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Cavity quantum electrodynamics: the strange theory of light in a box

Sergio M. Dutra

Chapter 9

Open cavities - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Use the Gardiner-Collett Hamiltonian, (9.1), to derive the Lindblad master equation for cavity damping, (6.68).

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00:28

Problem 2

Calculate the first two integrals on the right-hand side of (9.9) by substituting (9.10) and (9.11) and using
$$
\begin{aligned}
\lim _{\epsilon \rightarrow 0} \int_0^{\infty} d x e^{-i\left(k \pm k^{\prime}-i \epsilon\right) x} & =-i \mathcal{P} \frac{1}{k \pm k^{\prime}}+\pi \delta\left(k \pm k^{\prime}\right) \\
\lim _{\epsilon \rightarrow 0} \int_0^{\infty} d x e^{i\left(k \pm k^{\prime}+i \epsilon\right) x} & =i \mathcal{P} \frac{1}{k \pm k^{\prime}}+\pi \delta\left(k \pm k^{\prime}\right) \\
\int_{-L}^0 d x \cos \left(\left[k \pm k^{\prime}\right][x+L]\right) & =\frac{\sin \left(\left[k \pm k^{\prime}\right] L\right)}{k \pm k^{\prime}}
\end{aligned}
$$
Then notice from (9.12) that $t^2=r^2-r / r^*$, so that $|r-t \exp (i 2 k L) \mathcal{L}(k)|^2=1$. Now use (9.16) to show that (9.9) yields (9.17).

Subhadeepta Sahoo
Subhadeepta Sahoo
Numerade Educator
13:37

Problem 3

In section 9.1 (page 261) we have used Poisson's sum formula to show that $\mathcal{L}(k)$ can be expressed as a constant term, $t / 2$, plus a series of complex functions $\mathcal{L}_n(k)$. This series is very suggestive, as the modulus square of each $\mathcal{L}_n(k)$ is a Lorentzian. Using the series summation result,
$$
2 x \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^2-n^2}=\pi \operatorname{cotan}(\pi x)-\frac{1}{x},
$$
derived in Chapter 2 by considering the Fourier expansion ${ }^{18}$ of $\cos \pi x$, sum the series in (9.20) and show that (9.20) is indeed equal to (9.7).
Hint: Notice that as $|r|<1,(9.7)$ can be summed, its closed expression being given by $\mathcal{L}(k)=t /[1+r \exp (i 2 L k)]$.

Matthew Allcock
Matthew Allcock
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 4

Writing $r$ as $|r| \exp [i \arg (r)]$ in (9.7), show that
$$
|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2=|t|^2 \sum_{m=0}^{\infty}|r|^{2 m} \sum_{l=-\infty}^{\infty}|r|^{|l|} \exp \{i[2 k L+\arg (r)-\pi] l\} .
$$

Do the first sum and then use (9.12) to show that
$$
|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2=\sum_{l=0}^{\infty}\left\{|r| e^{i[2 k L+\arg (r)-\pi]}\right\}^l+\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}\left\{|r| e^{-i[2 k L+\arg (r)-\pi]}\right\}^l .
$$

Now use Poisson's sum formula again in each of the two series on the right-hand side of the preceding equation and deduce (9.22).

Adrian Co
Adrian Co
Numerade Educator

Problem 5

From (9.8) and (9.28) show that
$$
\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}^{\dagger}\right]=\frac{1}{\pi L \sqrt{k_n k_{n^{\prime}}}} \underbrace{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d k k \frac{\sin \left(\left[k-k_n\right] L\right)}{k-k_n} \frac{\sin \left(\left[k-k_{n^{\prime}}\right] L\right)}{k-k_{n^{\prime}}}|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2}_{c_{n n^{\prime}}}
$$
and
$$
\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}\right]=\frac{1}{\pi L \sqrt{k_n k_{n^{\prime}}}} \underbrace{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d k k \frac{\sin \left(\left[k-k_n\right] L\right)}{k-k_n} \frac{\sin \left(\left[k+k_{n^{\prime}}\right] L\right)}{k+k_{n^{\prime}}}|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2}_{s_{n n^{\prime}}}
$$

Solve the integrals $c_{n n^{\prime}}$ and $s_{n n^{\prime}}$ by contour integration and show that the solutions are $c_{n n^{\prime}}=(1 / 2) \operatorname{Re} \mathcal{J}_{n n^{\prime}-}$ and $s_{n n^{\prime}}=(1 / 2) \operatorname{Re} \mathcal{J}_{n n^{\prime}+}$, where
$$
\mathcal{J}_{n n^{\prime}-}=2 \pi L\left|\mathcal{L}\left(k_n\right)\right|^2 k_n \delta_{n n^{\prime}}
$$
$$
+\frac{\pi}{L} \underbrace{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\bar{k}_m+i \gamma\right) \frac{e^{i\left(k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L}-e^{i 2 \bar{k}_m L} e^{-i\left(k_n+k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L} e^{-2 \gamma L}}{\left(\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma\right)\left(\bar{k}_m-k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma\right)}}_S
$$
and
$$
\mathcal{J}_{n n^{\prime}+}=\frac{\pi}{L} \underbrace{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\bar{k}_m+i \gamma\right) \frac{e^{i\left(k_n+k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L}-e^{i 2 \bar{k}_m L} e^{-i\left(k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L} e^{-2 \gamma L}}{\left(\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma\right)\left(\bar{k}_m+k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma\right)}}_{S^{\prime}},
$$
where $k_n \equiv n \pi / L, \gamma \equiv-\ln |r| / 2 L, \bar{k}_n \equiv k_n-\Delta$, and $\Delta \equiv[\arg (r)-\pi] / 2 L$. To sum the series $S$ and $S^{\prime}$, use the series summation result (see Chap. XII, Sec. 125, p. 370 of [77])
$$
\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m x}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}=-i 2 L \frac{e^{i\left(k_n+\Delta-i \gamma\right) x}}{e^{i 2 L\left(k_n+\Delta-i \gamma\right)}-1} .
$$

But be careful that it is valid only on the window $0<x<2 L$, as the series above is discontinuous at the boundaries of this window. To avoid the discontinuities and remain within the window, you can adopt a sort of regularization procedure writing $S$ as
$$
\begin{aligned}
S= & \lim _{\xi \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left(e ^ { i ( k _ { n } - k _ { n ^ { \prime } } ) L } \left\{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{k_m-k_n+i \gamma}\right.\right. \\
& \left.+\frac{k_{n^{\prime}}}{k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}}\left[\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}-\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{\bar{k}_m-k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma}\right]\right\} \\
& -e^{-i 2 L \Delta} e^{-i\left(k_n+k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L} e^{-2 \gamma L}\left\{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}\right. \\
& \left.\left.+\frac{k_{n^{\prime}}}{k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}}\left[\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}-\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma}\right]\right\}\right)
\end{aligned}
$$
and $S^{\prime}$ as
$$
\begin{aligned}
& S^{\prime}=\lim _{\xi \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left(e ^ { i ( k _ { n } + k _ { n ^ { \prime } } ) L } \left\{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}\right.\right. \\
& \left.-\frac{k_{n^{\prime}}}{k_n+k_{n^{\prime}}}\left[\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}-\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m \xi}}{\bar{k}_m-k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma}\right]\right\} \\
& -e^{-i 2 L \Delta} e^{-i\left(k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}\right) L} e^{-2 \gamma L}\left\{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}\right. \\
& \left.\left.-\frac{k_{n^{\prime}}}{k_n+k_{n^{\prime}}}\left[\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_n+i \gamma}-\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i(2 L-\xi) k_m}}{\bar{k}_m-k_{n^{\prime}}+i \gamma}\right]\right\}\right) . \\
&
\end{aligned}
$$
Remembering that $\sin \left(\left[k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}\right] L\right) /\left(k_n-k_{n^{\prime}}\right)=L \delta_{n n^{\prime}}$, show that
$$
S=2 k_{n^{\prime}} L^2 \delta_{n n^{\prime}}\left\{1+i \operatorname{cotan}\left(\left[k_{n^{\prime}}+\Delta-i \gamma\right] L\right)\right\}
$$
and that
$$
\left|\mathcal{L}\left(k_n\right)\right|^2=-\operatorname{Re}\left\{i \operatorname{cotan}\left(\left[k_n+\Delta-i \gamma\right] L\right)\right\} .
$$

Conclude then that $\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}^{\dagger}\right]=\delta_{n n^{\prime}}$. Proceed in an analogous way with $S^{\prime}$ to conclude that $\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}\right]=0$.

