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Fundamentals of Cost Accounting

William Lanen, Shannon Anderson, Michael Maher

Chapter 13

Planning and Budgeting - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which has more detail, the budget for the coming period or a long-range forecast? Why?

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Problem 2

What is the purpose of the cash budget if the budgeted income statement will indicate whether the firm expects to be profitable?

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01:38

Problem 3

Describe four methods used to estimate sales for budgeting purposes.

Ameer Said
Ameer Said
Numerade Educator

Problem 4

What role does the master budget play in the planning and budgeting exercise?

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Problem 5

What problems might arise if a firm relies solely on management estimates in preparing the master budget?

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Problem 6

What is the coordinating role of budgeting?

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02:41

Problem 7

"Preparing a budget is a waste of time. The strategic plan is what we work to accomplish." How would you respond to this comment?

Alexander Burbelo
Alexander Burbelo
Numerade Educator

Problem 8

In the Business Application feature, "Using the Budget to Help Manage Cash Flow," smaller firms were more likely to find the budget "extremely or very important" than larger firms. Why might this be the case?

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Problem 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages of starting the budgeting process early in the year versus later in the year prior to the budget year?

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Problem 10

Would the budgeting plans for a company that uses a just-in-time (JIT) inventory system be different than those for a company that does not? Why?

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Problem 11

Government agencies are limited in spending by budget categories, not just by an overall spending limit. What purpose does this serve? What problems does it create?

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Problem 12

What is the difference between the planning and the control functions of the budget? What problems do these differences create?

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Problem 13

When might the master budget start with a forecast of something other than sales for example, production? Why?

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04:01

Problem 14

In some organizations (firms, universities, government agencies), spending appears to increase as the end of the budgeting period approaches, even if there are no seasonal differences. What might cause this?

Sharon Edamala
Sharon Edamala
Numerade Educator

Problem 15

"Our cash budget shows a surplus for the quarter, so we do not have to think about arranging any bank financing." Comment on this statement.

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Problem 16

Your boss asks for your estimate on the costs of a major project for which you have responsibility. Your future with the company depends on your performance relative to this budget. Your best guess is, for example, $$\$ 1,000,000$$. What will you say? Why?

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Problem 17

SVI is a large securities dealer. Last year, the company made 600,000 trades with an average commission of $$\$ 20$$. Because of the general economic climate, SVI expects trade volume to decline by 15 percent. In addition, employees at a local manufacturing plant have historically constituted 10 percent of SVI's volume. The plant just closed and all employees have closed their accounts.
Offsetting these factors is the observation that the average commission per trade is likely to increase by 15 percent because trades are expected to be larger in the coming year.
Required
Estimate SVI's commission revenues for the coming year.

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02:39

Problem 18

EZ-Credit, Inc., has $$\$ 80$$ million in consumer loans with an average interest rate of 13.5 percent. The bank also has $$\$ 64$$ million in home equity loans with an average interest rate of 9 percent. Finally, the company owns $$\$ 6$$ million in corporate securities with an average rate of 6 percent.
EZ-Credit estimates that next year its consumer loan portfolio will rise to $$\$ 84$$ million and the interest rate will fall to 12 percent. Its home equity loans will fall to $$\$ 60$$ million with an average interest rate of 8 percent, and its corporate securities portfolio will increase to $$\$ 16$$ million with an average rate of 7 percent.
Required
Estimate EZ-Credit's revenues for the coming year.

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Starlite Company manufactures office products. Last year, it sold 45,000 electric staplers for $$\$ 10$$ per unit. The company estimates that this volume represents a 30 percent share of the current electric stapler market. The market is expected to increase by 10 percent next year. Marketing specialists have determined that as a result of new competition, the company's market share will fall to 25 percent (of this larger market). Due to changes in prices, the new price for the electric staplers will be $$\$ 11$$ per unit. This new price is expected to be in line with the competition and have no effect on the volume estimates.
Required
Estimate Starlite's sales revenues from electric staplers for the coming year.

