Section 1
Natural Radioactivity
Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:a. ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$b. $\quad+1^{0} e$C. ${ }_{0}^{0} \gamma$
Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:a. $\quad 0$$-1$$e$b. ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$C. ${ }_{0}^{1} n$
Naturally occurring potassium consists of three isotopes: potassium-39, potassium-40, and potassium-41.a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope.b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ?
Naturally occurring iodine is iodine-127. Medically, radioactive isotopes of iodine-125 and iodine-131 are used.a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope.b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ?
Identify each of the following:a. ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{X}$b. ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{X}$c. ${ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{X}$d. ${ }_{18}^{38} \mathrm{X}$e. ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{X}$
Identify each of the following:a. ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathbf{X}$b. $\quad{ }_{35}^{81} \mathrm{X}$c. ${ }_{0}^{0} \mathrm{X}$d. $\quad 59$ 26 $\mathrm{X}$e. ${ }_{+1}^{0} \mathbf{X}$
Write the symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine:a. copper-64b. selenium-75c. sodium-24d. nitrogen-15
Write the symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine:a. indium-111b. palladium- 103c. barium- 131d. rubidium- 82
Supply the missing information in the following table:$$\begin{array}{lllll}\text { Medical Use } & \begin{array}{l}\text { Atomic } \\\text { Symbol }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Mass } \\\text { Number }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Number of } \\\text { Protons }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Number of } \\\text { Neutrons }\end{array} \\\text { Heart imaging } & { }_{81}^{201} \mathrm{Tl} & & & \\\text { Radiation therapy } & & 60 & 27 & \\\text { Abdominal scan } & & & 31 & 36 \\\text { Hyperthyroidism } & { }_{53}^{131} \mathrm{I} & & & \\\text { Leukemia treatment } & & 32 & & 17 \\\hline\end{array}$$
Supply the missing information in the following table:$$\begin{array}{lllll}\text { Medical Use } & \begin{array}{l}\text { Atomic } \\\text { Symbol }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Mass } \\\text { Number }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Number of } \\\text { Protons }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { Number of } \\\text { Neutrons }\end{array} \\\text { Cancer treatment } & { }_{55}{ }^{131} \mathrm{Cs} & & & \\\text { Brain scan } & & & 43 & 56 \\\text { Blood flow } & & 141 & 58 & \\\text { Bone scan } & & 85 & & 47 \\\text { Lung function } & { }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe} & & & \\\hline\end{array}$$
Match the type of radiation $(\mathbf{1}$ to 3$)$ with each of the following statements:1. alpha particle2. beta particle3. gamma radiationa. does not penetrate skinb. shielding protection includes lead or thick concretec. can be very harmful if ingested
Match the type of radiation $(1$ to 3$)$ with each of the following statements:1. alpha particle2. beta particle3. gamma radiationa. penetrates farthest into skin and body tissuesb. shielding protection includes lab coats and glovesc. travels only a short distance in air
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. ${ }_{84}^{208} \mathrm{Po}$b. ${ }_{90}^{232} \mathrm{Th}$c. ${ }_{102}^{251} \mathrm{No}$d. radon-220
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. curium-243b. ${ }_{99}^{252} \mathrm{Es}$c. ${ }_{98}^{251} \mathrm{Cf}$d. ${ }_{107}^{261} \mathrm{Bh}$
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. ${ }_{11}^{25} \mathrm{Na}$b. ${ }_{8}^{20} \mathrm{O}$c. strontium-92d. iron- 60
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. ${ }_{19}^{44} \mathrm{~K}$b. iron- 59c. potassium- 42d. ${ }_{56}^{141} \mathrm{Ba}$
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. silicon-26b. cobalt-54c. ${ }^{77} \mathrm{Rb}$d. ${ }_{45}^{93} \mathrm{Rh}$
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of each of the following radioactive isotopes:a. boron-8b. ${ }_{8}^{15} \mathrm{O}$c. ${ }_{19}^{40} \mathrm{~K}$d. nitrogen- 13
Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:a. ${ }_{13}^{28} \mathrm{Al} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{-1}^{0} e$b. ${ }_{73}^{180 \mathrm{~m}} \mathrm{Ta} \longrightarrow{ }_{73}^{180} \mathrm{Ta}+$ ?c. ${ }_{29}^{66} \mathrm{Cu} \longrightarrow{ }_{30}^{66} \mathrm{Zn}+?$d. $? \longrightarrow{ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$e. ${ }_{80}^{188} \mathrm{Hg} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{+1}^{0} e$