Exploring Psychology

David G. Myers

Chapter 12

Personality - all with Video Answers

Educators

ED

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Freud believed that we may block from consciousness the thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories that are unbearably painful or unacceptable. He called this unconscious process
a. free association.
b. repression.
c. anxiety.
d. identification.

Zarayli Julie

Zarayli Julie

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the _______, seeks to gratify the impulses of the _______ in more acceptable ways.
a. id; ego
b. ego; superego
$\mathrm{c}, \mathrm{ego} ;$ id
d. id; superego

Leonardo Filgueiras

Leonardo Filgueiras

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Problem 3

Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the _______, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
a. ego
b. superego
c. id
d. collective unconscious

Zarayli Julie

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Problem 4

According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, such as the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to
a. dormant sexual feelings.
b. fixation in that stage.
c. preconscious blocking of impulses.
d. a distorted gender identity.

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Elaine Dorr

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Problem 5

Freud believed that all defense mechanisms distort or disguise reality, and all are
a. conscious.
b. unconscious.
c. preconscious.
d. rationalizations.

Zarayli Julie

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Problem 6

Projective tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it. The creator of the wellknown projective test that uses inkblots
as stimuli was
a. Alfred Adler.
b. Karen Horney.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Hermann Rorschach.

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Elaine Dorr

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis on a. development throughout the life span.
b. the collective unconscious.
c. the role of the id.
d. social interactions.

Stacy Storey

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Problem 8

Psychodynamic theorists and therapists tend to reject Freud's view that sex is the basis of personality. But they would agree with Freud about
a. the existence of unconscious mental
processes.
b. the 0 edipus and Electra complexes.
c. the predictive value of Freudian theory.
d. the superego's role as the executive part of personality.

Haylie Stewart

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Problem 9

Which of the following is not part of the CONTEMPORARY view of the unconscious?
a. Repressed memories of anxietyprovoking events.
b. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations.
c. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge.
d. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills.

Haylie Stewart

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Problem 10

Maslow s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and psychological needs before we seek selfactualization. Maslow based his ideas on
a. Freudian theory.
b. his experiences with patients.
c. a series of laboratory experiments.
d. his study of healthy, creative people.

Emily Himsel

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Problem 11

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called
a. self-concept.
b. unconditional positive regard.
c. self-actualization.
d. the "ideal self."

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Trait theory describes personality in terms of characteristic behavior patterns, or traits, such as agreeableness or extraversion. A pioneering trait theorist was
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Alfred Adler.
c. Gordon Allport.
d. Carl Rogers.

Emily Himsel

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Problem 13

Personality inventories are long questionnaires that ask people to report their characteristic feelings and behaviors. One famous personality inventory is the
a. Extraversion-Introversion Scale.
b. Person-Situation Inventory.
c. MMPI.
d. Rorschach.

Emily Himsel

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Problem 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?
a. Conscientiousness
b. Anxiety
c. Extraversion
d. Agreeableness

Alexa Moschella

Alexa Moschella

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Problem 15

People's scores on personality tests are only mildly predictive of their behavior. Such tests best predict
a. a person's behavior on a specific occasion.
b. a person's average behavior across many situations.
c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness.
d. behavior that depends on the situation or context.

Zarayli Julie

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Problem 16

The social-cognitive perspective proposes that interacting with our environment involves reciprocal determinism, or mutual influences among personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior. An example of an environmental factor is
a. the presence of books in a home.
b. a preference for outdoor play.
c. the ability to read at a fourth-grade level.
d. the fear of violent action on television.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience
a. learned helplessness.
b. an external locus of control.
c. an internal locus of control.
d. reciprocal determinism.

Zarayli Julie

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Seligman's research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had
a. the opportunity to escape.
b. no control over the shocks.
c. pain or discomfort.
d. no food or water prior to the shocks.

Jessica Reyna

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Problem 19

Critics say that ________ personality theory is very sensitive to the way people interact with particular situations, but it says little about their enduring traits.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. trait
d. social-cognitive

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

The spotlight effect is our tendency to
a. perceive ourselves favorably and perceive others unfavorably.
b. try out many possible selves.
c. become excessively critical when made to feel insecure.
d. overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders.

Zarayli Julie

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Problem 21

Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?
a. Life problems cause low self-esteem.
b. The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect.
c. Low self-esteem leads to life problems.
d. Because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem.

Alexa Moschella

Alexa Moschella

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Problem 22

People tend to accept responsibility for their successes or good qualities and blame circumstances or luck for their failures. This is an example of
a. low self-esteem.
b. self-actualization.
c. self-serving bias.
d. narcissism.

Zarayli Julie

Numerade Educator