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Problem 20

Hoffmann Corporation has just made its sales forecasts and its marketing department estimates that the company will sell 72,000 units during the coming year. In the past, management has maintained inventories of finished goods at approximately one month's sales. The inventory at the start of the budget period is 3,900 units. Sales occur evenly throughout the year.
Required
Estimate the production level required for the coming year to meet these objectives.

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01:49

Problem 21

Sanlax, Inc., makes portable appliances and develops plans using an annual budgeting cycle. For next year, the production budget is 400,000 units. Inventories are expected to increase by 20,000 units.
Required
What is the sales budget for the coming year?

Jimmy Yao
Jimmy Yao
Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Harbor Enterprises, Inc. (HE) manufactures electrical components. The inventory policy at $\mathrm{HE}$ is to hold inventory equal to $150 \%$ of the average monthly sales for its main product. Sales for the following year are expected to be 600,000 units. Based on the inventory policy, the budget calls for the production of 610,000 units.
Required
What is the beginning inventory of the component?

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10:17

Problem 23

Hamilton Corp. manufactures a component used in a popular gaming console. Demand has been strong and the executive staff at Hamilton is planning for next year. On October 1, they call you into a budgeting meeting where production plans are being reviewed. You learn that the inventory policy at Hamilton is to hold two-months' worth of sales (to avoid issues with transportation disruptions). The sales budget for next year is 900,000 units, spread evenly over the year. Expected inventory at the end of this year is 75,000 units. The capacity of the plant is 950,000 units annually.
Required
a. What production level next year will be required to meet the targets?
b. Are there any issues that you believe you should bring to the attention of the executive staff? c. Do you have any suggestions for the resolution of these issues?

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator

Problem 24

The Casings Plant of Wyoming Machines makes plastics shells for the company's calculators. (Each calculator requires one shell.) For each of the next two years, Wyoming expects to sell 160,000 calculators. The beginning finished goods inventory of shells at the Casings Plant is 20,000 units. However, the target ending finished goods inventory for each year is 5,000 units.
Each unit (shell) requires 6 ounces of plastic. At the beginning of the year, 60,000 ounces of plastic are in inventory. Management has set a target to have plastic on hand equal to two months' sales requirements. Sales and production take place evenly throughout the year.
Required
a. Compute the total targeted production of the finished product for the coming year.
b. Compute the required amount of plastic to be purchased for the coming year.

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Problem 25

Westile Company buys plain ceramic tiles and prints different designs on them for souvenir and gift stores. It buys the tiles from a small company in Europe, so at all times it keeps on hand a stock equal to the tiles needed for three months' sales. The tiles cost $$\$ 2$$ each and must be paid for in cash. The company has 56,000 tiles in stock. Sales estimates, based on contracts received, are as follows for the next six months:
table can't copy
Required
a. Estimate purchases (in units) for January, February, and March.
b. Estimate cash required to make purchases in January, February, and March.

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02:18

Problem 26

White Products wishes to purchase goods in one month for sale in the next. On March 31, the company has 8,000 portable music players in stock, although sales for the next month (April) are estimated to total 8,600 players. Total sales of players are expected to be 7,000 in May and 7,400 in June.
Portable music players are purchased at a wholesale price of $$\$ 45$$. The supplier has a financing arrangement by which White Products pays 60 percent of the purchase price in the month when the players are delivered and 40 percent in the following month. White purchased 10,000 players in March.
Required
a. Estimate purchases (in units) for April and May.
b. Estimate the cash required to make purchases in April and May.

Amany Waheeb
Amany Waheeb
Numerade Educator

Problem 27

Ashland Corporation, a merchandising firm, is preparing its cash budget for October. The following information is available concerning its inventories:
table can't copy
What are the estimated cash disbursements in October?

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Problem 28

Duluth Company is preparing its cash budget for December. The following information is available concerning its accounts receivable:
table can't copy
What is the estimated amount of cash receipts from accounts receivable collections in December?

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Problem 29

Nassau Products is preparing a cash budget for April. The following information on accounts receivable collections is available from past collection experience:
table can't copy
The remaining 2 percent is not collected and is written off as bad debts. Credit sales to date are:
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\text { April estimated } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & \$ 300,000 \\
\text { March } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 270,000 \\
\text { February } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 240,000 \\
\text { January } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 285,000
\end{array}
$$
What are the estimated cash receipts from accounts receivable collections in April?

