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Managerial Accounting - Decision Making and Motivating Performance

Srikant M. Datar, Madhav V. Rajan

Chapter 16

Performance Measurement and Compensation - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

03:29

Problem 1

What are the three steps in designing accounting-based performance measures?

Ameer Said
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01:22

Problem 2

What factors affecting ROI does the DuPont method of profitability analysis highlight?

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00:54

Problem 3

"RI is not identical to ROI, although both measures incorporate income and investment into their computations." Do you agree?

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04:26

Problem 4

Describe EVA.

Qudsiya Anis
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01:27

Problem 5

What special problems arise when managers evaluate performance in multinational companies?

Prashant Bana
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02:00

Problem 6

Why is it important to distinguish between the performance of a manager and the performance of the organization subunit for which the manager is responsible? Give an example.

Ameer Said
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01:21

Problem 7

"Managers should be rewarded only on the basis of their performance measures. They should be paid no salary." Do you agree? Explain.

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01:04

Problem 8

Explain the role of benchmarking in evaluating managers.

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01:32

Problem 9

Explain the incentive problems that can arise when employees must perform multiple tasks as part of their jobs.

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02:46

Problem 10

Describe the four levers of control.

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Problem 11

ROI, comparisons of three companies. (CMA, adapted) Return on investment is often expressed as follows:$\frac{\text { Income }}{\text { Investment }}=\frac{\text { Income }}{\text { Revenues }} \times \frac{\text { Revenues }}{\text { Investment }}$

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Problem 12

Analysis of return on invested assets, comparison of two divisions, DuPont method. Beyond Learning, Inc., has two divisions: Test Preparation and Language Arts. Results (in millions) for the past 3 years are partially displayed here:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 13

ROI and RI. (D. Kleespie, adapted) The New Athletics Company produces a wide variety of outdoor sports equipment. Its newest division, Golf Technology, manufactures and sells a single product-AccuDriver, a golf club that uses global positioning satellite technology to improve the accuracy of golfers' shots. The demand for AccuDriver is relatively insensitive to price changes. The following data are available for Golf Technology, which is an investment center for New Athletics:$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\text { Total annual fixed costs } & \$ 28,000,000 \\
\text { Variable cost per AccuDriver } & \$ 50 \\
\text { Number of AccuDrivers sold each year } & 160,000 \\
\text { Average operating assets invested in the division } & \$ 44,000,000
\end{array}
$$

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Problem 14

ROI and RI with manufacturing costs. Fabulous Motor Company makes electric cars and has only two products, Simplegreen and Fabulousgreen. To produce Simplegreen, Fabulous Motor employed assets of $$\$ 14,600,000$$ at the beginning of the period, and $$\$ 27,300,000$$ of assets at the end of the period. Other costs to manufacture Simplegreen include the following:$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Direct materials } & \$ 1,000 \text { per unit } \\
\text { Setup } & \$ 1,800 \text { per setup-hour } \\
\text { Production } & \$ 580 \text { per machine-hour }
\end{array}
$$General administration and selling costs total $$\$ 8,460,000$$ for the period. In the current period, Fabulous Motor produced 8,000 Simplegreen cars using 7,000 setup-hours and 178,600 machine-hours. Fabulous Motor sold these cars for $$\$ 17,000$$ each.

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Problem 15

Financial and nonfinancial performance measures, goal congruence. (CMA, adapted) Precision Equipment specializes in the manufacture of medical equipment, a field that has become increasingly competitive. Approximately 2 years ago, Pedro Mendez, president of Precision, decided to revise the bonus plan (based, at the time, entirely on operating income) to encourage division managers to focus on areas that were important to customers and that added value without increasing cost. In addition to a profitability incentive, the revised plan includes incentives for reduced rework costs, reduced sales returns, and on-time deliveries. The company calculates and rewards bonuses semiannually on the following basis: A base bonus is calculated at $2 \%$ of operating income; this amount is then adjusted as:
a. (i) Reduced by excess of rework costs over and above $2 \%$ of operating income
(ii) No adjustment if rework costs are less than or equal to $2 \%$ of operating income
b. (i) Increased by $$\$ 4,000$$ if more than $98 \%$ of deliveries are on time, and by $$\$ 1,500$$ if $96-98 \%$ of deliveries are on time
(ii) No adjustment if on-time deliveries are below $96 \%$
c. (i) Increased by $$\$ 2,500$$ if sales returns are less than or equal to $1.5 \%$ of sales
(ii) Decreased by $50 \%$ of excess of sales returns over $1.5 \%$ of sales

