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Introduction to Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach

Richard C. Bauer, James P. Birk, Pamela Marks

Chapter 15

Nuclear Chemistry - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

05:07

Problem 1

Match the key terms with the descriptions provided.
(a) the smallest amount of fissionable material necessary
to support a continuing chain reaction
(b) the splitting of a heavy atom into two or more lighter atoms and some number of neutrons with the release of energy
(c) a nuclide containing two protons and two neutrons; the nucleus of a helium-4 atom
(d) having the ability to emit ionizing radiation spontaneously
(e) the highest-energy and most-penetrating type of electromagnetic radiation
(f) a nuclear reaction that is induced by the impact of a nuclide or a subatomic particle on another nuclide
(g) a nuclear particle (neutron or proton)
(h) emission of particles or electromagnetic waves

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
05:07

Problem 2

Match the key terms with the descriptions provided.
(a) a technique for the establishment of the age of a carbon-containing object by determining the amount of C-14 present in the object
(b) a particle having the same mass as an electron but the opposite electrical charge
(c) incorporation of a $1 s$ electron into the nucleus, resulting in the conversion of a proton into a neutron
(d) a small, chargcd particle that can be cmitted from atoms at speeds approaching the speed of light; cither an electron or a positron
(c) a reaction in which the product of one step is a reactant in a subsequent step
(f) the combination of light nuclei to fom heavicr nuclei
(g) an atom having a specified atomic number, mass number, and nuclear energy
(h) the time it takes for half of a sample of a nuclide to decay to a different nuclide

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
00:50

Problem 3

What is a radioactive substance?

Osman Elomda
Osman Elomda
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 4

What types of nuclides are radioactive?

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 5

What are the different types of radiation resulting from radioactive decay?

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 6

What happens during nuclear reactions in addition to the emission of radiation?

John Nicolle
John Nicolle
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 7

Which of the first 90 elements have only radioactive isotopes?

Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Ali
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 8

Which of the elements with atomic numbers greater than 90 are radioactive?

Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Ali
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 9

A sample of a radioactive material emits gamma radiation. What material would you use to enclose the material to prevent the radiation from escaping?

Aja S
Aja S
Numerade Educator
00:24

Problem 10

A sample of a radioactive material emits beta radiation. What material would you use to enclose the material to prevent the radiation from escaping?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 11

What features do nuclear decay reactions and nuclear
bombardment reactions have in common?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 12

How do nuclear decay reactions differ from bombardment
reactions?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 13

What are the different types of particles or rays that may
result from nuclear decay?

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 14

Which type of radioactivity does not involve the emission
of particles?

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
00:28

Problem 15

Describe the conservation rules that are used to balance
nuclear reaction equations.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 16

What quantity do we examine to determine whether
nuclear charge is conserved in a balanced nuclear
reaction?

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
02:54

Problem 17

What product results from alpha emission by $\frac{226}{8}$ Ra?

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 18

Write an equation for the alpha decay of $\frac{288}{90}$ Th.

Raj Bala
Raj Bala
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 19

What product results from beta (electron) emission by

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 20

What is the product of beta (electron) decay of $\frac{23}{90}$ Th?

Sanat Mukherjee
Sanat Mukherjee
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 21

Compounds containing $\frac{15}{8} \mathrm{O}$ are used for PET scans. What

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:04

Problem 22

nuclide is formed when ${ }_{8}^{15} \mathrm{O}$ emits a positron?
A nuclide used in PET scans forms ${ }_{6}^{13} \mathrm{C}$ when it emits a
positron. What is this nuclide?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 23

Identify the particle emitted by a nucleus that undergoes
the following transformation.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 24

Identify the particle emitted by a nucleus that undergoes the following transformation.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 25

What nuclide will produce ${ }_{3}^{7}$ Li by electron capture?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 26

What product will result from electron capture by $\frac{44}{22} \mathrm{~T}$ ?

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
03:54

Problem 27

Complete and balance the following equations.
(a) ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U} \longrightarrow \frac{234}{90} \mathrm{Th}+?$
(b) ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th} \longrightarrow \frac{234}{91} \mathrm{~Pa}+?$
(c) ${ }_{92}^{234} \mathrm{U} \longrightarrow{ }_{2}^{4} \alpha+$ ?
(d) ${ }_{83}^{2+0} \mathrm{Bi}+{ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow$ ?