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Problem 30

Scare-2-B-U (S2BU) specializes in costumes for all occasions. The average price of each of its costumes is $$\$ 240$$. For each occasion, S2BU receives a 20 percent deposit two months before the occasion, 50 percent the month before, and the remainder on the day the costume is delivered. Based on information at hand, managers at S2BU expect to make costumes for the following number of occasions during the coming months:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline & \\
\hline \text { April............. } & 75\\
\hline \text { May............. } & 45\\
\hline \text { June } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots &30 \\
\hline\text { July} \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 60\\
\hline \text { August. } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 75\\
\hline \text { September } . \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots &165 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Required
a. What are the expected revenues for S2BU for each month, April through September? Revenues are recorded in the month of the occasion.
b. What are the expected cash receipts for each month, April through July?

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Problem 31

Varmit-B-Gone is a pest control service that operates in a suburban neighborhood. The company attempts to make service calls at least once a month to all homes that subscribe to its service. It makes more frequent calls during the summer. The number of subscribers also varies with the season. The number of subscribers and the average number of calls to each subscriber for the months of interest follow:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { Subscribers } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Service Calls } \\
\text { (per subscriber) }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { March .......... } & 600 & 0.6 \\
\hline \text { April ......... } & 700 & 0.9 \\
\hline \text { May.......... } & 1,400 & 1.5 \\
\hline \text { June } . . . \ldots \ldots \ldots & 1,600 & 2.5 \\
\hline \text { July .......... } & 1,600 & 3.0 \\
\hline \text { August } . \ldots \ldots \ldots \text {. } & 1,500 & 2.4 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The average price charged for a service call is $$\$ 80$$. Of the service calls, 30 percent are paid in the month the service is rendered, 60 percent in the month after the service is rendered, and 8 percent in the second month after. The remaining 2 percent is uncollectible.
What are Varmit-B-Gone’s expected cash receipts for May, June, July, and August?

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Problem 32

Refer to the data in Exercise 13-31. Varmit-B-Gone estimates that the number of subscribers in September should fall 10 percent below August levels, and the number of service calls per subscriber should decrease by an estimated 20 percent. The following information is available for costs incurred in August. All costs except depreciation are paid in cash.
$$
\begin{aligned}
&\text { Service costs }\\
&\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Variable costs. } & \$ 24,000 \\
\hline \text { Maintenance and repair.... } & 22,000 \\
\hline \text { Depreciation (fixed) ..... } & 42,000 \\
\hline \text { Total. } & \$88,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{aligned}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Marketing and administrative costs } \\
\hline \text { Marketing (variable). } & \$ 14,500 \\
\hline \text { Administrative (fixed) .. } & 55,000 \\
\hline \text { Total. } & \$ 69,500 \\
\hline \text { Total costs } & \$ 157,500 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Variable service and marketing costs change with volume. Fixed depreciation will remain the same, but fixed administrative costs will increase by 5 percent beginning September 1. Maintenance and repair are provided by contract, which calls for a 1 percent increase in September.
Required
Prepare a budgeted income statement for September.

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26:54

Problem 33

Rhodes, Inc., is a fast-growing start-up firm that manufactures bicycles. The following income statement is available for July:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Sales revenue (200 units @ } \$ 500 \text { per unit).... } & \$ 100,000 \\
\hline \text { Less } & \\
\hline \text { Manufacturing costs } & \\
\hline \text { Variable costs... } & 14,560 \\
\hline \text { Depreciation (fixed) } & 15,300 \\
\hline \text { Marketing and administrative costs } & \\
\hline \text { Fixed costs (cash) } & 37,560 \\
\hline \text { Depreciation (fixed) } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 12,700 \\
\hline \text { Total costs } & \$ 80,120 \\
\hline \text { Operating profits } & \$ 19,880 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Sales volume is expected to increase by 20 percent in August, but the sales price is expected to fall 10 percent. Variable manufacturing costs are expected to increase by 3 percent per unit in August. In addition to these cost changes, variable manufacturing costs also will change with sales volume. Marketing and administrative cash costs are expected to increase by 10 percent.
Rhodes operates on a cash basis and maintains no inventories. Depreciation is fixed and should remain unchanged over the next three years.
Required
Prepare a budgeted income statement for August.

