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Study Guide for Essentials of Pathophysiology

Carol M. Porth, Kathleen S. Prezbindowski

Chapter 34

Organization and Control of Neural Function - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Consider the following figure. Figure Cant Copy
In the figure above of the segments of the spinal cord, please label the following structures:
- IA neuron
- Segments
- Ventral root
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Spinal nerve
- Dorsal root

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05:22

Problem 1

Match the key terms in Column A with their definitions in Column B.
Column A
________1. Microglia
________2. Depolarization
________3. Neurotransmitters
________4. Repolarization
________5. Astrocytes
________6. Synaptic vesicles
________7. Ependymal
________8. Plexus
________9. Threshold potential
________10. Oligodendrocytes
Column B
a. Forms the lining of the neural tube cavity
b. Phase during which the polarity of the resting membrane potential is re-established
c. Membrane-bound sacs that store neurotransmitters
d. Form the bloodbrain barrier
e. Chemical transmitter molecules
f. Small phagocytic cell that is available for cleaning up debris after cellular damage, infection, or cell death
g. Membrane potential at which neurons or other excitable tissues are stimulated
h. Flow of electrically charged ions toward an equilibrium
i. Production of CNS myelin
j. Site of intermixing nerve branches

Jessica Wooten
Jessica Wooten
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 1

Briefly answer the following.
Describe the formation and attachment of myelin to the axonal membrane. _____________

Kendrick Buford
Kendrick Buford
Numerade Educator

Problem 1

Consider the scenario and answer the questions. A woman in her fourth month of pregnancy comes to the clinic to have an ultrasound done. When the ultrasound is read, the physician tells the woman that her fetus has a neural tube defect and, when the infant is born, it will have a cystlike pouch on its lower back that contains cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and spinal nerves.
The client asks if there is a name for the defect her child has. What is the correct response to the client's question? _______

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Problem 1

Answer the following questions.
There are two types of nervous tissue cells. One type is neurons, and the other type is the supporting cells. What is the function of the supporting cells?
a. Protect nervous system and provide metabolic support for the neurons
b. Transmit messages between parts of the PNS
c. Transmit messages between the CNS and the PNS
d. Provide metabolic support for the neurons and the PNS

Sylvia Puglisi
Sylvia Puglisi
Numerade Educator
00:22

Problem 1

Fill in the blanks.
The __________ are the functional cells of the nervous system.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
00:31

Problem 2

Fill in the blanks.
The supporting cells, such as _______ in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the cells in the CNS, protect the nervous system and provide metabolic support for the neurons.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 2

Consider the following figure. Figure Cant Copy
In the above figure of the brain, please label the following structures:
- Spinal cord
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
- Frontal lobe
- Corpus callosum
- Occipital lobe
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Cerebellum

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 2

Match the key terms in Column A with their definitions in Column B.
Column A
________1. Afferent
________2. Bell's palsy
________3. Efferent
________4. Proprioception
________5. Ganglia
________6. Association neuron
________7. Limbic system
________8. Cell column
________9. Tract
Column B
a. Neurons that communicate with CNS and peripheral neural cells
b. Nerves that conduct impulses from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord.
c. Longitudinal columns of neurons
d. Communication over distances between neighboring and distal segment of neural tube
e. Carrying impulses from the CNS to an effector
f. Group of neural cell bodies
g. Sense of body movement and position
h. Involved in emotional experience and release of emotional behaviors, is located in the medial aspect of the cerebrum
i. Unilateral loss of facial nerve function

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Describe the formation and attachment of
Explain the fragileness of neural cells in regard to metabolic requirements. ___________________

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03:32

Problem 2

Consider the scenario and answer the questions. A woman in her fourth month of pregnancy comes to the clinic to have an ultrasound done. When the ultrasound is read, the physician tells the woman that her fetus has a neural tube defect and, when the infant is born, it will have a cystlike pouch on its lower back that contains cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and spinal nerves.
The client asks what this defect will mean for her baby. What would be the correct response from the health care professional? _______

