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Principles of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry

Gary Wulfsberg

Chapter 4

Oxides and Polynuclear Oxo Anions of the Elements: Their Physical, Chemical, and Environmental Properties - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

01:51

Problem 1

Classify each of the following oxides as acidic, basic, or amphoteric or neutral and decide whether it will be soluble in water: a. $\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}$;
b. $\mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$;
c. $\mathrm{CO}_2$;
d. $\mathrm{SiO}_2$;
e. $\mathrm{P}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10}$;
f. $\mathrm{BaO}$;
g. $\mathrm{Tl}_2 \mathrm{O}$;
h. $\mathrm{SO}_2$;
i. $\mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$.

Ayushi Sambyal
Ayushi Sambyal
Numerade Educator
14:26

Problem 2

Which of the oxides in the previous question consist of small molecules? Which consist of oligomeric molecules? Which might reasonably be described as either ionic lattices or macromolecules?

Vishal Sharma
Vishal Sharma
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 3

Arrange the following oxides in order of decreasing acidity/increasing basicity:
$$
\begin{aligned}
& 3.1 \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{SiO}_2, \mathrm{P}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10} \\
& 3.2 \mathrm{ZrO}_2, \mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{SrO}, \mathrm{Rb}_2 \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Y}_2 \mathrm{O}_3 \\
& 3.3 \mathrm{MnO}_3 \mathrm{MnO}_2, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7 \\
& \text { 3.4 } \mathrm{TiO}_2, \mathrm{TeO}_2, \mathrm{SO}_2, \mathrm{ThO}_2
\end{aligned}
$$

Ayushi Sambyal
Ayushi Sambyal
Numerade Educator
03:25

Problem 4

Put the following series of oxides in order of increasing melting points and decide which are gases at room temperature:
$4.1 \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{SiO}_2, \mathrm{P}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10}$
$4.2 \mathrm{ZrO}_2, \mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{SrO}, \mathrm{Rb}_2 \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Y}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$

Jake Rempel
Jake Rempel
Numerade Educator
12:07

Problem 5

Assuming that all the following compounds are stable, predict where melting points will increase and where they will decrease in the following series of oxides:
$$
\begin{aligned}
& 5.1 \mathrm{Cl}_2 \mathrm{O}_5, \mathrm{Br}_2 \mathrm{O}_5, \mathrm{I}_2 \mathrm{O}_5 \\
& 5.2 \mathrm{MnO}, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{MnO}_2, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7
\end{aligned}
$$

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
02:35

Problem 6

Complete and balance the following chemical equations (or tell if no reaction will occur):
$$
\begin{aligned}
& 6.1 \mathrm{Tl}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) \rightarrow \\
& 6.2 \mathrm{I}_2 \mathrm{O}_5(\mathrm{~s})+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) \rightarrow \\
& 6.3 \mathrm{ClO}_2(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{OH}^{-}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow
\end{aligned}
$$
$$
\begin{aligned}
& \text { 6.4 } \mathrm{La}_2 \mathrm{O}_3(\mathrm{~s})+\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \\
& 6.5 \mathrm{~B}_2 \mathrm{O}_3(\mathrm{~s})+\mathrm{OH}^{-}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \\
& 6.6 \mathrm{FeO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{P}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10}(\mathrm{~s}) \rightarrow \\
& 6.7 \mathrm{MnO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow
\end{aligned}
$$

Nadir Iqbal
Nadir Iqbal
Numerade Educator
25:15

Problem 7

Complete and balance the following chemical equations (or tell if no reaction will occur):
$$
\begin{aligned}
& \text { 7.1 } \mathrm{SrO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{MoO}_3(\mathrm{~s}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.2 \mathrm{SrO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{ZrO}_2(\mathrm{~s}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.3 \mathrm{~N}_2 \mathrm{O}_5(\mathrm{~s})+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.4 \mathrm{CaO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{TeO}_3(\mathrm{~s}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.5 \mathrm{CaO}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{MnO}(\mathrm{s}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.6 \mathrm{Fe}_3 \mathrm{O}_4(\mathrm{~s})+\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \\
& 7.7 \mathrm{Cl}_2 \mathrm{O}_7(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) \rightarrow
\end{aligned}
$$