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Carreras Café is a Spanish restaurant in a college town. The owner expects that the number of meals served in June will be 40 percent below those served in May, because so many students leave for the summer. In May, the restaurant served 4,200 meals at an average price of $$\$ 15.00$$. In the summer (June through August), the average price of a meal typically increases by 25 percent and the average food cost of a meal increases by 10 percent. Other costs are typically unchanged during the summer. The following cost information is available for May.
table can't copy
Prepare a budgeted income statement for June.

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Problem 35

BK Consulting is a management consulting firm. Other than the senior leadership (who manage the firm, but do not actively consult), the managers and staff are billed to clients on an hourly basis. The workload varies quite a bit from month to month requiring careful planning.
Managers are billed to clients at a rate of $$\$ 800$$ per hour and staff at a rate of $$\$ 400$$ per hour. Managers are paid $$\$ 200$$ per hour worked (including nonbillable time) and staff are paid $$\$ 100$$ per hour. The current plan calls for managers to bill 800 hours in May and 500 hours in June. Staff are expected to bill 4,800 hours in May and 3,000 hours in June. Managers will work a total of 1,600 hours in both months and staff will work a total of 6,400 hours in both months.
Other monthly costs (all fixed) are $$\$ 500,000$$ SG\&A, $$\$ 200,000$$ in depreciation, and $$\$ 300,000$$ in marketing.
Required
Prepare a budgeted income statement for BK Consulting for May and June (separately).

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04:25

Problem 36

The controller of Northwest Hardware has just received two forecasts for sales in the Montana District for the coming year. Based on an econometric analysis of consumer spending and economic trends, a marketing research firm estimates sales of $$\$1$$ million for next year. Lloyd Sutter, the district sales manager, estimates sales of $$\$ 900,000$$. The controller seeks your advice on the estimate that should be used in developing next year's budget.
Required
a. What are two possible explanations for the difference between the marketing firm's estimate and Lloyd's?
b. Suppose that instead of $$\$ 900,000$$, Lloyd estimates $$\$ 1.1$$ million in sales. What are two possible explanations for the difference between the marketing firm's estimate and Lloyd's?
c. Do any of these explanations suggest unethical behavior by Lloyd?

Amany Waheeb
Amany Waheeb
Numerade Educator

Problem 37

Elizabeth Jablonski is the director of Research and Development for Galaxy Electronics. Last week, she submitted the following funding request as part of the annual budget process.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Project } & \text { Funding Request } \\
\hline \text { 1. Portable audio project } & \$ 2,500,000 \\
\hline \text { 2. Aircraft guidance system. } & 1,800,000 \\
\hline \text { 3. Automobile navigation system ....... } & 3,000,000 \\
\hline \text { 4. Miniature DVD player } & 1,200,000 \\
\hline \text { Total request } & \$ 8,500,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The aircraft guidance system is a project the company has publicly announced and is marketing strongly to manufacturers. The miniature DVD project has received little support in the company but is one of Elizabeth's favorites. The chief financial officer requests all groups to revise their budgets because of lower than expected sales for the company. Department heads have been asked to submit new budgets that are 10 percent below their original submissions.
Knowing the company's commitment to the aircraft guidance system, Elizabeth submits the following revision noting that it is 10 percent lower as requested.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Project } & \text { Revised Funding Request } \\
\hline \text { 1. Portable audio project } & \$ 2,450,000 \\
\hline \text { Aircraft guidance system.... } & 1,000,000 \\
\hline \text { 3. Automobile navigation system.... } & 3,000,000 \\
\hline \text { 4. Miniature DVD player } & 1,200,000 \\
\hline\text { Total request } & \$7,650,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Required
a. What do you think Elizabeth is trying to accomplish with the revised request? Is this ethical?
b. Is Elizabeth likely to be successful in achieving the goal you identified in requirement $(a)$ ?

