Chapter Questions
What is plant anatomy and how does it differ from animal anatomy?
What is the cell theory and its four tenets?
Name and give the function of the major components and organelles of a typical plant cell.
Name the various types of ergastic substances.
What are chromoplasts and what is their function?
What is an amyloplast and what is its chemical composition?
Of what is an aleurone grain composed?
Name four types of crystals based on their shape. What two different substances make up plant crystals?
Characterize a primary cell wall in terms of development and structure.
How does cellulose differ from starch?
What are plasmodesmata and what is their function?
Where is the secondary cell wall formed in relation to the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall?
What are the name, properties, and function of the compound (other than cellulose) making up a secondary cell wall?
What is a pit and what is the function of pit-pairs?
What are meristems and what are the two major types?
Explain the processes of cell differentiation.
What is a tissue and what are the three general tissue types?
How are parenchyma and collenchyma similar and how different with respect to structure and function?
What are the characteristics and two general cell types of sclerenchyma?
What is the function of xylem and why is it a complex tissue?
What are the names and characteristics of the two types of water-conductive cells of xylem?
What is the function of phloem and why is it a complex tissue?
What are the names and characteristics of the two types of sugar-conductive cells of phloem?
What tissue occurs as the outermost cell layer of plant organs?
Describe the characteristics and function of the epidermis, stomata, trichomes, and secretory structures.
From what in an embryo does the first root arise?
Distinguish between a primary, lateral, and adventitious root.
Name three ways that roots can be distinguished from shoots/stems.
What is a Casparian strip and endodermis and what are their function?
What is the function of the pericycle?
What is a velamen?SHOOT/STEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
What is the definition of a shoot?
From what in an embryo does the first shoot arise?
What is a bud primordium and where are buds typically located?
What are three ways that stems differ from roots?
What is a stele? Name five stele types and distinguish between them.
Distinguish between protoxylem and metaxylem; between exarch, endarch, and mesarch.
What is secondary growth and from what general type of meristem does it arise?
Where does the vascular cambium arise?
What two products does the vascular cambium give rise to and in what direction?
What is the technical name for wood?
Where does the cork cambium form, and what two tissues does it give rise to?
Describe the adaptive significance of the lateral meristems.
What is an annual ring and what is the structural difference between spring wood and summer wood?
What is a ray and what is its function?
Define and draw the three major sections of wood.
What is the difference between a softwood and a hardwood?
Distinguish between nonporous, ring-porous, and diffuse-porous wood.
Distinguish between uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate rays.
What is dendrochronology and for what can it be used?
What is the difference between a lycophyll and a euphyll?
What are the structure and function of stomates and of subsidiary cells?
What is the name of the leaf cells located between upper and lower epidermal layers? What are the two types called?PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Describe the basic pathway of $\mathrm{C} 3$ photosynthesis.
What enzyme functions to fix carbon dioxide in C3 photosynthesis?
How does $\mathrm{C} 4$ photosynthesis differ from $\mathrm{C} 3$ ?
What is Kranz anatomy?
What enzyme functions to fix carbon dioxide in $\mathrm{C} 4$ photosynthesis?
How does CAM photosynthesis differ from $\mathrm{C} 3$ and $\mathrm{C} 4$ and how does this function for plants living in dry conditions?