Bin Chen
Bin Chen
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 28

Complete and balance the following equations.
(a) ${ }_{3}^{7} \mathrm{Li}+? \longrightarrow 2_{2}^{4} \alpha$
(b) ${ }_{82}^{214} \mathrm{~Pb} \longrightarrow{ }_{83}^{214} \mathrm{Bi}+?$
(c) ${ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{~A} 1+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{2}^{4} \alpha$
(d) ${ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}+? \longrightarrow{ }_{7}^{13} \mathrm{~N}$

Eileen Sullivan
Eileen Sullivan
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 29

Write balanced equations for the following nuclear reactions.
(a) alpha decay by ${ }_{87}^{227} \mathrm{Fr}$
(b) positron emission by ${ }_{9}^{18} \mathrm{~F}$
(c) beta emission by ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 30

Write balanced equations for the following nuclear reactions.
(a) beta (electron) emission by ${ }_{47}^{114} \mathrm{Ag}$
(b) alpha emission by ${ }_{84}^{210} \mathrm{Po}$
(c) electron capture by ${ }_{56}^{133} \mathrm{Ba}$

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:21

Problem 31

Describe a nuclear bombardment reaction.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 32

If we know the starting nuclide and the products of a nuclear bombardment reaction, how do we determine what was used to bombard the starting nuclide?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 33

Bombardment of ${ }_{98}^{250}$ Cf by ${ }_{5}{ }_{5} \mathrm{~B}$ yields four neutrons. What is the other product?

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
00:18

Problem 34

What isotope is used to bombard ${ }_{42}^{97}$ Mo if the products are ${ }_{43}$ Tc and two neutrons?

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 35

Complete and balance the following equations.
(a) ${ }_{5}^{10} \mathrm{~B}+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$
(b) ${ }_{83}^{209} \mathrm{Bi}+{ }_{2}^{4} \alpha \longrightarrow ?+2{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$
(c) ${ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}+? \longrightarrow{ }_{7}^{13} \mathrm{~N}$

Katherine Mccandless
Katherine Mccandless
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 36

Complete and balance the following equations.
(a) ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}^{-}$
(b) ${ }_{3}^{6} \mathrm{Li}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H}$
(c) ${ }_{29}^{63} \mathrm{Cu}+? \longrightarrow{ }_{29}^{64} \mathrm{Cu}+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$

Eileen Sullivan
Eileen Sullivan
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 37

Write a balanced equation for each of the following nuclear reactions.
(a) bombardment of ${ }_{42}^{96}$ Mo with a proton, resulting in a emission of a neutron
(b) bombardment of ${ }_{83}^{209}$ Bi with ${ }_{28}^{64}$ Ni to produce a new nuclide and a neutron

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 38

Write a balanced equation for each of the following nuclear reactions.
(a) bombardment of a nuclide with ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}$ atoms, producir ${ }_{30} \mathrm{Zn}$ and a neutron
(b) bombardment of ${ }_{82}^{206 \mathrm{~Pb}}$ with $\frac{58}{26}$ Fe, producing a new nuclide and a neutron

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 39

What is the $N / Z$ ratio for stable isotopes for the first 20 elements?

Jean Gephart
Jean Gephart
Numerade Educator
00:43

Problem 40

What is the $N / \angle$ ratio for elements 80 to $90 ?$

Mike Bailey
Mike Bailey
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 41

What is the band of stability?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 42

How is the band of stability used to predict the type of radioactive decay a given nuclide might undergo?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 43

Which of the following isotopes should be the most stable? Explain your answer.

Sakib Sarker
Sakib Sarker
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 44

Which of the following isotopes should be the most stable? Explain your answer.
$$
\begin{array}{lll}
{ }_{14}^{28} \mathrm{Si} & { }^{29} \mathrm{Si} & { }_{14}^{30} \mathrm{Si} \\
& & 14
\end{array}
$$

Sakib Sarker
Sakib Sarker
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 45

Predict the type of nuclear decay expected for the following unstable nuclides.
(a) ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$
(b) ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$
(d) ${ }^{15} 8$
(c) ${ }_{92}^{234} \mathrm{U}$
(e) ${ }^{16} \mathrm{~N}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 46

Predict the type of nuclear decay expected for the following unstable nuclides.
(a) ${ }_{8}^{19} \mathrm{O}$
(b) ${ }_{91}^{230} \mathrm{~Pa}$
(d) ${ }_{7}^{13} \mathrm{~N}$
(c) ${ }_{6}^{10} \mathrm{C}$
(e) ${ }_{94}^{244} \mathrm{Pu}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 47

When ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$ decays, it emits five alpha particles and two beta particles in seven steps. What is the final product of this series of decay steps?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:06

Problem 48

When $\frac{226}{8}$ Ra decays, it emits four alpha particles and two beta particles in six steps. What is the final product of this series of decay steps?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 49

What is the half-life of a radioactive nuclide?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 50

What uses are made of the half-life of a radioactive nuclide?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 51

How is radiation detected?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 52

How are the half-lives of radioactive nuclides measured?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 53

The half-life of ${ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}$ is $15.0 \mathrm{~h}$. What fraction of the nuclide will remain after $60.0 \mathrm{~h}$ ?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:39

Problem 54

The half-life of tritium, ${ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H}$, is $12.3$ years. How much of a $100.0-\mathrm{g}$ sample of tritium will be left after a period of 37 years?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:07

Problem 55

To investigate metabolic pathways, a laboratory rat is injected with a sample containing phosphorus-32, which has a half-life of 14 days. Assuming none of the ${ }_{15}^{32} \mathrm{P}$ is excreted, how long would it take for the amount of ${ }_{15}^{32} \mathrm{P}$ to be reduced to one-eighth?