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 8

Consider the following set of oxides: $\mathrm{SrO}, \mathrm{ZrO}_2, \mathrm{MoO}_3$, and $\mathrm{RuO}_4$. If needed, take the radius of $\mathrm{R} \mathrm{u}^{8+}$ to be $52 \mathrm{pm}$. a. Which of these oxides will be soluble in water and give a basic solution? Write a chemical equation for this process. b. Which of these oxides will be soluble in water and give an acidic solution? Write an equation for this process. c. Which of these oxides (if any) will consist of small molecules? d. Which of these oxides (if any) will most easily become a gas?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
04:03

Problem 9

Describe the air-pollution problems associated with nonmetal oxides specified by your instructor and devise some possible abatement procedures that might be tried.

Iryna Ivaniuk
Iryna Ivaniuk
Numerade Educator
06:30

Problem 10

a. Write three balanced chemical equations showing the three steps by which elemental sulfur in coal is converted to sulfuric acid in acid rain. b. Sulfur dioxide can be removed from smokestack gases by reaction with magnesium oxide (scrubbing). Write a chemical equation for this process. c. Calculate the number of grams of magnesium oxide that would be needed to clean the smokestack gases from burning $1,000,000 \mathrm{~g}$ of coal that is $3.2 \% \mathrm{~S}$ by weight.

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 11

With reference to Tables B and C, describe some metal oxides with low oxidation numbers that might be nonstoichiometric in a manner analogous to $\mathrm{Fe}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}$. Why would you not expect oxides with very high oxidation numbers, such as $\mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$ and $\mathrm{OsO}_4$, to be nonstoichiometric (e.g., $\mathrm{Mn}_{2.2} \mathrm{O}_7$ or $\mathrm{Os}_{1,13} \mathrm{O}_{+}$??

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
00:37

Problem 12

Which of the following formulas correspond to possible nonstoichiometric oxides? $\mathrm{Ca}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Fe}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Co}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{C}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Cr}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}_3$, and $\mathrm{Eu}_{0.95} \mathrm{O}$.

Hast Aggarwal
Hast Aggarwal
Numerade Educator
03:54

Problem 13

In the following list, circle the oxides that are likely to be spinels and underline the oxides that could be perovskites: $\mathrm{NiFe}_2 \mathrm{O}_4, \mathrm{BaFe}_2 \mathrm{O}_4, \mathrm{BaTiO}_3, \mathrm{BeTiO}_3$, $\mathrm{BaSO}_3, \mathrm{TiZn}_2 \mathrm{O}_4, \mathrm{Ni}_3 \mathrm{O}_4, \mathrm{~Pb}_3 \mathrm{O}_4$, and $\mathrm{NaTaO}_3$.

Ayushi Sambyal
Ayushi Sambyal
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 14

Consider the following series of oxides: $\mathrm{MnO}, \mathrm{MnO}_2, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{Mn}_2 \mathrm{O}_7$, and $\mathrm{Mn}_3 \mathrm{O}_4$. a. Which of these will be most acidic? $\mathrm{b}$. Which of these will be most basic? $\mathbf{c}$. Which is most likely to be soluble in water? $\mathbf{d}$. Which of these is least likely to show a nonstoichiometric (defect) structure? e. Which (if any) of these will show a peroyskite structure? $\mathbf{f}$. Which (if any) of these will show a spinel structure? g. Which (if any) of these will consist of (nonpolymerized) covalent molecules? h. Which will have the lowest melting point? i. Which one is a liquid at room temperature? $\mathbf{j}$. The rest will be which: gases or solids? k. Which is most likely to be amphoteric?