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02:31

Problem 6

Using the canonical commutation relations for the radiation field inside the cavity, ${ }^{19}$
$$
\begin{aligned}
& {\left[\hat{B}_{\text {in }}(x), \hat{E}_{\text {in }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=-i 2 h \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left\{\delta\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)-\delta\left(x+x^{\prime}+2 L\right)\right\},} \\
& {\left[\hat{B}_{\text {in }}(x), \hat{B}_{\text {in }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=\left[\hat{E}_{\text {in }}(x), \hat{E}_{\text {in }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=0,}
\end{aligned}
$$
show that $\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}^{\dagger}\right]=\delta_{n n^{\prime}}$ and $\left[\hat{a}_n, \hat{a}_{n^{\prime}}\right]=0$.

Surendra Kumar
Surendra Kumar
Numerade Educator
03:29

Problem 7

Using the canonical commutation relations for the radiation field outside the cavity,
$$
\begin{aligned}
& {\left[\hat{B}_{\text {out }}(x), \hat{E}_{\text {out }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=-i 2 h \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \delta\left(x-x^{\prime}\right),} \\
& {\left[\hat{B}_{\text {out }}(x), \hat{B}_{\text {out }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=\left[\hat{E}_{\text {out }}(x), \hat{E}_{\text {out }}\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right]=0}
\end{aligned}
$$
show that $\left[\hat{b}(k), \hat{b}\left(k^{\prime}\right)^{\dagger}\right]=\delta\left(k-k^{\prime}\right)$ and $\left[\hat{b}(k), \hat{b}\left(k^{\prime}\right)\right]=0$.

Ameer Said
Ameer Said
Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Another way to test $(9.39)$ is to substitute it in (9.2) and see if the resulting intracavity electric field agrees with (9.24). Substituting (9.39) in (9.2), we find that $\hat{E}_{\text {in }}(x)=\hat{E}_{\text {in }, \mathrm{D}}(x)+\hat{E}_{\text {in }, \mathrm{C}}(x)$, where
$$
\begin{aligned}
& \hat{E}_{\text {in, } \mathrm{D}}(x) \equiv-i 2 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \hat{a}_n \\
& \times \underbrace{\int_0^{\infty} d k \mathcal{E}_{\mathrm{vac}}(k) \sin ([x+L] k)\left\{\mathcal{L}(k) e^{i k L} \alpha_{n 1}(k)-\mathcal{L}^*(k) e^{-i k L} \alpha_{n 2}(k)\right\}}_{D_n(x)}+\text { H.c. }
\end{aligned}
$$
and
$$
\hat{E}_{\text {in, } \mathrm{C}}(x) \equiv-i 2 \int_0^{\infty} d k^{\prime} \hat{b}\left(k^{\prime}\right)
$$
$$
\times \underbrace{\int_0^{\infty} d k \mathcal{E}_{\mathrm{vac}}(k) \sin ([x+L] k)\left\{\mathcal{L}(k) e^{i k L} \beta_1\left(k, k^{\prime}\right)-\mathcal{L}^*(k) e^{-i k L} \beta_2^*\left(k, k^{\prime}\right)\right\}}_{I\left(k^{\prime}, k\right)}
$$
1. Using $(9.40)$ and $(9.41)$, show that $D_n(x)$ is given by
$$
D_n(x)=\sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{\pi L k_n}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d k k|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2 \sin ([x+L] k) \frac{\sin \left(\left[k-k_n\right] L\right)}{k-k_n}
$$
and that the integral above can be rewritten as
$$
\frac{(-1)^n}{2} \operatorname{Re} \underbrace{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d k k|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2 \mathcal{P} \frac{1}{k-k_n}\left\{e^{i k x}-e^{i(x+2 L) k}\right\}}_{I_n(x)} .
$$

Now noticing that inside the cavity $x$ varies from $-L$ to 0 only, do the integral $I_n(x)$ by contour integration and verify that it is given by ${ }^{20}$
$$
\begin{aligned}
& I_n(x)=-i 2 \pi e^{i k_n x} k_n\left|\mathcal{L}\left(k_n\right)\right|^2 \\
+ & \frac{\pi}{L} \underbrace{\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\left\{\frac{k_m-i \gamma}{k_m-k_n-i \gamma} e^{i\left(k_m-i \gamma\right) x}-\frac{k_m+i \gamma}{k_m-k_n+i \gamma} e^{i(x+2 L)\left(k_m+i \gamma\right)}\right\}}_{S_n(x)} .
\end{aligned}
$$

Show that $S_n(x)$ can be rewritten as $S_n(x)=S_{1 n}(x)+k_n S_{2 n}(x)$, where
$$
\begin{aligned}
& S_{1 n}(x)=\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\left\{e^{i\left(k_m-i \gamma\right) x}-e^{i\left(k_m+i \gamma\right)(x+2 L)}\right\}, \\
& S_{2 n}(x)=\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\left\{\frac{e^{i k_m x}}{k_m-k_n-i \gamma} e^{\gamma x}-\frac{e^{i(x+2 L) k_m}}{k_m-k_n+i \gamma} e^{-(x+2 L) \gamma}\right\} .
\end{aligned}
$$

Now, using
$$
\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} e^{i k_m u}=2 L \sum_{m^{\prime}=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta\left(u-2 L m^{\prime}\right)
$$
and noticing that $-L<x<0$, show that
$$
S_{1 n}(x)=2 L\left\{1-e^{-2 L \gamma}\right\} \delta(x) .
$$

To sum $S_{2 n}(x)$, use the Fourier series for $\cos ([x+\pi] a)$ and its derivative with respect to $x$. Verify that
$$
\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i k_m x}}{k_m-k_n+i \gamma}=-i 2 L \frac{e^{-L \gamma}}{e^{L \gamma}-e^{-L \gamma}} e^{\gamma u} e^{i k_n u}
$$
where $0<u<2 L$. Now using that ${ }^{21}\left|\mathcal{L}\left(k_n\right)\right|^2=-\operatorname{Re}\{i \operatorname{cotan}(-i \gamma L)\}=$ $[\exp (L \gamma)+\exp (-L \gamma)] /[\exp (L \gamma)-\exp (-L \gamma)]$, finally show that
$$
\begin{aligned}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d k & k|\mathcal{L}(k)|^2 \sin ([x+L] k) \frac{\sin \left(\left[k-k_n\right] L\right)}{k-k_n} \\
= & (-1)^n \pi\left\{1-e^{-2 L \gamma}\right\} \delta(x)+\pi k_n \sin \left([x+L] k_n\right) .
\end{aligned}
$$
2. Analogously, show that
$$
\begin{aligned}
I\left(k^{\prime}, x\right)= & \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{\pi k^{\prime}}} \delta(x)\left\{1-e^{-2 L \gamma}\right\} e^{i k^{\prime} L} \mathcal{L}\left(k^{\prime}\right)\left\{\cos k^{\prime} L-\frac{1}{k^{\prime} L} \sin k^{\prime} L\right\} \\
& +\frac{1}{4 \pi} \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{\pi k^{\prime}}}\left|\frac{1+r}{t}\right| \delta(x)\left\{1-e^{-2 L \gamma}\right\} \int_0^{\infty} d k^{\prime \prime}\left|\mathcal{L}\left(k^{\prime \prime}\right)\right|^2 \cos k^{\prime \prime} L \\
& \times \lim _{\delta \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left[\frac{1}{k^{\prime \prime}+k^{\prime}+i \delta}\left\{\cos k^{\prime \prime} L-\frac{1}{k^{\prime \prime} L} \sin k^{\prime \prime} L\right\}\right. \\
& \left.+\frac{1}{k^{\prime \prime}-k^{\prime}-i \delta}\left\{\cos k^{\prime \prime} L-\frac{1}{k^{\prime \prime} L} \sin k^{\prime \prime} L\right\}\right] .
\end{aligned}
$$

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