Note: If the calculation of the bonus results in a negative amount for a particular period, the manager simply receives no bonus, and the negative amount is not carried forward to the next period.

Results for Precision's Central division and Western division for 2013, the first year under the new bonus plan, follow. In 2012, under the old bonus plan, the Central division manager earned a bonus of $$\$ 20,295$$ and the Western division manager, a bonus of $$\$ 15,830$$.
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 16

Goal incongruence and ROI. McCall Corporation manufactures furniture in several divisions, including the Patio Furniture division. The manager of the Patio Furniture division plans to retire in 2 years. The manager receives a bonus based on the division's ROI, which is currently $15 \%$.

One of the machines the Patio Furniture division uses to manufacture furniture is rather old, and the manager must decide whether to replace it. The new machine would cost $$\$ 35,000$$ and would last 10 years. It would have no salvage value. The old machine is fully depreciated and has no trade-in value. McCall uses straight-line depreciation for all assets. The new machine, being new and more efficient, would save the company $$\$ 7,000$$ per year in cash operating costs. The only difference between cash flow and net income is depreciation. The internal rate of return of the project is approximately $15 \%$. McCall Corporation's weighted average cost of capital is $8 \%$. McCall is not subject to any income taxes.

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Problem 17

ROI, RI, EVA. Accelerate Auto Company operates a new car division (that sells highperformance sports cars) and a performance parts division (that sells performance improvement parts for family cars). Some division financial measures for 2012 are:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 18

ROI, RI, measurement of assets. (CMA, adapted) Cole Corporation recently announced a bonus plan to be awarded to the manager of the most profitable division. The three division managers are to choose whether ROI or RI will be used to measure profitability. In addition, they must decide whether investment will be measured using gross book value or net book value of assets. Cole defines income as operating income and investment as total assets. The following information is available for the year just ended:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)
Cole uses a required rate of return of $9 \%$ on investment to calculate RI.
Each division manager has selected a method of bonus calculation that ranks his or her division number one. Identify the method for calculating profitability that each manager selected, supporting your answer with appropriate calculations. Comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the methods chosen by each manager.

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Problem 19

Multinational performance measurement, ROI, RI. The Pioneer Corporation manufactures similar products in the United States and Norway. The U.S. and Norwegian operations are organized as decentralized divisions. The following information is available for 2012; ROI is calculated as operating income divided by total assets:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 20

ROI, RI, EVA, and performance evaluation. Cora Manufacturing makes fashion products and competes on the basis of quality and leading-edge designs. The company has $$\$ 2,500,000$$ invested in assets in its clothing manufacturing division. After-tax operating income from sales of clothing this year is $$\$ 550,000$$. The cosmetics division has $$\$ 11,000,000$$ invested in assets and anter-tax operating income this year of $$\$ 1,650,000$$. Income for the clothing division has grown steadily over the last few years. The weighted-average cost of capital for Cora is $8 \%$ and the previous period's after-tax return on investment for each division was $13 \%$. The CEO of Cora has told the manager of each division that the division that "performs best" this year will get a bonus.

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10:21

Problem 21

Risk sharing, incentives, benchmarking, multiple tasks. The Peterson division of MACO sells car batteries. MACO's corporate management gives' Peterson management considerable operating and investment autonomy in running the division. MACO is considering how it should compensate Ben Starks, the general manager of the Peterson division. Proposal 1 calls for paying Starks a fixed salary. Proposal 2 calls for paying Starks no salary and compensating him only on the basis of the division's ROI, calculated based on operating income before any bonus payments. Proposal 3 calls for paying Starks some salary and some bonus based on ROI. Assume that Starks does not like bearing risk.