Sima Sarker
Sima Sarker
Numerade Educator
00:59

Problem 15

Give the symbols for six elements that readily form polymeric oxo anions.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:11

Problem 16

Use one of the following minerals - (1) wollastonite $=\mathrm{CaSiO}_3$; (2) tale $=$ $\mathrm{Mg}_3(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10}\right) ;(3)$ grunerite $=\mathrm{Fe}_7(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2 ;(4)$ monticellite $=$ $\mathrm{CaMgSiO}_4 ;$ (5) stishovite $=\mathrm{SiO}_2$-to complete each of the following: a. Contains a monomeric silicate ion; $\mathbf{b}$. contains a chain polysilicate ion; c. contains a double-chain polysilicate ion; d. contains a sheet polysilicate ion; e. the mineral that will weather the most rapidly; $\mathbf{f}$. the mineral that will weather the most slowly.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
03:11

Problem 17

Classify each of the following silicates as (1) a framework (three-dimensional) aluminosilicate; (2) a sheet polysilicate; (3) a chain or cyclic polysilicate; (4) a simple silicate; or (5) a double-chain polysilicate:
a. bustamite $=\mathrm{CaMn}\left(\mathrm{SiO}_3\right)_2$;
b. spodumene $=\mathrm{LiAl}\left(\mathrm{SiO}_3\right)_2$;
c. tremolite $=\mathrm{Ca}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_5(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$;
d. coffinite $=\mathrm{U}\left(\mathrm{SiO}_4\right)$;
e. natrolite $=\mathrm{Na}_2\left(\mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{Si}_3 \mathrm{O}_{10}\right) \cdot 2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
02:16

Problem 18

Show that you understand the condensed drawings of the fragments of polysilicate structures shown in Figure 4.8 by redrawing them, using closed circles for Si atoms and open circles for $\mathrm{O}$ atoms, as in Figure 4.7. Redraw the following: a. $\left(\mathrm{SiO}_3{ }^{2-}\right)_n$;
b. $\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}{ }^{6-}\right)_n$;
c. $\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{10}{ }^{4-}\right)_n$.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 19

You are studying the mineral hornblende, $\mathrm{Ca}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_5(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$, and find samples in which isomorphous substitution of the magnesium and the calcium has occurred. Which of the following are possible minerals that could result from isomorphous substitution processes in hornblende?
a. $\mathrm{Y}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_5(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$;
b. $\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_5(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$;
c. $\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_3\left(\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}\right)_2(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$;
d. $\mathrm{Y}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_3 \mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$;
e. $\mathrm{Sr}_2 \mathrm{Mg}_5(\mathrm{OH})_2\left(\mathrm{Si}_4 \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)_2$.

Ly Tran
Ly Tran
Numerade Educator
03:02

Problem 20

With reference to Table $\mathrm{C}$, find other "cations," each of a different charge, that can substitute for $\mathrm{P}^{5+}$ in the phosphomolybdate ion. Give the formula and charge of each heteromolybdate ion that results; rank these heteromolybdates in order of increasing basicity.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator

Problem 21

You are in charge of disposing of asbestos being removed from schools, where it was used as insulation. Devise a reasonable scheme for chemically destroying the asbestos.

Check back soon!

Problem 22

In Figure 4.13 is shown the relative availability of nutrient elements in soil as a function of soil $\mathrm{pH}$. Using the principles in the last three chapters, insofar as you can, explain why each element is available and unavailable at the $\mathrm{pH}$ 's given.
FIGURE CANT COPY
Figure 4.13

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01:03

Problem 23

You have produced minute quantities of radioactive element number 109 , the element below iridium, and are investigating its positive oxidation states.
23.1 Suppose that you have oxidized it very strongly in a hot acidic solution and find the radioactivity coming from the vapors above the solution; you conclude that you have a volatile oxide. What oxidation state do you probably have? Give arguments why you chose that oxidation state and not some other. Draw a likely structure of the oxide.
23.2 Suppose that you subsequently obtain the element in the +6 oxidation state in basic solution and find that it gives a precipitate not only with $\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}$ but also with most acidic cations. What does this lead you to suspect about the formula of the +6 species?
23.3 You have only a trace of the element left, in the +7 oxidation state in basic solution. Outline a plan for precipitating it from solution.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator