathrm{Hs}$, was made from the bombardment of lead-208 atoms with iron-58 atoms. Write a nuclear equation for this reaction. (One or more neutrons may be released in this type of nuclear reaction.)

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
01:12

Problem 175

In November 1994, the nuclide darmstadtium-269, ${ }_{110}^{271}$ Ds, was made from the bombardment of lead-208 atoms with nickel-62 atoms. Write a nuclear equation for this reaction. (One or more neutrons may be released in this type of nuclear reaction.)

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 176

Krypton-79, which is used to assess cardiovascular function, has a half-life of 34.5 hours. How long before a sample decreases to $1 / 8$ of what was originally there?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 177

Strontium-90 has a half-life of 29 years. How long before a sample decreases to $1 / 32$ of what was originally there?

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 178

Iron-59, which is used to diagnose anemia, has a half-life of 45 days. What fraction of it is left in 90 days?

Anatole Borisov
Anatole Borisov
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 179

Fluorine-17 has a half-life of 66 s . What fraction of it is left in 264 s ?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 180

Suggest a way radioactive sulfur- 35 could be used to show that the following reversible change takes place in a saturated solution of silver sulfide with excess solid on the bottom.

$$
\mathrm{Ag}_2 \mathrm{~S}(s) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Ag}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{S}^{2-}(a q)
$$

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 181

Vitamin $\mathrm{B}_{12}$ is water soluble vitamin that can be derived from oysters, salmon, liver, and kidney. At the core of the complex structure of vitamin $\mathrm{B}_{12}$ is a cobalt ion. Suggest a way that radioactive cobalt- 57 could be used to determine which tissues of the body adsorb the most vitamin $B_{12}$.

Abdel Osman
Abdel Osman
Numerade Educator