Sulav Pokhrel
Sulav Pokhrel
Numerade Educator
00:18

Problem 2

Answer the following questions.
Ion channels in nervous system cells generate action potentials in the cells. What are the ion channels guarded by?
a. Schwann cells
b. Voltage-dependent gates
c. Ligand-gates
d. Leyte cells

Emily Marty
Emily Marty
Numerade Educator
08:49

Problem 3

Fill in the blanks.
Neurons have three distinct parts: the cell ______processes, ________ the and ______ its cytoplasm-filled which form the functional connections, or________ , with other nerve cells, with receptor cells, or with effector cells.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
00:37

Problem 3

Briefly answer the following.
How do neural cell bodies interpret the numerous incoming signals (action potentials) from other neurons? ___________________

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 3

Answer the following questions.
Neurons communicate through the use of synapses. These synapses may link neurons into functional circuits. What is the most common type of synapse?
a. Electrical synapse
b. Excitatory synapse
c. Chemical synapse
d. Inhibitory synapse

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
02:52

Problem 4

Briefly answer the following.
How are neurotransmitters inactivated in the synaptic space following release? ___________________

Amy Adkisson
Amy Adkisson
Numerade Educator
00:50

Problem 4

Fill in the blanks.
_______are multiple, short-branched extensions of the nerve cell body; they conduct information toward the cell body and are the main source of information for the neuron.

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 4

Answer the following questions.
Neurotransmitters are small molecules that exert their actions through specific proteins, called receptors, embedded in the postsynaptic membrane. Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
a. In the dendrite terminal
b. In the presynaptic junction
c. In the postsynaptic junction
d. In the axon terminal

AR
Adnan Radwan
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 5

Fill in the blanks.
Supporting cells of the nervous system, the _______ and ______ cells of the PNS and the several types of neuroglial cells of the CNS, give the neurons protection and metabolic support.

Mariana Roldan
Mariana Roldan
Numerade Educator
03:43

Problem 5

Briefly answer the following.
Describe the basic embryologic development of the nervous system. ___________________

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
02:50

Problem 5

Answer the following questions.
Neuromodulators can produce slower and longer-lasting changes in membrane excitability by acting on postsynaptic receptors. What do neuromodulators do?
a. Alter the release or response to neurotransmitters
b. Alter the inhibitory response of postsynaptic electrical receptors
c. Alter the metabolic function of Schwann cells
d. Alter the Ligand-gate response to electrical activity

Bryan Valdivia
Bryan Valdivia
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 6

Answer the following questions.
The basis for assessing the function of any peripheral nerve lies in what?
a. Peripheral nerves contain only afferent processes from the cell columns
b. Peripheral nerves contain processes of more than one of the four afferent and three efferent cell columns.
c. Peripheral nerves contain only efferent processes from the cell columns
d. Peripheral nerves contain no processes from the seven cell columns

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator
16:34

Problem 6

Briefly answer the following.
How are the cell columns organized in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord? ___________________

NU
Noor Ul Ain
Numerade Educator
00:59

Problem 6

Fill in the blanks.
________cells secrete a basement membrane that protects the cell body from the diffusion of large molecules.

Sumana Ramanathan
Sumana Ramanathan
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 7

Briefly answer the following.
What is the importance of cerebral spinal fluid? ___________________

Andrei Demkov
Andrei Demkov
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 7

Answer the following questions.
The spinal cord does not hang freely within the spinal column. What is it supported by?
a. The pia mater and the posterior vertebra
b. The denticulate ligaments and the vertebral blood vessels
c. The pia mater and the denticulate ligaments
d. The vertebral blood vessels and the posterior vertebra

Qudsiya Anis
Qudsiya Anis
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 7

Fill in the blanks.
In some pathologic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis in the CNS and Guillain-Barré syndrome in the PNS, the _______ may degenerate or be destroyed.

Cody Delk
Cody Delk
Numerade Educator
00:45

Problem 8

Fill in the blanks.
The ______ increase nerve conduction by allowing the impulse to jump from node to node through the extracellular fluid in a process called ________.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
02:30

Problem 8

Briefly answer the following.
How does the blood-brain barrier affect drug/toxin actions on the brain? ___________________

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 8

Answer the following questions.
One of the spinal motor reflexes is the myotatic reflex. What does this reflex do for the body?
a. Provides information to withdraw the body from noxious stimuli
b. Provides information about nociceptive stimuli
c. Provides information about equilibrium
d. Provides information about proprioception

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 9

Fill in the blanks.
The _________ form the myelin in the CNS.

Kendrick Buford
Kendrick Buford
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 9

Answer the following questions.
The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum?
a. Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body
b. Conveys the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face
c. Contains the pontine nuclei
d. Contains the main motor pathways between the forebrain and the pons

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
00:49

Problem 10

Answer the following questions.
The basal ganglia, part of the cerebral hemispheres, are damaged by diseases such as Parkinson disease and Huntington chorea. What does this result in?
a. Uncontrollable tremors on movement
b. Abnormal movement patterns
c. Explosive, inappropriate speech
d. Inappropriate emotions

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 10

Fill in the blanks.
____________ is the major fuel source for the nervous system.

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
02:29

Problem 11

Fill in the blanks.
Nerve signals are transmitted by __________ which are abrupt, pulsatile

Nagamalla Rama Krishna
Nagamalla Rama Krishna
Numerade Educator
00:40

Problem 11

Answer the following questions.
The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are continuously at work in our bodies. This continual action gives a basal activity to all parts of the body. What is this basal activity referred to as?
a. Tension
b. Relaxation
c. Tone
d. Strength

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Answer the following questions.
Dopamine is an intermediate compound made during the synthesis of norepinephrine. It is the principal inhibitory transmitter of the internuncial neurons in the sympathetic ganglia. What other action does it have?
a. Vasoconstricts renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously
b. Acts as a neuromodulator in the hindbrain
c. Acts as a neuromodulator in the forebrain
d. Vasodilates renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously

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04:22

Problem 12

Fill in the blanks.
The excitability of neurons can be affected by conditions that alter the ______moving it either closer to or further from the threshold potential.

Alexa Moschella
Alexa Moschella
Numerade Educator
00:37

Problem 13

Fill in the blanks.
Neurons communicate with each other through structures known as _________.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
03:14

Problem 14

Fill in the blanks.
________ synapses involve special presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane structures, separated by a synaptic cleft.

Jessica Wooten
Jessica Wooten
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 15

Fill in the blanks.
The secreted neurotransmitters diffuse into the __________and unite with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 16

Fill in the blanks.
In excitatory synapses, binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor produces ________ of the postsynaptic membrane, where as the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor in an inhibitory synapse induces _________of the postsynaptic membrane by making the membrane more permeable to potassium or chloride.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 17

Fill in the blanks.
When the combination of a neurotransmitter with a receptor site causes partial depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, it is called an _______potential.

Alexa Moschella
Alexa Moschella
Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Fill in the blanks.
The process of _________involves the synthesis, storage, and release of a neurotransmitter; the reaction of the neurotransmitter with a receptor; and termination of the receptor action.

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02:52

Problem 19

Fill in the blanks.
_______molecules react with presynaptic or postsynaptic receptors to alter the release of or response to neurotransmitters.

Amy Adkisson
Amy Adkisson
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 20

Fill in the blanks.
_________ factors are required to maintain the long-term survival of the postsynaptic cell and are secreted by axon terminals independent of action potentials.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 21

Fill in the blanks.
A functional system called the ________ operates in the lateral portions of the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and especially the midbrain.

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
04:09

Problem 22

Fill in the blanks.
The spinal cord and the dorsal and ventral roots are covered by a connective tissue sheath, the _________, which also contains the blood vessels that supply the white and gray matter of the cord.