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Problem 38

Sanjana's Sweet Shoppe operates on the boardwalk of a New England coastal town. The store only opens for the summer season and the business is heavily dependent on the weather and the economy in addition to new competition. Sanjana Sweet, the owner, prepares a budget each year after reading long-term weather forecasts and estimates of summer tourism. The budget is a first step in planning whether she will need any loans and whether she needs to consider adjustments to store staffing. Based on expertise and experience, she develops the following:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline \text { Scenario } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Gross Margin } \\
\text { per Customer } \\
\text { (Price - Cost of Goods) }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Number of } \\
\text { Customers }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Good. } \ldots \ldots &\$5& 30,000 \\
\hline \text { Fair.... } \ldots \ldots &4& 20,000 \\
\hline \text { Poor ... } \ldots \ldots \ldots &2& 15,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Sanjana assumes, for simplicity, that the gross margin and the estimated number of customers are independent. Thus, she has nine possible scenarios. In addition to the cost of the products sold, Sanjana estimates staffing costs to be $$\$ 25,000$$ plus $$\$ 2$$ for every customer in excess of 20,000 . The marketing and administrative costs are estimated to be $$\$ 10,000$$ plus 3 percent of the gross margin.
Required
Use a spreadsheet to prepare an analysis of the possible operating income for Sanjana similar to that in Exhibit 13.15. What is the range of operating incomes?

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02:04

Problem 39

Bay Area Limos operates transportation services to Bay City airport. The price of service is fixed at a flat rate for each trip and most costs of providing the service are fixed for each trip. Betty Smith, the owner, forecasts income by estimating two factors that fluctuate with the economy: the fuel cost associated with the trip and the number of customers who would take trips. Looking at next year, Betty develops the following estimates of contribution margin (price less variable costs, including fuel) for the estimated number of customers. For simplicity, she assumes that the fuel costs (therefore the contribution margin per ride) and the number of customers are independent.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline \text { Scenario } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Contribution Margin } \\
\text { per Ride } \\
\text { (Price - Variable cost) }
\end{array} & \text { Number of Customers } \\
\hline \text { Excellent ........ } & \$ 50 & 7,200 \\
\hline \text { Fair ........... } & 30 & 4,500 \\
\hline \text { Poor........... } & 20 & 3,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
In addition to the costs of a ride, Betty estimates that other service costs are $$\$ 45,000$$ plus $$\$ 5$$ for each customer (ride) in excess of 4,500 rides. Annual administrative and marketing costs are estimated to be $$\$ 20,000$$ plus 10 percent of the contribution margin.
Required
Use a spreadsheet to prepare an analysis of the possible operating income for Bay Area Limos similar to that in Exhibit 13.5. What is the range of possible operating incomes?

Jerrah Biggerstaff
Jerrah Biggerstaff
Numerade Educator

Problem 40

The following information is available for year 1 for Dancer Components:
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\text { Sales revenue }(300,000 \text { units) } \ldots \ldots \ldots & \$ 5,700,000 \\
\text { Manufacturing costs } & \\
\quad \text { Materials } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & \$ 336,000 \\
\text { Variable cash costs } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 284,800 \\
\text { Fixed cash costs } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 655,200 \\
\text { Depreciation (fixed) } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 1,998,000
\end{array}
$$
$$
\begin{aligned}
&\text { Marketing and administrative costs }\\
&\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Marketing (variable, cash) } & 844,800 \\
\hline \text { Marketing depreciation ... } & 299,200 \\
\hline \text { Administrative (fixed, cash) } & 1,018,400 \\
\hline \text { Administrative depreciation .. } & 149,600 \\
\hline \text { Total costs } & 0 \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{aligned}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{r}
\text { Operating profits } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots&\$114,000
\end{array}
$$
All depreciation charges are fixed and are expected to remain the same for year 2. Sales volume is expected to increase by 18 percent, but prices are expected to fall by 5 percent. Material costs per unit are expected to decrease by 8 percent. Other unit variable manufacturing costs are expected to decrease by 2 percent per unit. Fixed manufacturing costs are expected to increase by 5 percent.
Variable marketing costs will change with volume. Administrative cash costs are expected to increase by 10 percent. Inventories are kept at zero. Dancer operates on a cash basis.
Required
Prepare a budgeted income statement for year 2 .

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Problem 41

Refer to the data in Problem 13-40. Estimate the cash from operations expected in year 2.

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04:42

Problem 42

Cameron Parts has the following data from year 1 operations, which are to be used for developing year 2 budget estimates:
table can't copy
All depreciation charges are fixed. Old manufacturing equipment with an annual depreciation charge of $$\$ 14,550$$ will be replaced in year 2 with new equipment that will incur an annual depreciation charge of $$\$ 21,000$$. Sales volume and prices are expected to increase by 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. On a per-unit basis, expectations are that materials costs will increase by 10 percent and variable manufacturing costs will decrease by 4 percent. Fixed manufacturing costs are expected to decrease by 7 percent.
Variable marketing costs will change with volume. Administrative cash costs are expected to increase by 8 percent. Inventories are kept at zero. Cameron operates on a cash basis.
Required
Prepare a budgeted income statement for year 2 .

Akash M
Akash M
Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Refer to the data in Problem 13-42. Estimate the cash from operations expected in year 2.

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Problem 44

Chander, Inc., manufactures cloth shopping bags. The controller is preparing a budget for the coming year and asks for your assistance. The following costs and other data apply to bag production:
table can't copy
You learn that equipment costs and building occupancy are fixed and are based on a normal production of 300,000 units per year. Other overhead costs are variable. Plant capacity is sufficient to produce 375,000 units per year.
Labor costs per hour are not expected to change during the year. However, the cotton supplier has informed Chander that it will impose a 20 percent price increase at the start of the coming budget period. No other costs are expected to change.
During the coming budget period, Chander expects to sell 270,000 bags. Finished goods inventory is targeted to increase from the current balance of 60,000 units to 105,000 units to prepare for an expected sales increase the year after next. Production will occur evenly throughout the year. Inventory levels for cotton and canvas are expected to remain unchanged throughout the year. There is no work-in-process inventory.
Required
Prepare a production budget and estimate the materials, labor, and overhead costs for the coming year.

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Lotus Fixtures, Inc. (LFI), manufactures steel fittings. Each fitting requires both steel and an alloy that allows the fitting to be used under extreme conditions. The following data apply to the production of the fittings:
table can't copy
The plant and equipment depreciation and miscellaneous costs are fixed and are based on production of 500,000 units annually. All other costs are variable. Plant capacity is 600,000 units annually. All other overhead costs are variable.
The following are forecast for year 2. Contract negotiations with the union are expected to lead to an increase in hourly direct labor costs of 10 percent, mostly in the form of additional benefits. Commodity prices, including steel, are expected to decline by 20 percent due to the economic slowdown. Alloy prices are expected to remain constant. Plant and equipment depreciation costs are expected to increase by 5 percent. All other unit overhead costs are expected to remain constant.
LFI expects to sell 420,000 units in year 2 . The current inventory of fittings is 40,000 units and management would like to see a reduction of inventory of 20,000 units by the end of the year 2 . Steel and alloy inventories will not change. Sales are approximately uniform over the year.
Required
Prepare a production budget and estimate the materials, labor, and overhead costs for year 2 .

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Problem 46

Capstone Corporation has just received its sales expense report for January, which follows.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Item } & \text { Amount } \\
\hline \text { Sales commissions . } & \$ 121,500 \\
\hline \text { Sales staff salaries. } & 28,800 \\
\hline \text { Telephone and mailing } & 14,580 \\
\hline \text { Building lease payment. } & 18,000 \\
\hline \text { Utilities .......... } & 3,690 \\
\hline \text { Packaging and delivery......... } & 24,660 \\
\hline \text { Depreciation ........ } & 11,250 \\
\hline \text { Marketing consultants.... } & 17,730 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
You have been asked to develop budgeted costs for the coming year. Because this month is typical, you decide to prepare an estimated budget for a typical month in the coming year and you uncover the following additional data:
• Sales volume is expected to increase by 10 percent.
• Sales prices are expected to increase by 5 percent.
• Commissions are based on a percentage of sales revenue.
• Sales staff salaries will increase 4 percent next year regardless of sales volume.
• Building rent is based on a five-year lease that expires in three years.
• Telephone and mailing expenses are scheduled to increase by 8 percent even with no change in sales volume. However, these costs are variable with the number of units sold, as are packaging and delivery costs.
• Utilities costs are scheduled to increase by 15 percent regardless of sales volume.
• Depreciation includes furniture and fixtures used by the sales staff. The company has just acquired an additional $$\$ 17,100$$ in furniture that will be received at the start of next year and will be depreciated over a 10-year life using the straight-line method.
• Marketing consultant expenses were for a special advertising campaign that runs from time to time. During the coming year, these costs are expected to average $$\$ 31,500$$ per month.
Required
Prepare a budget for sales expenses for a typical month in the coming year.

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Problem 47

Delhi, Inc., seeks your assistance in developing cash and other budget information for August, September, and October. At July 31 , the company had cash of $$\$ 22,000$$, accounts receivable of $$\$ 1,748,000$$, inventories of $$\$ 1,237,600$$, and accounts payable of $$\$ 532,220$$. The budget is to be based on the following assumptions.
• Each month's sales are billed on the last day of the month.
• Customers are allowed a 3 percent discount if payment is made within 10 days after the billing date. Receivables are recorded in the accounts at their gross amounts (not net of discounts).
• The billings are collected as follows: 60 percent within the discount period, 25 percent by the end of the month, and 9 percent by the end of the following month. Six percent is uncollectible.
Purchase data are as follows.
Of all purchases of merchandise and selling, general, and administrative expenses, 54 percent is paid in the month purchased and the remainder in the following month.
• The number of units in each month's ending inventory equals 130 percent of the next month's units of sales.
• The cost of each unit of inventory is $$\$ 20$$.
• Selling, general, and administrative expenses, of which $$\$ 8,000$$ is depreciation, equal 15 percent of the current month's sales.
• Actual and projected sales follow:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { Dollars } & \text { Units } \\
\hline \text { June. } & \$ 1,416,000 & 47,200 \\
\hline \text { July } & 1,452,000 & 48,400 \\
\hline \text { August. } & 1,428,000 & 47,600 \\
\hline \text { September. } & 1,368,000 & 45,600 \\
\hline \text { October.... } & 1,440,000 & 48,000 \\
\hline \text { November . . . . . . . . . } & 1,464,000 & 48,80 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Required
Compute the following:
a. Budgeted purchases in dollars for August.
b. Budgeted purchases in dollars for September.
c. Budgeted cash collections during August.
d. Budgeted cash disbursements during September.
e. The budgeted number of units of inventory to be purchased during October.

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Problem 48

Brighton, Inc., manufactures kitchen tiles. The company recently expanded, and the controller believes that it will need to borrow cash to continue operations. It began negotiating for a onemonth bank loan of $$\$ 500,000$$ starting May 1 . The bank would charge interest at the rate of 1 percent per month and require the company to repay interest and principal on May 31 . In considering the loan, the bank requested a projected income statement and cash budget for May.
The following information is available:
• The company budgeted sales at 600,000 units per month in April, June, and July and at 450,000 units in May. The selling price is $$\$ 4$$ per unit.
• The inventory of finished goods on April 1 was 120,000 units. The finished goods inventory at the end of each month equals 20 percent of sales anticipated for the following month. There is no work in process.
• The inventory of raw materials on April 1 was 57,000 pounds. At the end of each month, the raw materials inventory equals no less than 40 percent of production requirements for the following month. The company purchases materials in quantities of 62,500 pounds per shipment.
• Selling expenses are 10 percent of gross sales. Administrative expenses, which include depreciation of $$\$ 2,500$$ per month on office furniture and fixtures, total $$\$ 165,000$$ per month.
• The manufacturing budget for tiles, based on normal production of 500,000 units per month, follows:
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Materials ( } 1 / 4 \text { pound per tile, } 125,000 \text { pounds, } \$ 4 \text { per pound) } & \$ 500,000 \\
\hline \text { Labor}\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 400,000 \\
\hline \text { Variable overhead} \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & 200,000 \\
\hline \text { Fixed overhead (includes depreciation of } \$ 200,000 \text { ). . } & 400,000 \\
\hline \text { Total. } . \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots & \$ 1,500,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Required
a. Prepare schedules computing inventory budgets by months for
(1) Production in units for April, May, and June.
(2) Raw materials purchases in pounds for April and May.
b. Prepare a projected income statement for May. Cost of goods sold should equal the variable manufacturing cost per unit times the number of units sold plus the total fixed manufacturing cost budgeted for the period. Assume cash discounts of 1 percent and bad debt expense of 0.5 percent.

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Problem 49

Panther Corporation appeared to be experiencing a good year. Sales in the first quarter were one-third ahead of last year, and the sales department predicted that this rate would continue throughout the entire year. The controller asked Janet Nomura, a summer accounting intern, to prepare a draft forecast for the year and to analyze the differences from last year's results. She based the forecast on actual results obtained in the first quarter plus the expected costs of production to be completed in the remainder of the year. She worked with various department heads (production, sales, and so on) to get the necessary information. The results of these efforts follow:
table can't copy
Adjustments for the change in inventory and for income taxes have not been made. The scheduled production for this year is 450,000 units, and planned sales volume is 400,000 units. Sales and production volume was 300,000 units last year. The company uses a full-absorption costing and FIFO inventory system and is subject to a 40 percent income tax rate. The actual income statement for last year follows:
table can't copy
Prepared a budgeted income statement and balance sheet.

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Problem 50

The board of directors of the Cortez Beach Yacht Club (CBYC) is developing plans to acquire more equipment for lessons and rentals and to expand club facilities. The board plans to purchase about $$\$ 50,000$$ of new equipment each year and wants to begin a fund to purchase a $$\$ 600,000$$ piece of property for club expansion.
The club manager is concerned about the club's capability to purchase equipment and expand its facilities. One club member has agreed to help prepare the following financial statements and help the manager ascertain whether the plans are realistic. Additional information follows the financial statements.
1. Other financial information as of October 31, Year 9:
a. Cash in checking account, $$\$ 14,000$$.
b. Petty cash, $$\$ 600$$.
c. Outstanding mortgage balance, $$\$ 720,000$$.
d. Accounts payable for supplies and utilities unpaid as of October 31, Year 9, and due in November Year 9, $$\$ 5,000$$.
2. The club purchased $$\$ 50,000$$ worth of sailing equipment during the current fiscal year (ending October 31 , Year 9). Cash of $$\$ 20,000$$ was paid on delivery, with the balance due on October 1, which had not been paid as of October 31, Year 9.
3. The club began operations in year 3 in rental quarters. In October Year 5, it purchased its current property (land and building) for $$\$ 1,200,000$$, paying $$\$ 240,000$$ down and agreeing to pay $$\$ 60,000$$ plus 6 percent interest annually on the previously unpaid loan balance each November 1 , starting November 1, Year 6.
4. Membership rose 3 percent during year 9 , approximately the same annual rate of increase the club has experienced since it opened and that is expected to continue in the future.
5. Membership fees were increased by 15 percent in year 9 . The board has tentative plans to increase them by 10 percent in year 10 .
6. Lesson and class fees have not been increased for three years. The number of classes and lessons has grown significantly each year; the percentage growth experienced in year 9 is expected to be repeated in year 10 .
7. Miscellaneous revenues are expected to grow in year 10 (over year 9 ) at the same percentage as experienced in year 9 (over year 8 ).
8. Lesson and class employees' wages and benefits will increase to $$\$ 604,650$$. The wages and benefits of regular employees and the manager will increase 15 percent. Equipment depreciation and supplies, utilities, and miscellaneous expenses are expected to increase 25 percent.
a. Construct a cash budget for year 10 for Cortez Beach Yacht Club.
b. Identify any operating problem(s) that this budget discloses for CBYC. Explain your answer.
c. Is the manager's concern that the board's goals are unrealistic justified? Explain your answer.

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