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Problem 22

Residual income and EVA, timing issues. Doorharmony Company makes doorbells. It has a weighted average cost of capital of $8 \%$ and total assets of $$\$ 5,450,000$$. Doorharmony has current liabilities of $$\$ 600,000$$. Its operating income for the year was $$\$ 640,000$$. Doorharmony does not have to pay any income taxes. One of the expenses for accounting purposes was a $$\$ 150,000$$ advertising campaign. The entire amount was deducted this year, although the Doorharmony CEO believes the beneficial effects of this advertising will last 4 years.

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Problem 23

ROI performance measures based on historical cost and current cost. Natural Bounty Corporation operates three divisions that process and bottle natural fruit juices. The historical-cost accounting system reports the following information for 2012:
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)
Natural Bounty estimates the useful life of each plant to be 12 years, with no terminal disposal value. The company uses the straight-line depreciation method. At the end of 2012, the Passion Fruit plant is 10 years old, the Kiwi Fruit plant is 5 years old, and the Mango Fruit plant is 2 years old. An index of construction costs over the 10-year period that Natural Bounty has been operating ( 2002 year-end $=100$ ) is:$$
\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|}
\hline 2002 & 2007 & 2010 & 2012 \\
\hline 100 & 130 & 180 & 190 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$Given the high turnover of current assets, management believes that the historical-cost and current-cost measures of current assets are approximately the same.

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Problem 24

ROI, measurement alternatives for performance measures Appleton's operates casual dining restaurants in three regions: St. Louis, Memphis, and New Orleans. Each geographic market is considered a separate division. The St. Louis division is made up of four restaurants, each built in early 2003. The Memphis division is made up of three restaurants, each built in January 2007. The New Orleans division is the newest, consisting of three restaurants built 4 years ago. Division managers at Appleton's are evaluated on the basis of ROI. The following information refers to the three divisions at the end of 2013:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 25

ROI, RI, and multinational firms. Versa Corporation has a division in the United States and another in France. The investment in the French assets was made when the exchange rate was $$\$ 1.30$$ per euro. The average exchange rate for the year was $$\$ 1.40$$ per euro. The exchange rate at the end of the fiscal year was $$\$ 1.45$$ per euro. Income and investment for the two divisions are:

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Problem 26

Multinational firms, differing risk, comparison of profit, ROI and RI. Zeiss Multinational, Inc., has divisions in the United States, Germany, and New Zealand. The U.S. division is the oldest and most established of the three, and has a cost of capital of $6.5 \%$. The German division was started 3 years ago when the exchange rate for the euro was 1 euro $$=\$ 1.40$$. The German division is a large and powerful division of Zeiss, Inc., with a cost of capital of $10 \%$. The New Zealand division was started this year, when the exchange rate was 1 New Zealand Dollar (NZD) $$=\$ 0.75$$. Its cost of capital is $13 \%$. Average exchange rates for the current year are 1 euro $$=\$ 1.50$$ and $$1 \mathrm{NZD}=\$ 0.60$$. Other information for the three divisions includes:

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Problem 27

ROI, RI, DuPont method, investment decisions, balanced scorecard. World Information Group has two major divisions: print and Internet. Summary financial data (in millions) for 2011 and 2012 are:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)
The annual bonuses of the two division managers are based on division ROI (defined as operating income divided by total assets). If a division reports an increase in ROI from the previous year, its management is automatically eligible for a bonus; however, the management of a division reporting a decline in ROI has to present an explanation to the World Information Group board and is unlikely to get any bonus.

Carol Mays, manager of the print division, is considering a proposal to invest $$\$ 1,550$$ million in a new computerized news reporting and printing system. It is estimated that the new system's state-of-the-art graphics and ability to quickly incorporate late-breaking news into papers will increase 2013 division operating income by $$\$ 310$$ million. World Information Group uses a $16 \%$ required rate of return on investment for each division.

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10:21

Problem 28

Division managers' compensation, levers of control (continuation of 16-27). Brett Gostkowski seeks your advice on revising the existing bonus plan for division managers of World Information Group. Assume division managers do not like bearing risk. Gostkowski is considering three ideas:
- Make each division manager's compensation depend on division RI.
- Make each division manager's compensation depend on company-wide Ri.
- Use benchmarking and compensate division managers on the basis of their division's RI minus the RI of the other division.

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Problem 29

Executive compensation, balanced scorecard. Mercantile Bank recently introduced a new bonus plan for its business unit executives. The company believes that current profitability and customer satisfaction levels are equally important to the bank's long-term success. As a result, the new plan awards a bonus equal to $1 \%$ of salary for each $1 \%$ increase in business unit net income or $1 \%$ increase in the business unit's customer satisfaction index. For example, increasing net income from $$\$ 3$$ million to $$\$ 3.3$$ million (or $10 \%$ from its initial value) leads to a bonus of $10 \%$ of salary, while increasing the business unit's customer satisfaction index from 70 to 73.5 (or $5 \%$ from its initial value) leads to a bonus of $5 \%$ of salary. There is no bonus penalty when net income or customer satisfaction declines. In 2012 and 2013, Mercantile Bank's three business units reported the following performance results:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 30

Ethics, manager's performance evaluation. (A. Spero, adapted) Stanford Semiconductors manufactures specialized chips that sell for $$\$ 50$$ each. Stanford's manufacturing costs consist of variable cost of $$\$ 6$$ per chip and fixed costs of $$\$ 16,000,000$$. Stanford also incurs $$\$ 1,800,000$$ in fixed marketing costs each year.

Stanford calculates operating income using absorption costing - that is, Stanford calculates manufacturing cost per unit by dividing total manufacturing costs by actual production. Stanford costs all units in inventory at this rate and expenses the costs in the income statement at the time when the units in inventory are sold. Next year, 2014, appears to be a difficult year for Stanford. It expects to sell only 400,000 units. The demand for these chips fluctuates considerably, so Stanford usually holds minimal inventory.

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Problem 31

Ethics, levers of control. Best Moulding is a large manufacturer of wood picture frame moulding. The company operates distribution centers in Dallas and Philadelphia. The distribution centers cut frames to size (called "chops") and ship them to custom picture framers. Because of the exacting standards and natural flaws of wood picture frame moulding, the company typically produces a large amount of waste in cutting chops. In recent years, the company's average yield has been $78 \%$ of length moulding. The remaining $22 \%$ is sent to a wood recycler. Best's performance-evaluation system pays its distribution center managers substantial bonuses if the company achieves annual budgeted profit numbers. In the last quarter of 2013, Stuart Brown, Best's controller, noted a significant increase in yield percentage of the Dallas distribution center, from $76 \%$ to $87 \%$. This increase resulted in a $6 \%$ increase in the center's profits.

During a recent trip to the Dallas center, Brown wandered into the moulding warehouse. He noticed that much of the scrap moulding was being returned to the inventory bins rather than being placed in the discard pile. Upon further inspection, he determined that the moulding was in fact unusable. When he asked one of the workers, he was told that the center's manager had directed workers to stop scrapping all but the very shortest pieces. This practice resulted in the center overreporting both yield and ending inventory. The overstatement of Dallas inventory will have a significant impact on Best's financial statements.

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Problem 32

RI, EVA, measurement alternatives, goal congruence. Renewal Resorts, Inc., operates health spas in Key West, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; and Carmel, California. The Key West spa was the company's first and opened in 1986. The Phoenix spa opened in 1999, and the Carmel spa opened in 2008. Renewal Resorts has previously evaluated divisions based on RI, but the company is considering changing to an EVA approach. All spas are assumed to face similar risks. Data for 2012 are:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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