Sulav Pokhrel
Sulav Pokhrel
Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Fill in the blanks.
The peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the spinal cord are called _________.

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00:46

Problem 24

Fill in the blanks.
Each spinal cord segment communicates with its corresponding body segment through the _______.

Sunshine Brosi
Sunshine Brosi
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 25

Fill in the blanks.
Spinal nerves do not go directly to skin and muscle fibers; instead, they form complicated nerve networks called ________.

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 26

Fill in the blanks.
A _________ is a highly predictable relationship between a stimulus and an elicited motor response.

Hunza Gilgit
Hunza Gilgit
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 27

Fill in the blanks.
The ________ reflex is stimulated by a damaging stimulus and quickly moves the body part away from the offending stimulus, usually by flexing a limb part.

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator

Problem 28

Fill in the blanks.
Based on its embryonic development, the brain is divided into three regions, the _________the_______,and the ____________.

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Problem 29

Fill in the blanks.
Damage to the ____________nerve results in weakness or paralysis of tongue muscles.

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00:52

Problem 30

Fill in the blanks.
Sensory and motor components of the ____________ nerve innervate the pharynx, the gastrointestinal tract, the heart, the spleen, and the lungs.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 31

Fill in the blanks.
The sternocleidomastoid, a powerful headturning muscle, and the trapezius muscle, which elevates the shoulders, are innervated by the ___________.

Chinwe Abaraoha
Chinwe Abaraoha
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 32

Fill in the blanks.
The dorsolateral ___________contains the same components as the vagus nerve but for a more rostral segment of the gastrointestinal tract and the pharynx.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator

Problem 33

Fill in the blanks.
The special sensory afferent _________ is attached laterally at the junction of the medulla oblongata and the pons, often called the caudal pons.

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00:37

Problem 34

Fill in the blanks.
The ________ innervates the nasopharynx and taste buds of the palate.

Jesse Kooistra
Jesse Kooistra
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 35

Fill in the blanks.
The ________ nerve abducts the eye.

Brett Donadeo
Brett Donadeo
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 36

Fill in the blanks.
The _________ is the main sensory nerve conveying the modalities of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face.

Christina Sorrentino
Christina Sorrentino
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 37

Fill in the blanks.
The _______ makes continuous adjustments, resulting in smoothness of movement, particularly during the delicate maneuvers.

Mukesh Devi
Mukesh Devi
Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Fill in the blanks.
The _______ plays a role in relaying critical information regarding motor activities to and from selected areas of the motor cortex.

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01:01

Problem 39

Fill in the blanks.
A _______is the ridge between two grooves, and the groove is called a ______.

Catt Huth
Catt Huth
Numerade Educator
03:09

Problem 40

Fill in the blanks.
The ___________ supply axial and proximal unlearned and learned postures and movements, which enhance and add gracefulness to upper motor neuron-controlled manipulative movements.

Asma Venkitta
Asma Venkitta
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 41

Fill in the blanks.
The __________ is necessary for somesthetic perception, especially concerning perception of “where” the stimulus is in space and in relation to body parts.

Barbara Kipreos
Barbara Kipreos
Numerade Educator
02:19

Problem 42

Fill in the blanks.
Inside the skull and vertebral column, the brain and spinal cord are loosely suspended and protected by several connective tissue sheaths called the ________.

Jennifer Stoner
Jennifer Stoner
Numerade Educator
00:28

Problem 43

Fill in the blanks.
The ___________ provides a supporting and protective fluid in which the brain and spinal cord float.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
03:26

Problem 44

Fill in the blanks.
The ability to maintain homeostasis and perform the activities of daily living in an everchanging physical environment is largely vested in the _______.

Nilma Khan
Nilma Khan
Numerade Educator
02:09

Problem 45

Fill in the blanks.
The functions of the _________ are concerned with conservation of energy, resource replenishment and storage, and maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity-the rest and digest response.

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator