Biology

Eldra P. Solomon, Charles E. Martin, Diana W. Martin,

Chapter 48

Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The process that maintains homeostasis of body fluids by keeping them from becoming too dilute or too concentrated is (a) excretion (b) elimination (c) osmoregulation (d) glomerular filtration (e) tubular secretion

Norma Kimmel

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Which of the following is not a correct pair? (a) protonephridia; flatworm (b) metanephridia; annelid (c) flame cell; flatworm (d) Malpighian tubule; mollusk (e) kidney: vertebrate

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

To compensate for fluid loss, many marine bony fishes
(a) accumulate urea (b) have glands that excrete glucose (c) eat a low-protein diet (d) excrete a large volume of hypertonic urine (e) drink sea water

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the (a) renal artery (b) efferent arteriole (c) renal vein (d) capillaries of the glomerulus (e) peritubular capillaries

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Which of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytes

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Tubular transport maximum (Tm) is (a) the maximum rate at which a substance in the filtrate can be reabsorbed into the blood from the renal tubules (b) the most rapid rate at which urine can be transported through the ureter (c) the maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed by the glomerulus (d) the maximum rate at which a substance can pass through the loop of Henle (e) the maximum amount of a substance that can be secreted into the filtrate

Josee Pacheco

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Which of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla?
(a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from variOus regions of Bowman's capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting duct

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Which is not true of ADH? (a) released by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (b) increases water reabsorption
(c) secretion increases when osmotic pressure in body increases (d) increases urine volume (e) secretion decreases when you drink a lot of water

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Aldosterone (a) is released by the posterior pituitary gland (b) decreases sodium reabsorption (c) secretion is stimulated by an increase in blood pressure (d) is an enzyme that converts angiotensin into angiotensin II (e) secretion increases in response to angiotensin II

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Arrange the following structures into an accurate sequence through which urine passes. 1 . urethra 2 . urinary bladder 3. kidney 4. ureter (a) 4,3,2,1 (b) $3,4,2,1(c) 1,2,3,4$ (d) 4,2,1,3 (e) 3,1,2,4

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Arrange the following structures into an accurate sequence through which glomerular filtrate passes. 1 . proximal convoluted tubule $2 .$ loop of Henle $3 .$ collecting duct $4 .$ distal convoluted tubule 5. Bowman's capsule
(a) 5,4,3,2,1
(b) 3,4,2,5,1
$($ c) 1,5,2,3,4
(d) 5,4,2,3,1
(e) 5,1,2,4,3

Josee Pacheco

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Label the diagram.

Josee Pacheco

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Glucose is normally present in the glomerular filtrate, but not in the urine. Persons with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are an exception. They have glucose in their urine, as well as increased urine output. Develop a hypothesis to explain these exceptions.

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

What types of osmoregulatory challenges do humans experience? Explain. What mechanisms do we have to meet these challenges?

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

The number of protonephridia in a planarian is related to the salinity of its environment. Planaria inhabiting slightly salty water develop fewer protonephridia than those inhabiting less salty water, but the number of protonephridia quickly increases when the concentration of salt in the environment is lower. How is this increase adaptive? Explain.

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

The kangaroo rat's diet consists of dry seeds, and it drinks no water. What types of osmoregulatory adaptations might help this animal survive?

Norma Kimmel

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Although the kidney is basically similar in all vertebrates, its structure and function vary somewhat among vertebrate taxa. What are some of the adaptations that have occurred during the evolution of the vertebrate kidney?

Josee Pacheco

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

A person with kidney disease lives 10 to 15 years longer with a kidney transplant than on continued dialysis. However, in the United States many individuals have difficulty being accepted by a transplant program because they do not have adequate insurance or other resources. The immunosuppressive drugs and other medications required after the surgery are also very expensive, costing about $\$ 2500$ per month. Should economic status be a deciding factor about whether a person lives or dies? or about quality of life?

Josee Pacheco

Numerade Educator