Chapter Questions
Neutral atoms always have equal numbers of(A) protons and neutrons(B) electrons and neutrons(C) protons and electrons(D) protons and positrons
What is the relationship between the atomic number $Z$, the mass number $A$, and the number of neutrons $N$ in a nucleus?(A) $A=Z+N$(B) $A=Z-N$(C) $A=N / Z$(D) $A=N Z$
The ratio of the magnitude of charge on an electron to the magnitude of charge on a proton is(A) $1: 2$(B) $1: 1$(C) $1: 6.25 \times 10^{18}$(D) $1: 1840$
What is the mass number of an atom with 9 protons, 11 neutrons, and 9 electrons?(A) 9(B) 18(C) 20(D) 29
An atom consists of 9 protons, 9 electrons, and 10 neutrons. The number of nucleons in this atom is(A) 0(B) 9(C) 19(D) 28
A neutral atom could be composed of(A) 4 electrons, 5 protons, 6 neutrons(B) 5 electrons, 5 protons, 6 neutrons(C) 6 electrons, 3 protons, 6 neutrons(D) o electrons, 5 protons, 5 neutrons
Isotopes of the same element have the same number of(A) neutrons and protons, only(B) neutrons and electrons, only(C) protons and electrons, only(D) electrons, protons, and neutrons
If the number of neutrons in an atom increases, the atomic number of the atom(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
As the mass number of an isotope increases, its atomic number(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
As the number of protons in a nucleus increases, its atomic number(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
A lithium nucleus contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons. What is the atomic number of the nucleus?(A) 1(B) 7(C) 3(D) 4
What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of ${ }_{86}^{222} \mathrm{Rn}$ ?(A) 86(B) 136(C) 222(D) 308
A neutral atom has 24 neutrons and 20 protons. The number of electrons in the atom is(A) 24(B) 20(C) 44(D) 4
Which atom is an isotope of ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$ ?(A) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$(B) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$(C) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$(D) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$
What type of particle has a charge of $1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ coulomb and a rest mass of $1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kilogram?(A) a proton(B) an electron(C) a neutron(D) an alpha particle
An atomic mass unit (u) is approximately equal to the mass of(A) an alpha particle(B) an electron(C) a photon(D) a proton
The mass of a nucleus is less than the total mass of its nucleons. This fact indicates that some of the mass has been converted to(A) radioactivity(B) photoelectric effect(C) binding energy(D) thermal energy
What is the energy equivalent of a mass of 1 kilogram?(A) $9 \times 10^{16} \mathrm{~J}$(B) $9 \times 10^{13} \mathrm{~J}$(C) $9 \times 10^{10} \mathrm{~J}$(D) $9 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~J}$
As the binding energy of a nucleus increases, the energy required to separate the nucleus into nucleons(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
Which fundamental force is primarily responsible for the attraction between protons and electrons?(A) strong(B) weak(C) gravitational(D) electromagnetic
The total conversion of $1.00$ kilograms of the Sun's mass into energy yields(A) $9.31 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{MeV}$(B) $8.38 \times 10^{19} \mathrm{MeV}$(C) $3.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~J}$(D) $9.00 \times 10^{16} \mathrm{~J}$
Which graph best represents the relationship between energy and mass in the mass-energy equation?(A)(B)(C)(D)
What is the energy equivalent of a mass of $0.026$ kilogram?(A) $2.34 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~J}$(B) $2.3 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~J}$(C) $2.34 \times 10^{17} \mathrm{~J}$(D) $2.3 \times 10^{17} \mathrm{~J}$
For a particular nuclear decay, the mass of the products is $0.01$ atomic mass unit less than the original nucleus. The total energy released during this decay is(A) $1.07 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{Mev}$(B) $1.07 \mathrm{Mev}$(C) $9.31$ Mev(D) $9.31 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{Mev}$
If the mass of one proton is totally converted into energy, it will yield a total energy of(A) $5.1 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}$(B) $1.5 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~J}$(C) $9.3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~J}$(D) $9.0 \times 10^{16} \mathrm{~J}$
The nuclear force that binds nucleons together in the atom is relatively(A) strong and of long range(B) strong and of short range(C) weak and of short range(D) weak and of long range
Which particle listed on the table has the opposite charge of, and is more massive than, a proton?(A) antiproton(B) neutron(C) lambda(D) omega
All the particles listed on the table are classified as(A) mesons(B) hadrons(C) antimatter(D) leptons
A subatomic particle could have a charge of(A) $5.0 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{C}$(B) $8.0 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{C}$(C) $3.2 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$(D) $5.0 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$
The diagram below represents the sequence of events (steps 1 through 10 ) resulting in the production of a $\mathrm{D}^{-}$meson and a $\mathrm{D}^{+}$ meson. An electron and a positron (antielectron) collide (step 1), annihilate each other (step 2), and become energy (step 3). This energy produces an anticharm quark and a charm quark (step 4 ), which then split apart (steps 5 through 7 ). As they split, a down quark and an antidown quark are formed, leading to the final production of a $\mathrm{D}^{-}$meson and a $\mathrm{D}^{+}$meson (steps 8 through 10 ).Which statement best describes the changes that occur in this sequence of events?(A) Energy is converted into matter and then matter is converted into energy.(B) Matter is converted into energy and then energy is converted into matter.(C) Isolated quarks are being formed from baryons.(D) Hadrons are being converted into leptons.
A particle unaffected by an electric field could have a quark composition of(A) $\mathrm{css}$(B) $b b b$(C) $u d c$(D) uud
Which graph best represents the relationship between energy and mass when matter is converted into energy?(A)(B)(C)(D)
The energy produced by the complete conversion of $2.0 \times 10^{-5}$ kilogram of mass into energy is(A) $1.8 \mathrm{TJ}$(B) $6.0 \mathrm{GJ}$(C) $1.8 \mathrm{MJ}$(D) $6.0 \mathrm{~kJ}$
In the reaction ${ }_{4}^{9} \mathrm{Be}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}+X$, particle $X$ is(A) an electron(B) a neutron(C) a positron(D) a proton
When a gamma ray is emitted by a nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
Baryons may have charges of(A) $+1 \mathrm{e}$ and $+\frac{4}{3} \mathrm{e}$(B) $+2 \mathrm{e}$ and $+3 \mathrm{e}$(C) $-1 \mathrm{e}$ and $+1 \mathrm{e}$(D) $-2 \mathrm{e}$ and $+\frac{4}{3} \mathrm{e}$
The charge of an antistrange quark is approximately(A) $+5.33 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{C}$(B) $-5.33 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{C}$(C) $+5.33 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{C}$(D) $-5.33 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{C}$
If, after beta decay, a nucleus is ${ }^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$, what was the nucleus just before the release of the beta particle?(A) ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$(B) ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$(C) ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$(D) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$
Given the equation ${ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He} \rightarrow{ }_{15}^{30} \mathrm{P}+\mathrm{X}$. The correct symbol for $\mathrm{X}$ is(A) ${ }_{+1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$(B) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$(C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$(D) ${ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$
When lead ${ }_{82}^{214} \mathrm{~Pb}$ emits a beta (-) particle, the resultant nucleus will be(A) ${ }_{81}^{214} \mathrm{Tl}$(B) ${ }_{82}^{214} \mathrm{~Pb}$(C) ${ }_{83}^{214} \mathrm{Bi}$(D) ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$
In the equation ${ }_{92}^{239} \mathrm{U} \rightarrow{ }_{93}^{239} \mathrm{~Np}+\mathrm{X}$, particle $\mathrm{X}$ is(A) a proton(B) a neutron(C) an alpha particle(D) a beta $(-)$ particle
When a nucleus captures an electron, the atomic number of the nucleus(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
When a radioactive nucleus emits a beta particle, the mass number of the nucleus will(A) decrease(B) increase(C) remain the same
What fundamental force holds quarks together to form particles such as protons and neutrons?(A) electromagnetic force(B) gravitational force(C) strong force(D) weak force
What is the total number of quarks in a helium nucleus consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons?(A) 16(B) 12(C) 8(D) 4