Rithvik Manne
Rithvik Manne
Numerade Educator
03:44

Problem 56

The half-life of ${ }_{10}^{35} \mathrm{~S}$ is $86.7$ days. How long does it take for the radiation intensity to decrease by $75 \%$ ?

AL
Alice Lundgren
Numerade Educator
04:09

Problem 57

The half-life of the nuclide ${ }_{85}^{211} \mathrm{At}$ is $7.5 \mathrm{~h}$. If $0.100 \mathrm{mg}$ of this nuclide is administered for thyroid treatment, how long does it take to reduce the nuclide to $0.0125 \mathrm{mg}$ ?

Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Michigan Technological University
04:09

Problem 58

The half-life of ${ }_{10}^{35} \mathrm{~S}$ is $86.7$ days. If $80.0 \mathrm{mg}$ is absorbed by an orange, how long will it take to reduce this radioactive nuclide to $5.0 \mathrm{mg}$ ?

Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Monica Mame Soma Nyansa
Michigan Technological University
02:24

Problem 59

Barley and wheat grains recovered from an ancient Egyptian burial chamber were analyzed for their carbon- 14 content. They contained an amount of ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ equal to $50 \%$ of that present in living plants. If the halflife of ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is 5730 years, how old are these grains likely to be?

Rushil Ghimire
Rushil Ghimire
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 60

A precursor of modern-day bison is Bison latifrons. A fossil found in North Dakota was dated with the radiocarbon method. It contained $0.39 \%$ as much ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ as modern bison. How old is the fossil likely to be?

Eleanor Behling
Eleanor Behling
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 61

Technetium- $99 \mathrm{~m}$ is used for a number of diagnostic purposes in medicine. For example, ${ }^{9 m}$ "Tc introduced into the bloodstream is not normally absorbed by brain cells, but it is absorbed by a tumor. A brain scan can locate the tumor. If a sample of ${ }^{99 m}$ Tc is introduced into a body in this way, and $6.25 \%$ of its radioactivity remains after $24 \mathrm{~h}$, what is the half-life of ${ }^{99 m} \mathrm{Tc}$ ?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:44

Problem 62

A sample of a radioactive nuclide has an activity of $3500 \mathrm{cpm}$. If the activity has decreased to $1750 \mathrm{cpm}$ $45.0 \mathrm{~min}$ later, what is the half-life of the nuclide?

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 63

Why are pacemakers powered with a $\underset{94}{233} \mathrm{Pu}$ power device rather than a zinc-silver oxide electrochemical cell?

Linhan Yang
Linhan Yang
Numerade Educator
00:16

Problem 64

Explain how radioactive nuclides can be used to study the metabolism of a sugar substitute.

Anna Miller
Anna Miller
Numerade Educator
02:17

Problem 65

Why is ${ }^{9 m} \mathrm{Tc}$ used for medical diagnosis?

Kim Trang Nguyen
Kim Trang Nguyen
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 66

Why is ${ }^{131} \mathrm{I}$ used for diagnosing thyroid tumors?

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 67

Why is ${ }_{6}^{11} \mathrm{C}$, but not ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$, used for PET imaging?

Matt Braby
Matt Braby
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 68

Describe how ${ }_{9}^{18} \mathrm{~F}$ might be used for PET imaging.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 69

Describe four different effects radiation might have on a
living biological cell.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 70

We are exposed to radiation from many sources. What
sources can we control in our daily lives?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 71

The risk to the general population from radon is about
100 to 1000 times higher than the risk from carbon
tetrachloride or benzene, which have been tightly
controlled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Should the EPA generate regulations for radon in houses?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 72

Radon is estimated to cause 10,000 lung cancer deaths per
year, compared to about 110,000 attributed to smoking
tobacco. Why is tobacco not more heavily regulated?

LJ
Lena Jake
Numerade Educator
03:29

Problem 73

If Po-214 were ingested, what nuclides would be present
in appreciable amounts later that day?

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 74

If Po-214 were ingested, what types of radiation would be
emitted during the first second after ingestion?

Wan Deng
Wan Deng
Numerade Educator
00:28

Problem 75

Distinguish between fission and fusion.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
00:28

Problem 76

Write balanced nuclear equations for examples of fission and fusion.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:01

Problem 77

When bombarded by a neutron, U-235 undergoes fission. If the resulting nuclides are $\mathrm{Kr}-93$ and $\mathrm{Ba}-140$, how many neutrons are emitted?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
03:01

Problem 78

When bombarded by a neutron, U-235 undergoes fission. If the resulting nuclides are Sr-91 and Xe-142, how many neutrons are emitted?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 79

Describe the features of a chain reaction.

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 80

Explain why critical mass is of concern in the design of a fission reactor.

Mackenzie Voots
Mackenzie Voots
Numerade Educator
00:24

Problem 81

What are the main components of a fission reactor?

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 82

What is the composition and function of a moderator in a nuclear fission reactor? A control rod?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 83

Why is the heat from fission reactions not used directly to create steam to operate a turbine?

Shital Rijal
Shital Rijal
Numerade Educator
00:33

Problem 84

What safety features are included in the design of most fission reactors?

Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari
Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 85

Describe the nuclear waste from a fission reactor.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
00:44

Problem 86

Why does nuclear waste from a fission reactor usually have to be stored underground or in steel tanks?

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 87

What fuels are most likely to be used as a power source in fusion reactors?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
04:27

Problem 88

Discuss the problems that must be overcome before nuclear fusion can become a useful energy source for peaceful purposes.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 89

Write a balanced nuclear equation for a reaction that might be used in a fusion reactor.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:43

Problem 90

Write a balanced nuclear equation for a reaction that might occur in a fission reactor.

Matthew Confer
Matthew Confer
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 91

What nuclide forms when ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$ undergoes fusion with ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}$, assuming only one particle forms?

Zachary Warner
Zachary Warner
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 92

What nuclide forms when ${ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H}$ undergoes fusion with ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$, assuming only one particle forms?

Zachary Warner
Zachary Warner
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 93

Describe the process of radioactive dating.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 94

What product will result from neutron capture by ${ }_{92}^{248} \mathrm{U} ?$

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 95

An old piece of wood has a carbon- 14 content of $0.0156$
times that of a freshly cut piece of wood. What is the age
of the old wood if the half-life of ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is 5730 years?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:51

Problem 96

The ratio of ${ }^{40} \mathrm{~K}$ to ${ }^{40}$ Ar was used to date moon rocks
returned by the Apollo 11 flight. Potassium- 40 decays
to argon- 40 by positron emission with a half-life of
$1.3$ billion years. Assuming no ${ }^{40}$ Ar was present initially
and that none escaped, how old is a rock that had a $\mathrm{K}-40$
to Ar-40 ratio of $0.143$ ?

Kevin Chimex
Kevin Chimex
Numerade Educator
00:58

Problem 97

Outline the nuclear reactions that are the primary source of energy in the stars.

Catherine Lemar
Catherine Lemar
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 98

Predict the type of radioactive decay expected for the following unstable nuclides.
(a) ${ }_{9}^{17} \mathrm{~F}$
(b) ${ }_{9}^{21} \mathrm{~F}$
(d) ${ }_{10}^{19} \mathrm{Ne}$
(c) ${ }_{84}^{216} \mathrm{Po}$
(e) ${ }_{6}^{15} \mathrm{C}$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 99

The bombardment of beryllium-9 with alpha particles yields carbon-12. Predict any other products of this reaction and write a balanced equation to describe it.

Noah Barguez-Arias
Noah Barguez-Arias
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 100

What product will result from positron emission by ${ }_{8}^{15} \mathrm{O}$ ?

Sharfa Farzandh
Sharfa Farzandh
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 101

Polonium-210 is an alpha-particle emitter with a halflife of 138 days. Static-eliminator brushes for cleaning dust from camera lenses contain a small amount of ${ }^{210} \mathrm{Po}$ at the base of the bristles. Suppose you are in charge of maintaining inventory at a camera store and you are offered a very good buy on a three-year supply of brushes. Should you maintain a stock this size? Consider how much ${ }^{210} \mathrm{Po}$ is left at the end of each year during this period to help you decide.

Jorge Villanueva
Jorge Villanueva
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 102

Although potassium-40 decays to produce calcium-40 with a half-life of 1400 million years, rocks cannot be dated by measuring the ratio of ${ }^{40} \mathrm{~K}$ to ${ }^{40} \mathrm{Ca}$. Why?

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 103

Neutron activation analysis is a nondestructive method for determining the elements present in materials. The material is bombarded with neutrons, forming radioactive nuclides with decay energies that can be measured. It is often used to verify the authenticity of paintings by matching the composition of paint with that from other paintings by the same artist. Comment on the statement that a painting found to contain chloride could not have been painted in AD 1648, as claimed, since the element chlorine was not discovered until 1774 .

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator