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Fundamentals of Physics

David Halliday, Robert Resnick , Jearl Walker

Chapter 38

Photons and Matter Waves - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

01:06

Problem 1

Monochromatic light (that is, light of a single wavelength) is to be absorbed by a sheet of photographic film and thus recorded on
the film. Photon absorption will occur if the photon energy equals
or exceeds $0.6 \mathrm{eV},$ the smallest amount of energy needed to dissociate an AgBr molecule in the film. (a) What is the greatest wavelength of light that can be recorded by the film? (b) In what
region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this wavelength located?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:38

Problem 2

How fast must an electron move to have a kinetic energy equal to the photon energy of sodium light at wavelength 590 $\mathrm{nm}$ ?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:56

Problem 3

At what rate does the Sun emit photons? For simplicity, assume that the Sun's entire emission at the rate of $3.9 \times 10^{26} \mathrm{W}$ is
at the single wavelength of 550 $\mathrm{nm.}$

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Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 4

A helium-neon laser emits red light at wavelength $\lambda=633 \mathrm{nm}$ in a beam of diameter 3.5 $\mathrm{mm}$ and at an energy-emission rate of 5.0 $\mathrm{mW}$ .
A detector in the beam's path totally absorbs the beam. At what rate
per unit area does the detector absorb photons?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:43

Problem 5

The meter was once defined as 1650763.73 wavelengths of the orange light emitted by a source containing krypton-86 atoms.
What is the photon energy of that light?

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Salamat Ali
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01:44

Problem 6

What is the photon energy for yellow light from a highway sodium lamp at a wavelength of 589 $\mathrm{nm} ?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:14

Problem 7

A light detector (your eye) has an area of $2.00 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m}^{2}$ and absorbs 80$\%$ of the incident light, which is at wavelength 500 $\mathrm{nm}$ .
The detector faces an isotropic source, 3.00 $\mathrm{m}$ from the source. If the detector absorbs photons at the rate of exactly $4.000 \mathrm{s}^{-1},$ at
what power does the emitter emit light?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:11

Problem 8

The beam emerging from a 1.5 $\mathrm{W}$ argon laser $(\lambda=515 \mathrm{nm})$ has a diameter $d$ of 3.0 $\mathrm{mm}$ . The beam is focused by a lens system
with an effective focal length $f_{\mathrm{L}}$ of 2.5 $\mathrm{mm} .$ The focused beam
strikes a totally absorbing screen, where it forms a circular diffraction pattern whose central disk has a radius $R$ given by
1.22$f_{\mathrm{L}} \lambda / d .$ It can be shown that 84$\%$ of the incident energy ends up within this central disk. At what rate are photons absorbed by the
screen in the central disk of the diffraction pattern?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:31

Problem 9

$\mathrm{A} 100 \mathrm{W}$ sodium $\operatorname{lamp}(\lambda=589 \mathrm{nm})$ radiates energy uniformly in all directions. (a) At what rate are photons emitted by the
lamp? (b) At what distance from the lamp will a totally absorbing
screen absorb photons at the rate of 1.00 photon/cm $^{2} \cdot$ s? (c) What is the photon flux (photons per unit area per unit time) on a small
screen 2.00 m from the lamp?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 10

A satellite in Earth orbit maintains a panel of solar cells of area 2.60 $\mathrm{m}^{2}$ perpendicular to the direction of the Sun's light
rays. The intensity of the light at the panel is 1.39 $\mathrm{kW} / \mathrm{m}^{2} .$ (a) At
what rate does solar energy arrive at the panel? (b) At what rate are solar photons absorbed by the panel? Assume that the solar
radiation is monochromatic, with a wavelength of $550 \mathrm{nm},$ and
that all the solar radiation striking the panel is absorbed. (c) How long would it take for a "mole of photons" to be
absorbed by the panel?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:36

Problem 11

An ultraviolet lamp emits light of wavelength 400 $\mathrm{nm}$ at the rate of 400 $\mathrm{W}$ . An infrared lamp emits light of wavelength $700 \mathrm{nm},$ also at the rate of 400 $\mathrm{W}$ . (a) Which lamp emits photons at the greater rate and (b) what is that greater rate?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 12

Under ideal conditions, a visual sensation can occur in the human visual system if light of wavelength 550 $\mathrm{nm}$ is absorbed by
the eye's retina at a rate as low as 100 photons per second. What
is the corresponding rate at which energy is absorbed by the
retina?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:15

Problem 13

A special kind of lightbulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 630 $\mathrm{nm}$ . Electrical energy is supplied to it at the rate of
$60 \mathrm{W},$ and the bulb is 93$\%$ efficient at converting that energy to
light energy. How many photons are emitted by the bulb during its
lifetime of 730 $\mathrm{h} ?$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 14

A light detector has an absorbing area of $2.00 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m}^{2}$ and
absorbs 50$\%$ of the incident light,
which is at wavelength 600 $\mathrm{nm} .$ The
detector faces an isotropic source, 12.0 $\mathrm{m}$ from the source. The energy
$E$ emitted by the source versus time
$t$ is given in Fig. $38-26\left(E_{s}=7.2 \mathrm{nJ},\right.$
$t_{s}=2.0 \mathrm{s} ) .$ At what rate are photons
absorbed by the detector?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:51

Problem 15

Light strikes a sodium surface, causing photoelectric emission. The stopping potential for the ejected electrons is 5.0 $\mathrm{V}$ ,
and the work function of sodium is 2.2 $\mathrm{eV} .$ What is the wavelength
of the incident light?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 16

Find the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from a certain material if the material's work function is 2.3 $\mathrm{eV}$ and the
frequency of the incident radiation is $3.0 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{Hz}$ .

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:44

Problem 17

The work function of tungsten is 4.50 eV. Calculate the speed of the fastest electrons ejected from a tungsten surface when light
whose photon energy is 5.80 eV shines on the surface.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 18

You wish to pick an element for a photocell that will operate via the photoelectric effect with visible light. Which of the following are suitable (work functions are in parentheses): tantalum 4.2
eV), tungsten $(4.5 \mathrm{eV}),$ aluminum $(4.2 \mathrm{eV}),$ barium $(2.5 \mathrm{eV})$ ,
lithium $(2.3 \mathrm{eV}) ?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:30

Problem 19

(a) If the work function for a certain metal is $1.8 \mathrm{eV},$ what is the stopping potential for electrons ejected from the metal when
light of wavelength 400 $\mathrm{nm}$ shines on the metal? (b) What is the
maximum speed of the ejected electrons?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:19

Problem 20

Suppose the fractional efficiency of a cesium surface (with work function 1.80 $\mathrm{eV}$ ) is $1.0 \times 10^{-16}$ ; that is, on average one electron is ejected for every $10^{16}$ photons that reach the surface. What
would be the current of electrons ejected from such a surface if it
were illuminated with 600 $\mathrm{nm}$ light from a 2.00 $\mathrm{mW}$ laser and all
the ejected electrons took part in the charge flow?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:05

Problem 21

X rays with a wavelength of 71 $\mathrm{pm}$ are directed onto a gold foil and eject tightly bound electrons from the gold atoms. The ejected electrons then move in circular paths of radius $r$ in a region
of uniform magnetic field $\vec{B} .$ For the fastest of the ejected electrons, the product $B r$ is equal to $1.88 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{T} \cdot \mathrm{m} .$ Find $(\mathrm{a})$ the
maximum kinetic energy of those electrons and (b) the work done
in removing them from the gold atoms.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:14

Problem 22

The wavelength associated with the cutoff frequency for silver is $325 \mathrm{nm} .$ Find the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from a silver surface by ultraviolet light of wavelength $254 \mathrm{nm}$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:00

Problem 23

Light of wavelength 200 $\mathrm{nm}$ shines on an aluminum surface; 4.20 $\mathrm{eV}$ is required to eject an electron. What is the kinetic
energy of (a) the fastest and (b) the slowest ejected electrons? (c)
What is the stopping potential for this situation? (d) What is the
cutoff wavelength for aluminum?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:37

Problem 24

In a photoelectric experiment using a sodium surface, you find a stopping potential of 1.85 $\mathrm{V}$ for a wavelength of 300 $\mathrm{nm}$ and
a stopping potential of 0.820 $\mathrm{V}$ for a wavelength of 400 $\mathrm{nm} .$ From
these data find (a) a value for the Planck constant, (b) the work
function $\Phi$ for sodium, and (c) the cutoff wavelength $\lambda_{0}$ for sodium.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:54

Problem 25

The stopping potential for electrons emitted from a surface illuminated by light of wavelength 491 $\mathrm{nm}$ is 0.710 $\mathrm{V}$ . When
the incident wavelength is changed to a new value, the stopping potential is 1.43 $\mathrm{V} .$ (a) What is this new wavelength? (b) What is the
work function for the surface?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:39

Problem 26

An orbiting satellite can become charged by the photoelectric effect when sunlight ejects electrons from its outer surface.
Satellites must be designed to minimize such charging because it
can ruin the sensitive microelectronics. Suppose a satellite is coated with platinum, a metal with a very large work function
$(\Phi=5.32 \mathrm{eV}) .$ Find the longest wavelength of incident sunlight
that can eject an electron from the platinum.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:46

Problem 27

Light of wavelength 2.40 $\mathrm{pm}$ is directed onto a target containing free electrons. (a) Find the wavelength of light scattered
at $30.0^{\circ}$ from the incident direction. (b) Do the same for a scattering angle of $120^{\circ} .$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 28

(a) In MeV/c, what is the magnitude of the momentum associated with a photon having an energy equal to the electron rest
energy? What are the (b) wavelength and (c) frequency of the corresponding radiation?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:38

Problem 29

What (a) frequency, (b) photon energy, and (c) photon momentum magnitude (in $\mathrm{keV} / c )$ are associated with $\mathrm{x}$ rays having
wavelength 35.0 $\mathrm{pm} ?$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 30

What is the maximum wavelength shift for a Compton collision between a photon and a free proton?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:15

Problem 31

What percentage increase in wavelength leads to a 75$\%$ loss of photon energy in a photon-free electron collision?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:22

Problem 32

X rays of wavelength 0.0100 $\mathrm{nm}$ are directed in the positive direction of an $x$ axis onto a target containing loosely bound electrons. For Compton scattering from one of those electrons, at an
angle of $180^{\circ},$ what are (a) the Compton shift, (b) the corresponding change in photon energy, (c) the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron, and $(\mathrm{d})$ the angle between the positive direction of
the $x$ axis and the electron's direction of motion?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:11

Problem 33

Calculate the percentage change in photon energy during a collision like that in Fig. $38-5$ for $\phi=90^{\circ}$ and for radiation in (a) the microwave range, with $\lambda=3.0 \mathrm{cm} ;$ (b) the visible range,
with $\lambda=500 \mathrm{nm} ;(\mathrm{c})$ the $\mathrm{x}$ -ray range, with $\lambda=25 \mathrm{pm} ;$ and $(\mathrm{d})$ the
gamma-ray range, with a gamma photon energy of 1.0 $\mathrm{MeV}$ .
(e) What are your conclusions about the feasibility of detecting the Compton shift in these various regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum, judging solely by the criterion of energy loss in a single
photon-electron encounter?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:33

Problem 34

A photon undergoes Compton scattering off a stationary free electron. The photon scatters at $90.0^{\circ}$ from its initial direction;
its initial wavelength is $3.00 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m} .$ What is the electron's
kinetic energy?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:01

Problem 35

Calculate the Compton wavelength for $($ a ) an electron and (b) a proton. What is the photon energy for an electromagnetic
wave with a wavelength equal to the Compton wavelength of
(c) the electron and (d) the proton?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 36

Gamma rays of photon energy 0.511 MeV are directed onto an aluminum target and are scattered in various directions by
loosely bound electrons there. (a) What is the wavelength of the incident gamma rays? (b) What is the wavelength of gamma rays scattered at $90.0^{\circ}$ to the incident beam? (c) What is the photon energy of the rays scattered in this direction?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:52

Problem 37

Consider a collision between an x-ray photon of initial energy 50.0 $\mathrm{keV}$ and an electron at rest, in which the photon is scattered backward and the electron is knocked forward. (a) What is the energy of the backscattered photon? (b) What is the kinetic
energy of the electron?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:25

Problem 38

Show that when a photon of energy $E$ is scattered from a free electron at rest, the maximum kinetic energy of the recoiling
electron is given by
$$
K_{\max }=\frac{E^{2}}{E+m c^{2} / 2}
$$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:08

Problem 39

Through what angle must a 200 $\mathrm{keV}$ photon be scattered by a free electron so that the photon loses 10$\%$ of its energy?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 40

What is the maximum kinetic energy of electrons knocked out of a thin copper foil by Compton scattering of an incident beam
of 17.5 $\mathrm{keV}$ x rays? Assume the work function is negligible.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:31

Problem 41

What are (a) the Compton shift $\Delta \lambda,$ (b) the fractional Compton shift $\Delta \lambda / \lambda,$ and $(\mathrm{c})$ the change $\Delta E$ in photon energy for
light of wavelength $\lambda=590 \mathrm{nm}$ scattering from a free, initially stationary electron if the scattering is at $90^{\circ}$ to the direction of the incident beam? What are (d) $\Delta \lambda,$ (e) $\Delta \lambda / \lambda,$ and $(\mathrm{f}) \Delta E$ for $90^{\circ}$ scattering for photon energy 50.0 keV (x-ray range)?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 42

The Sun is approximately an ideal blackbody radiator with a surface temperature of 5800 $\mathrm{K}$ . (a) Find the wavelength at which its
spectral radiancy is maximum and (b) identify the type of electromagnetic wave corresponding to that wavelength. (See Fig. $33-1 . )$ (c) As we shall discuss in Chapter $44,$ the universe is approximately
an ideal blackbody radiator with radiation emitted when atoms
first formed. Today the spectral radiancy of that radiation peaks at
a wavelength of 1.06 $\mathrm{mm}$ (in the microwave region). What is the
corresponding temperature of the universe?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:43

Problem 43

Just after detonation, the fireball in a nuclear blast is approximately an ideal blackbody radiator with a surface temperature of
about $1.0 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{K}$ (a) Find the wavelength at which the thermal radiation is maximum and (b) identify the type of electromagnetiwave corresponding to that wavelength. (See Fig. $33-1 .$ ) This radiation is almost immediately absorbed by the surrounding air molecules, which produces another ideal blackbody radiator with a surface temperature of about $1.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{K} .$ (c) Find the wavelength at which the thermal radiation is maximum and (d) identify the type
of electromagnetic wave corresponding to that wavelength.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
05:20

Problem 44

For the thermal radiation from an ideal blackbody radiator with a surface temperature of $2000 \mathrm{K},$ let $I_{c}$ represent the intensity per unit wavelength according to the classical expression
for the spectral radiancy and $I_{P}$ represent the corresponding intensity per unit wavelength according to the Planck expression. What is the ratio $I_{c} / I_{P}$ for a wavelength of $(a) 400$ nm $($ at the blue end of
the visible spectrum) and (b) 200$\mu m$ (in the far infrared)?
(c) Does the classical expression agree with the Planck expression
in the shorter wavelength range or the longer wavelength range?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
05:52

Problem 45

Assuming that your surface temperature is $98.6^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and that you are an ideal blackbody radiator (you are close), find (a) the
wavelength at which your spectral radiancy is maximum, (b) the
power at which you emit thermal radiation in a wavelength range
of 1.00 nm at that wavelength, from a surface area of $4.00 \mathrm{cm}^{2},$ and (c) the corresponding rate at which you emit photons from that
area. Using a wavelength of 500 $\mathrm{nm}$ (in the visible range), (d) recal-
culate the power and (e) the rate of photon emission. (As you have
noticed, you do not visibly glow in the dark.)

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:29

Problem 46

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of (a) a 1.00 keV electron, (b) a 1.00 keV photon, and $($ ) a 1.00 keV neutron.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:22

Problem 47

In an old-fashioned television set, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 25.0 $\mathrm{kV} .$ What is the
de Broglie wavelength of such electrons? (Relativity is not needed.)

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:29

Problem 48

The smallest dimension (resolving power) that can be resolved by an electron microscope is equal to the de Broglie
wavelength of its electrons. What accelerating voltage would be required for the electrons to have the same resolving power as could
be obtained using 100 keV gamma rays?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:34

Problem 49

singly charged sodium ions are accelerated through a potential difference of 300 $\mathrm{V}$ . (a) What is the momentum
acquired by such an ion? (b) What is its de Broglie wavelength?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 50

Electrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV have a de Broglie wavelength $\lambda$ small enough for them to probe the structure
within a target nucleus by scattering from the structure. Assume
that the energy is so large that the extreme relativistic relation $p=$
$E / c$ between momentum magnitude $p$ and energy $E$ applies. this extreme situation, the kinetic energy of an electron is much
greater than its rest energy.) (a) What is $\lambda$ ? (b) If the target nucleus
has radius $R=5.0 \mathrm{fm},$ what is the ratio $R / \lambda ?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:23

Problem 51

The wavelength of the yellow spectral emission line of sodium is 590 $\mathrm{nm} .$ At what kinetic energy would an electron have
that wavelength as its de Broglie wavelength?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:09

Problem 52

A stream of protons, each with a speed of $0.9900 c,$ are directed into a two-slit experiment where the slit separation is 4.00$x$
$10^{-9} \mathrm{m} .$ A two-slit interference pattern is built up on the viewing
screen. What is the angle between the center of the pattern and the
second minimum (to either side of the center)?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:19

Problem 53

What is the wavelength of (a) a photon with energy 1.00 eV (b) an electron with energy $1.00 \mathrm{eV},$ (c) a photon of energy
$1.00 \mathrm{GeV},$ and $(\mathrm{d})$ an electron with energy 1.00 $\mathrm{GeV}$ ?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:31

Problem 54

An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 0.20 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the momentum (in $\mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} )$ of the (a) electron and
(b) photon? What is the energy (in eV) of the (c) electron and
(d) photon?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:19

Problem 55

The highest achievable resolving power of a microscope is limited only by the wavelength used; that is, the smallest item
that can be distinguished has dimensions about equal to the
wavelength. Suppose one wishes to "see" inside an atom.
Assuming the atom to have a diameter of $100 \mathrm{pm},$ this means that one must be able to resolve a width of, say, 10 $\mathrm{pm.}$ (a) If an
electron microscope is used, what minimum electron energy is
required? (b) If a light microscope is used, what minimum photon energy is required? (c) Which microscope seems more practical? Why?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:13

Problem 56

The existence of the atomic nucleus was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford, who properly interpreted some experiments in which a beam of alpha particles was scattered from
a metal foil of atoms such as gold.(a) If the alpha particles had a
kinetic energy of $7.5 \mathrm{MeV},$ what was their de Broglie wavelength? (b) Explain whether the wave nature of the incident alpha particles should have been taken into account in interpreting these experiments. The mass of an alpha particle is 4.00 $\mathrm{u}$
(atomic mass units), and its distance of closest approach to the nuclear center in these experiments was about 30 $\mathrm{fm}$ . (The wave
nature of matter was not postulated until more than a decade after these crucial experiments were first performed.)

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:00

Problem 57

A nonrelativistic particle is moving three times as fast as an electron. The ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of the particle to
that of the electron is $1.813 \times 10^{-4} .$ By calculating its mass, identify
the particle.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:42

Problem 58

What are (a) the energy of a photon corresponding to wavelength $1.00 \mathrm{nm},$ (b) the kinetic energy of an electron with de
Broglie wavelength $1.00 \mathrm{nm},(\mathrm{c})$ the energy of a photon corresponding to wavelength $1.00 \mathrm{fm},$ and (d) the kinetic energy of an electron with de Broglie wavelength 1.00 $\mathrm{fm} ?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:38

Problem 59

If the de Broglie wavelength of a proton is $100 \mathrm{fm},$ (a) what is the speed of the proton and (b) through what electric potential would the proton have to be accelerated to acquire this speed?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 60

Suppose we put $A=0$ in Eq. $38-24$ and relabeled $B$ as $\psi_{0}$ (a) What would the resulting wave function then describe?
(b) How, if at all, would Fig. $38-13$ be altered?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:11

Problem 61

The function $\psi(x)$ displayed in Eq. $.38-27$ can describe a free particle, for which the potential energy is $U(x)=0$ in
Schrodinger's equation $(\mathrm{Eq} .38-19) .$ Assume now that $U(x)=U_{0}=$
a constant in that equation. Show that Eq. $38-27$ is a solution of
Schrodinger's equation, with
$$
k=\frac{2 \pi}{h} \sqrt{2 m\left(E-U_{0}\right)}
$$
giving the angular wave number $k$ of the particle.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:16

Problem 62

Show that $\mathrm{Eq} .38-24$ is indeed a solution of Eq. $38-22$ by substituting $\psi(x)$ and its second derivative into $\mathrm{Eq} .38-22$ and noting
that an identity results.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:07

Problem 63

(a) Write the wave function $\psi(x)$ displayed in Eq. $38-27$ in the form $\psi(x)=a+i b,$ where $a$ and $b$ are real quantities. (Assume
that $\psi_{0}$ is real.) $(b)$ Write the time-dependent wave function $\Psi(x, t)$
that corresponds to $\psi(x)$ written in this form.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 64

Show that the angular wave number $k$ for a nonrelativistic free particle of mass $m$ can be written as
$$
k=\frac{2 \pi \sqrt{2 m K}}{h}
$$
in which $K$ is the particle's kinetic energy.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:14

Problem 65

(a) Let $n=a+i b$ be a complex number, where $a$ and $b$ are real (positive or negative) numbers. Show that the product $n n^{*}$ is
always a positive real number. (b) Let $m=c+i d$ be another complex number. Show that $|n m|=|n||m| .$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
08:19

Problem 66

In Eq. $38-25$ keep both terms, putting $A=B=\psi_{0} .$ The equation then describes the superposition of two matter waves of
equal amplitude, traveling in opposite directions. (Recall that this
is the condition for a standing wave.) (a) Show that $|\Psi(x, t)|^{2}$ is
then given by
$$
|\Psi(x, t)|^{2}=2 \psi_{0}^{2}[1+\cos 2 k x]
$$
(b) Plot this function, and demonstrate that it describes the square
of the amplitude of a standing matter wave. (c) Show that the
nodes of this standing wave are located at
$$
x=(2 n+1)\left(\frac{1}{4} \lambda\right), \quad \text { where } n=0,1,2,3, \ldots
$$
and $\lambda$ is the de Broglie wavelength of the particle. (d) Write a similar expression for the most probable locations of the particle.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:11

Problem 67

The uncertainty in the position of an electron along an $x$ axis is given as $50 \mathrm{pm},$ which is about equal to the radius of a hydrogen
atom. What is the least uncertainty in any simultaneous measurement of the momentum component $p_{x}$ of this electron?

Surendra Kumar
Surendra Kumar
Numerade Educator
04:21

Problem 68

You will find in Chapter 39 that electrons cannot move in definite orbits within atoms, like the planets in our solar system. To
see why, let us try to "observe" such an orbiting electron by using a
light microscope to measure the electron's presumed orbital position
with a precision of, say, 10 pm (a typical atom has a radius of about
100 $\mathrm{pm} ) .$ The wavelength of the light used in the microscope must then be about 10 $\mathrm{pm}$ (a) What would be the photon energy of this
light? (b) How much energy would such a photon impart to an electron in a head-on collision? (c) What do these results tell you about
the possibility of "viewing" an atomic electron at two or more points along its presumed orbital path? (Hint: The outer electrons of atoms
are bound to the atom by energies of only a few electron-volts.)

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:20

Problem 69

Figure $38-13$ shows a case in which the momentum component $p_{x}$ of a particle is fixed so that $\Delta p_{x}=0 ;$ then, from Heisenberg's
uncertainty principle $(E q .38-28),$ the position $x$ of the particle is
completely unknown.From the same principle it follows that the opposite is also true;t hat is, if the position of a particle is exactly known
$(\Delta x=0),$ the uncertainty in its momentum is infinite.
Consider an intermediate case, in which the position of a
particle is measured, not to infinite precision, but to within a distance of $\lambda / 2 \pi,$ where $\lambda$ is the particle's de Broglie wavelength.
Show that the uncertainty in the (simultaneously measured) mo-
mentum component is then equal to the component itself; that is,
$\Delta p_{x}=p .$ Under these circumstances, would a measured momentum of zero surprise you? What about a measured momentum of
0.5$p ?$ Of 2$p ?$ Of 12$p ?$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:58

Problem 70

An electron moves through a region of uniform electric potential of $-200 \mathrm{V}$ with a (total) energy of 500 eV. What are its (a) kinetic energy (in electron-volts), (b) momentum, (c) speed, (d) de
Broglie wavelength, and (e) angular wave number?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:58

Problem 71

For the arrangement of Figs. $38-14$ and $38-15,$ electrons in the incident beam in region 1 have energy $E=800 \mathrm{eV}$ and the potential step has a height of $U_{1}=600 \mathrm{eV} .$ What is the angular wave number in (a) region 1 and (b) region 2$?$ (c) What is the reflection coefficient? (d) If the incident beam sends $5.00 \times 10^{5}$ electrons against
the potential step, approximately how many will be reflected?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
08:09

Problem 72

For the arrangement of Figs. $38-14$ and $38-15,$ electrons in the incident beam in region 1 have a speed of $1.60 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and
region 2 has an electric potential of $V_{2}=-500 \mathrm{V}$ . What is the angular wave number in (a) region 1 and (b) region 2$?$ (c) What is the reflection coefficient? (d) If the incident beam sends $3.00 \times 10^{9}$
electrons against the potential step, approximately how many will
be reflected?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:33

Problem 73

The current of a beam of electrons, each with a speed of $900 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ is 5.00 $\mathrm{mA}$ . At one point along its path, the beam encounters a potential step of height $-1.25 \mu \mathrm{V}$ . What is the current on the
other side of the step boundary?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 74

Consider a potential energy barrier like that of Fig. $38-17$ but whose height $U_{b}$ is 6.0 $\mathrm{eV}$ and whose thickness $L$ is 0.70 $\mathrm{nm}$ .
What is the energy of an incident electron whose transmission
coefficient is 0.0010$?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:44

Problem 75

A 3.0 MeV proton is incident on a potential energy barrier of thickness 10 $\mathrm{fm}$ and height 10 $\mathrm{MeV} .$ What are (a) the transmission coefficient $T,$ (b) the kinetic energy $K_{t}$ the proton will have
on the other side of the barrier if it tunnels through the barrier, and (c) the kinetic energy $K_{r}$ it will have if it reflects from the
barrier? $\mathrm{A} 3.0 \mathrm{MeV}$ deuteron the same charge but twice the mass as a proton $)$ is incident on the same barrier. What are (d) $T$ ,
(e) $K_{t},$ and $(\mathrm{f}) K_{r}$ ?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 76

(a) Suppose a beam of 5.0 eV protons strikes a potential energy barrier of height 6.0 $\mathrm{eV}$ and thickness $0.70 \mathrm{nm},$ at a rate
equivalent to a current of 1000 $\mathrm{A} .$ How long would you have to
wait - on average - for one proton to be transmitted? How
long would you have to wait if the beam consisted of electrons
rather than protons?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:51

Problem 77

An electron with total energy $E=5.1 \mathrm{eV}$ approaches a barrier of height $U_{b}=6.8 \mathrm{eV}$ and thickness $L=$
750 $\mathrm{pm} .$ What percentage change in the transmission coefficient
$T$ occurs for a 1.0$\%$ change in the barrier height, (b) the
barrier thickness, and (c) the kinetic energy of the incident
electron?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:46

Problem 78

The current of a beam of electrons, each with a speed of $1.200 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ is 9.000 $\mathrm{mA}$ . At one point along its path, the beam
encounters a potential barrier of height $-4.719 \mu V$ and thickness
200.0 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the transmitted current?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:23

Problem 79

Figure $38-13$ shows that because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, it is not possible to assign an $x$ coordinate to the position
of a free electron moving along an $x$ axis. (a) can you assign a $y$ or
a $z$ coordinate? (Hint: The momentum of the electron has no $y$ or $z$ component.) (b) Describe the extent of the matter wave in three
dimensions.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
00:40

Problem 80

A spectral emission line is electromagnetic radiation that is emitted in a wavelength range narrow enough to be taken as a single wavelength. One such emission line that is important in astronomy has a wavelength of 21 $\mathrm{cm} .$ What is the photon energy in the
electromagnetic wave at that wavelength?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:08

Problem 81

Using the classical equations for momentum and kinetic energy, show that an electron's de Broglie wavelength in nanometers can be written as $\lambda=1.226 / \sqrt{K},$ in which $K$ is the electron's
kinetic energy in electron-volts.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
06:33

Problem 82

Derive Eq. $38-11$ , the equation for the Compton shift, from Eqs. $38-8,38-9,$ and $38-10$ by eliminating $v$ and $\theta$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:23

Problem 83

Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with matter have an average kinetic energy of $(3 / 2) k T,$ where $k$ is the Boltzmann constant and
$T,$ which may be taken to be $300 \mathrm{K},$ is the temperature of the environment of the neutrons. (a) What is the average kinetic energy
of such a neutron? (b) What is the corresponding de Broglie
wavelength?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:26

Problem 84

Consider a balloon filled with helium gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Calculate (a) the average de
Broglie wavelength of the helium atoms and (b) the average distance between atoms under these conditions. The average kinetic
energy of an atom is equal to $(3 / 2) k T,$ where $k$ is the Boltzmann constant. (c) Can the atoms be treated as particles under these conditions? Explain.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:28

Problem 85

In about $1916, \mathrm{R} .$ A. Millikan found the following stoppingpotential data for lithium in his photoelectric experiments: Use these data to make a plot like Fig. $38-$ (which is for sodium)
and then use the plot to find (a) the Planck constant and (b) the
work function for lithium.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 86

Show that $|\psi|^{2}=|\Psi|^{2},$ with $\psi$ and $\Psi$ related as in Eq. $38-14$ That is, show that the probability density does not depend on the
time variable.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
00:49

Problem 87

Show that $\Delta E / E,$ the fractional loss of energy of a photon during a collision with a particle of mass $m,$ is given by
$$
\frac{\Delta E}{E}=\frac{h f^{\prime}}{m c^{2}}(1-\cos \phi)
$$
where $E$ is the energy of the incident photon, $f^{\prime}$ is the frequency of
the scattered photon, and $\phi$ is defined as in Fig. $38-5 .$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
00:49

Problem 88

A bullet of mass 40 g travels at 1000 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ Although the bullet is clearly too large to be treated as a matter wave, determine what
Eq. $38-17$ predicts for the de Broglie wavelength of the bullet at
that speed.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:37

Problem 89

(a) The smallest amount of energy needed to eject an electron from metallic sodium is 2.28 $\mathrm{eV} .$ Does sodium show a photoelectric
effect for red light, with $\lambda=680 \mathrm{nm}$ ? (That is, does the light cause
electron emission? (b) What is the cutoff wavelength for
photoelectric emission from sodium? (c) To what color does that
wavelength correspond?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 90

Imagine playing baseball in a universe (not ours!) where the Planck constant is 0.60 $\mathrm{J}$ 's and thus quantum physics affects macroscopic objects. What would be the uncertainty in the
position of a 0.50 $\mathrm{kg}$ baseball that is moving at 20 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ along an axis
if the uncertainty in the speed is 1.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} ?$

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University