A top quark has an approximate charge of(A) $-1.07 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$(B) $-2.40 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$(C) $+1.07 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$(D) $+2.40 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$
In the reaction ${ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na} \rightarrow{ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}+\mathrm{X}$, what does $\mathrm{X}$ represent?(A) an alpha particle(B) a beta (-) particle(C) a neutron(D) a positron
A tritium nucleus is formed by combining two neutrons and a proton. The mass of this nucleus is $9.106 \times 10^{-3}$ universal mass unit less than the combined mass of the particles from which it is formed. Approximately how much energy is released when this nucleus is formed?(A) $8.48 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{MeV}$(B) $2.73 \mathrm{MeV}$(C) $8.48 \mathrm{MeV}$(D) $273 \mathrm{MeV}$
A lithium atom consists of 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. This atom contains a total of(A) 9 quarks and 7 leptons(B) 12 quarks and 6 leptons(C) 14 quarks and 3 leptons(D) 21 quarks and 3 leptons
According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, a meson is composed of(A) a quark and a muon neutrino(B) a quark and an antiquark(C) three quarks(D) a lepton and an antilepton
Which nucleus in the two equations has the greatest number of neutrons?(A) ${ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al}$(B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$(C) ${ }_{15}^{30} \mathrm{P}$(D) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
What is particle X?(A) a positron(B) an electron(C) a proton(D) a neutron
Particle Y represents(A) ${ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$(B) ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}$(C) ${ }_{+1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$(D) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$
What type of particle is represented by D?(A) an electron(B) a positron(C) an alpha particle(D) a gamma ray
For particle $\mathrm{E}$, the value of $w$ is(A) 26(B) 29(C) 30(D) 31
As particle E emits gamma radiation, its atomic number will(A) decrease by 4(B) increase by 1(C) remain the same(D) decrease by 2
For particle E, the value of $t$ is(A) 13(B) 14(C) 15(D) 16
Which nucleus is represented by X?(A) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$(B) ${ }_{87}^{221} \mathrm{X}$(C) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$(D) ${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}$
The rest mass of the gamma-ray photon is approximately(A) one atomic mass unit(B) the mass of a proton(C) the mass of a neutron(D) zero
If energy $Q$ equals $9.9 \times 10^{-13}$ joule, the mass equivalent of this energy is(A) $\mathrm{O} \mathrm{kg}$(B) $9.1 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg}$(C) $1.1 \times 10^{-29} \mathrm{~kg}$(D) $3.3 \times 10^{-21} \mathrm{~kg}$
The sample of ${ }_{87}^{221} \mathrm{Fr}$ (half-life $=4.8 \mathrm{~min}$ ) will decay to one-fourth of its original amount in(A) $4.8 \mathrm{~min}$(B) $9.6 \mathrm{~min}$(C) $14.4 \mathrm{~min}$(D) $19.2 \mathrm{~min}$
One atomic mass unit is defined as $1 / 12$ of the mass of an isotope of the element(A) hydrogen(B) oxygen(C) uranium(D) carbon
If $Q$ represents energy in atomic mass units, then the equation for this nuclear reaction is(A) $\quad Q+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$(B) $\mathbf{v}_{f}^{2}=\mathbf{v}_{i}^{2}+2 \cdot \mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{d}$(C) $\mathbf{v}_{f}^{2}=\mathbf{v}_{i}^{2}+2 \cdot \mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{d}$(D) $Q+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}$
For this nuclear reaction to occur, the minimum photon energy needed is(A) $0 \mathrm{u}$(B) $0.0024 \mathrm{u}$(C) $2.0142 \mathrm{u}$(D) $2.0166 \mathrm{u}$
What is the binding energy of the deuterium nucleus?(A) $2.6 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{MeV}$(B) $2.2 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{MeV}$(C) $2.2 \mathrm{MeV}$(D) $1.9 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{MeV}$
As the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus increases, the stability of the nucleus(A) decreases(B) increases(C) remains the same
A baryon may have a charge of(A) $+\frac{4}{3} \mathrm{e}$(B) $\mathrm{Oe}$(C) $+\frac{4}{3} \mathrm{e}$(D) $+\frac{4}{3} \mathrm{e}$