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Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Paul Tipler, Gene Mosca

Chapter 8

Potential Energy - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

01:34

Problem 1

A $1000-$ kg roller coaster train is initially at the top of a rise, at point $A$ . It then moves $135 \mathrm{ft},$ at an angle of $40.0^{\circ}$ below the horizontal, to a lower point $(\text { a) Choose point }$ (B) to be the zero level for gravitational potential energy. Find the potential energy of the roller coaster-Earth system at points $A$ and $(B),$ and the change in potential energy as the coaster moves. (b) Repeat part (a), setting the zero reference level at point A.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:40

Problem 2

A $400-\mathrm{N}$ child is in a swing that is attached to ropes 2.00 $\mathrm{m}$ long. Find the gravitational potential energy of the child-Earth system relative to the child's lowest position when (a) the ropes are horizontal, (b) the ropes make a $30.0^{\circ}$ angle with the vertical, and (c) the child is at the bottom of the circular arc.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 3

A person with a remote mountain cabin plans to install her own hydroelectric plant. A nearby stream is 3.00 $\mathrm{m}$ wide and 0.500 $\mathrm{m}$ deep. Water flows at 1.20 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ over the brink of a waterfall 5.00 $\mathrm{m}$ high. The manufacturer promises only 25.0$\%$ efficiency in converting the potential energy of the water-Earth system into electric energy. Find the power she can generate. (Large-scale hydroelectric plants, with a much larger drop, are more efficient.)

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 4

At $11 : 00$ A.M. on September $7,2001$ , more than 1 million British school children jumped up and down for one minute. The curriculum focus of the "Giant Jump" was on earthquakes, but it was integrated with many other topics, such as exercise, geography, cooperation, testing hypotheses, and setting world records. Children built their own seismographs, which registered local effects. (a) Find the mechanical energy released in the experiment. Assume that 1050000 children of average mass 36.0 kg jump twelve times each, raising their centers of mass by 25.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ each time and briefly resting between one jump and the next. The free-fall acceleration in Britain is 9.81 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . (b) Most of the energy is converted very rapidly into internal energy within the bodies of the children and the floors of the school buildings. Of the energy that propagates into the ground, most produces high-frequency "microtremor" vibrations that are rapidly damped and cannot travel far. Assume that 0.01$\%$ of the energy is carried away by a long-range seismic wave. The magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is given by
$$M=\frac{\log E-4.8}{1.5}$$
where $E$ is the seismic wave energy in joules. According to this model, what is the magnitude of the demonstration quake? (It did not register above background noise over-seas or on the seismograph of the Wolverton Seismic Vault, Hampshire.)

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
06:01

Problem 5

A bead slides without friction around a loop-the-loop (Fig. P8.5). The bead is released from a height $h=3.50 R$ . (a) What is its speed at point $A$ ? (b) How large is the normal force on it if its mass is 5.00 g?

Federico Castro
Federico Castro
Numerade Educator
00:29

Problem 6

Dave Johnson, the bronze medalist at the 1992 Olympic decathlon in Barcelona, leaves the ground at the high jump with vertical velocity component 6.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . How far does his center of mass move up as he makes the jump?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 7

A glider of mass 0.150 $\mathrm{kg}$ moves on a horizontal frictionless air track. It is permanently attached to one end of a massless horizontal spring, which has a force constant of 10.0 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ both for extension and for compression. The other end of the spring is fixed. The glider is moved to compress the spring by 0.180 $\mathrm{m}$ and then released from rest. Calculate the speed of the glider (a) at the point where it has moved 0.180 $\mathrm{m}$ from its starting point, so that the spring is momentarily exerting no force and (b) at the point where it has moved 0.250 $\mathrm{m}$ from its starting point.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
03:23

Problem 8

A loaded ore car has a mass of 950 $\mathrm{kg}$ and rolls on rails with negligible friction. It starts from rest and is pulled up a mine shaft by a cable connected to a winch. The shaft is inclined at $30.0^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. The car accelerates uniformly to a speed of 2.20 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in 12.0 $\mathrm{s}$ and then continues at constant speed. (a) What power must the winch
motor provide when the car is moving at constant speed? (b) What maximum power must the winch motor provide? (c) What total energy transfers out of the motor by work by the time the car moves off the end of the track, which is of length 1250 $\mathrm{m}$ ?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 9

A simple pendulum, which we will consider in detail in Chapter $15,$ consists of an object suspended by a string. The object is assumed to be a particle. The string, with its top end fixed, has negligible mass and does not stretch. In the absence of air friction, the system oscillates by swinging back and forth in a vertical plane. If the string is 2.00 $\mathrm{m}$ long and makes an initial angle of $30.0^{\circ}$ with the vertical, calculate the speed of the particle (a) at the lowest point in its trajectory and (b) when the angle is $15.0^{\circ} .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
03:40

Problem 10

An object of mass $m$ starts from rest and slides a distance $d$ down a frictionless incline of angle $\theta .$ While sliding, it contacts an unstressed spring of negligible mass as shown in Figure P8.10. The object slides an additional distance $x$ as it is brought momentarily to rest by compression of the spring (of force constant $k ) .$ Find the initial separation $d$ between object and spring.

Brandy Heflin
Brandy Heflin
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 11

A block of mass 0.250 $\mathrm{kg}$ is placed on top of a light vertical spring of force constant 5000 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ and pushed downward so that the spring is compressed by 0.100 $\mathrm{m}$ . After the block is released from rest, it travels upward and then leaves the spring. To what maximum height above the point of release does it rise?

Supratim Pal
Supratim Pal
Numerade Educator
03:36

Problem 12

A circus trapeze consists of a bar suspended by two parallel ropes, each of length $\ell,$ allowing performers to swing in a vertical circular arc (Figure P8.12). Suppose a performer with mass $m$ holds the bar and steps off an elevated plat-form, starting from rest with the ropes at an angle $\theta_{i}$ with respect to the vertical. Suppose the size of the performer's body is small compared to the length $\ell,$ that she does not pump the trapeze to swing higher, and that air resistance is negligible. (a) Show that when the ropes make an angle $\theta$ with the vertical, the performer must exert a force
$$m g\left(3 \cos \theta-2 \cos \theta_{i}\right)$$
in order to hang on. (b) Determine the angle $\theta_{i}$ for which the force needed to hang on at the bottom of the swing is twice the performer's weight.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 13

Two objects are connected by a light string passing over a light frictionless pulley as shown in Figure P8.13. The object of mass 5.00 $\mathrm{kg}$ is released from rest. Using the principle of conservation of energy, (a) determine the speed of the $3.00-\mathrm{kg}$ object just as the $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ object hits the ground. (b) Find the maximum height to which the $3.00-\mathrm{kg}$ object rises.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 14

Two objects are connected by a light string passing over a light frictionless pulley as in Figure P8.13. The object of mass $m_{1}$ is released from rest at height $h$ . Using the principle of conservation of energy, (a) determine the speed of $m_{2}$ just as $m_{1}$ hits the ground. (b) Find the maximum height to which $m_{2}$ rises.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 15

A light rigid rod is 77.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ long. Its top end is pivoted on a low-friction horizontal axle. The rod hangs straight down at rest with a small massive ball attached to its bottom end. You strike the ball, suddenly giving it a horizontal velocity so that it swings around in a full circle. What minimum speed at the bottom is required to make the ball go over the top of the circle?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 16

Air moving at 11.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in a steady wind encounters a windmill of diameter 2.30 $\mathrm{m}$ and having an efficiency of 27.5$\%$ . The energy generated by the windmill is used to pump water from a well 35.0 $\mathrm{m}$ deep into a tank 2.30 $\mathrm{m}$ above the ground. At what rate in liters per minute can water be pumped into the tank?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 17

A 20.0 -kg cannon ball is fired from a cannon with muzzle speed of 1000 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at an angle of $37.0^{\circ}$ with the horizontal. A second ball is fired at an angle of $90.0^{\circ} .$ Use the conservation of energy principle to find (a) the maximum height reached by each ball and (b) the total mechanical energy at the maximum height for each ball. Let $y=0$ at the cannon.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 18

A. $2.00-\mathrm{kg}$ ball is attached to the bottom end of a length of fishline with a breaking strength of 10 $\mathrm{lb}$ (44.5 N). The top end of the fishline is held stationary. The ball is released from rest with the line taut and horizontal $\left(\theta=90.0^{\circ}\right) .$ At what angle $\theta$ (measured from the vertical) will the fishline break?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 19

A daredevil plans to bungee-jump from a balloon 65.0 $\mathrm{m}$ above a carnival midway (Figure P8.19). He will use a uniform elastic cord, tied to a harness around his body, to stop his fall at a point 10.0 $\mathrm{m}$ above the ground. Model his body as a particle and the cord as having negligible mass and obeying Hooke's force law. In a preliminary test, hanging at rest from a 5.00 -m length of the cord, he finds
that his body weight stretches it by $1.50 \mathrm{m} .$ He will drop from rest at the point where the top end of a longer section of the cord is attached to the stationary balloon. (a) What length of cord should he use? (b) What maximum acceleration will he experience?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:45

Problem 20

Review problem. The system shown in Figure P8.20 consists of a light inextensible cord, light frictionless pulleys, and blocks of equal mass. It initially held at rest so that the blocks are at the same height above the ground. The blocks are then released. Find the speed of block A at the moment when the vertical separation of the blocks is $h$ .

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
04:40

Problem 21

A 4.00 -kg particle moves from the origin to position $C,$ having coordinates $x=5.00 \mathrm{m}$ and $y=5.00 \mathrm{m} .$ One force on the particle is the gravitational force acting in the negative $y$ direction (Fig. P8.21). Using Equation $7.3,$ calculate the work done by the gravitational force in going from $O$ to $C$ along (a) $O A C .$ (b) $O B C$ . (c) $O C$ . Your results should all be identical. Why?

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 22

(a) Suppose that a constant force acts on an object. The force does not vary with time, nor with the position or the velocity of the object. Start with the general definition for work done by a force
$$W=\int_{i}^{f} \mathbf{F} \cdot d \mathbf{r}$$
and show that the force is conservative, $(b)$ As a special case, suppose that the force $\mathbf{F}=(3 \hat{\mathbf{i}}+4 \hat{\mathbf{j}}) \mathrm{N}$ acts on a particle that moves from $O$ to $C$ in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.21$ . Calculate the work done by $\mathbf{F}$ if the particle moves along each one of the three paths $O A C, O B C,$ and $O C .$ (Your three answers should be identical.)

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
08:07

Problem 23

A force acting on a particle moving in the $x y$ plane is given by $\mathbf{F}=\left(2 y \hat{\mathbf{i}}+x^{2} \hat{\mathbf{j}} \text { ) } N, \text { where } x \text { and } y \text { are in meters. The }\right.$ particle moves from the origin to a final position having coordinates $x=5.00 \mathrm{m}$ and $y=5.00 \mathrm{m},$ as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.21$ Calculate the work done by $\mathbf{F}$ along $(\text { a) } O A C, \text { (b) } O B C,$ (c) $O C .$ (d) Is $\mathbf{F}$ conservative or nonconservative? Explain.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 24

A particle of mass $m=5.00 \mathrm{kg}$ is released from point ${A}$ and slides on the frictionless track shown in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.24$ . and slides on the frictionless track shown in Figure P8.24
Determine (a) the particle's speed at points $B$ and $C$ and (b) the net work done by the gravitational force in moving the particle from $A$ to $C$.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 25

A single constant force $\mathbf{F}=(3 \mathbf{i}+5 \mathbf{j}) \mathrm{N}$ acts on a $4.00-\mathrm{kg}$ particle. (a) Calculate the work done by this force if the particle moves from the origin to the point having the vector position $\mathbf{r}=(2 \mathbf{i}-3 \hat{\mathbf{j}}) \mathrm{m} .$ Does this result depend on the path? Explain. (b) What is the speed of the particle at r if its speed at the origin is 4.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ ? (c) What is the change in the potential energy?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 26

At time $t_{i}$ , the kinetic energy of a particle is 30.0 $\mathrm{J}$ and the potential energy of the system to which it belongs is 10.0 $\mathrm{J}$ . At some later time $t$ , the kinetic energy of the particle is 18.0 $\mathrm{J}$ . (a) If only conservative forces act on the particle, what are the potential energy and the total energy at time $t_{f} ?$ (b) If the potential energy of the system at time $t_{f}$ is
5.00 $\mathrm{J}$ , are there any nonconservative forces acting on the particle? Explain.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
06:48

Problem 27

In her hand a softball pitcher swings a ball of mass 0.250 $\mathrm{kg}$ around a vertical circular path of radius 60.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ before releasing it from her hand. The pitcher maintains a component of force on the ball of constant magnitude 30.0 $\mathrm{N}$ in the direction of motion around the complete path. The speed of the ball at the top of the circle is 15.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . If she releases the ball at the bottom of the circle, what is its speed upon release?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 28

An electric scooter has a battery capable of supplying 120 $\mathrm{Wh}$ of energy. If friction forces and other losses account for 60.0$\%$ of the energy usage, what altitude change can a rider achieve when driving in hilly terrain, if the rider and scooter have a combined weight of 890 $\mathrm{N} ?$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 29

The world's biggest locomotive is the MK5000C, a behemoth of mass 160 metric tons driven by the most powerful engine ever used for rail transportation, a Caterpillar diesel capable of 5000 hp. Such a huge machine can provide a gain in efficiency, but its large mass presents challenges as well. The engineer finds that the locomotive handles differently from conventional units, notably in
braking and climbing hills. Consider the locomotive pulling no train, but traveling at 27.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ on a level track while operating with output power 1000 $\mathrm{hp}$ . It comes to a 5.00$\%$ grade (a slope that rises 5.00 $\mathrm{m}$ for every 100 $\mathrm{m}$ along the track). If the throtle is not advanced, so that the power level is held steady, to what value will the speed drop? Assume that friction forces do not depend on the speed.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 30

A 70.0 -kg diver steps off a 10.0 -m tower and drops straight down into the water. If he comes to rest 5.00 $\mathrm{m}$ beneath the surface of the water, determine the average resistance force exerted by the water on the diver.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 31

The coefficient of friction between the 3.00 -kg block and the surface in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.31$ is $0.400 .$ The system starts from rest. What is the speed of the $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ ball when it has
fallen 1.50 $\mathrm{m}$ ?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 32

A boy in a wheelchair (total mass 47.0 $\mathrm{kg} )$ wins a race with a skateboarder. The boy has speed 1.40 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at the crest of a slope 2.60 $\mathrm{m}$ high and 12.4 $\mathrm{m}$ long. At the bottom of the slope his speed is 6.20 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . If air resistance and rolling resistance can be modeled as a constant friction force of 41.0 $\mathrm{N}$ , find the work he did in pushing forward on his wheels during the downhill ride.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
05:15

Problem 33

A $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ block is set into motion up an inclined plane with an initial speed of 8.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ (Fig. P8.33). The block comes to rest after traveling 3.00 $\mathrm{m}$ along the plane, which is inclined at an angle of $30.0^{\circ}$ to the horizontal. For this motion determine (a) the change in the block's kinetic energy, (b) the change in the potential energy of the block-Earth system, and (c) the friction force exerted on the block (assumed to be constant). (d) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 34

An 80.0 -kg skydiver jumps out of a balloon at an altitude of 1000 $\mathrm{m}$ and opens the parachute at an altitude of 200 $\mathrm{m}$ . (a) Assuming that the total retarding force on the diver is constant at 50.0 $\mathrm{N}$ with the parachute closed and constant at 3600 $\mathrm{N}$ with the parachute open, what is the speed of the diver when he lands on the ground? (b) Do you think the skydiver will be injured? Explain. (c) At what height should the parachute be opened so that the final speed of the skydiver when he hits the ground is 5.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} ?$ (d) How realistic is the assumption that the total retarding force is constant? Explain.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:27

Problem 35

A toy cannon uses a spring to project a 5.30 -g soft rubber ball. The spring is originally compressed by 5.00 $\mathrm{cm}$ and has a force constant of 8.00 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ . When the cannon is fired, the ball moves 15.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ through the horizontal barrel of the cannon, and there is a constant friction force of 0.0320 $\mathrm{N}$ between the barrel and the ball. (a) With what speed does the projectile leave the barrel of the cannon? (b) At what point does the ball have maximum speed? (c) What is this maximum speed?

Supratim Pal
Supratim Pal
Numerade Educator
03:49

Problem 36

A 50.0 -kg block and a $100-\mathrm{kg}$ block are connected by a string as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.36 .$ The pulley is frictionless and of negligible mass. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 50.0 $\mathrm{kg}$ block and incline is $0.250 .$ Determine the change in the kinetic energy of the $50.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block as it moves from $A$ to $B$ , a distance of $20.0 \mathrm{m} .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 37

A $1.50-\mathrm{kg}$ object is held 1.20 $\mathrm{m}$ above a relaxed massless vertical spring with a force constant of $320 \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m} .$ The object is dropped onto the spring. (a) How far does it compress the spring? (b) What If? How far does it compress the spring if the same experiment is performed on the Moon, where $g=1.63 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ?(\mathrm{c})$ What If? Repeat part $(\mathrm{a}),$ but this time assume a constant air-resistance force of 0.700 $\mathrm{N}$ acts on the object during its motion.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
00:39

Problem 38

A 75.0 -kg skysurfer is falling straight down with terminal speed 60.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . Determine the rate at which the skysurfer-Earth system is losing mechanical energy.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 39

A uniform board of length $L$ is sliding along a smooth (frictionless) horizontal plane as in Figure P8.39a. The board then slides across the boundary with a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the second surface is $\mu_{k}$ (a) Find the acceleration of the board at the moment its front end has traveled a distance $x$ beyond the boundary. (b) The board stops at the moment its back end reaches the boundary, as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.39 \mathrm{b}$ . Find the initial speed $v$ of the board.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 40

A single conservative force acting on a particle varies as $\mathbf{F}=\left(A x+B x^{2}\right) \hat{\mathbf{i}} \mathrm{N},$ where $A$ and $B$ are constants and $x$ is in meters. (a) Calculate the potential-energy function $U(x)$ associated with this force, taking $U=0$ at $x=0 .$ (b) Find the change in potential energy and the change in kinetic energy as the particle moves from $x=2.00 \mathrm{m}$ to $x=3.00 \mathrm{m} .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 41

A single conservative force acts on a $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ particle. The equation $F_{x}=(2 x+4) \mathrm{N}$ describes the force, where $x$ is in meters. As the particle moves along the $x$ axis from $x=1.00 \mathrm{m}$ to $x=5.00 \mathrm{m},$ calculate (a) the work done by this force, (b) the change in the potential energy of the system, and $(c)$ the kinetic energy of the particle at $x=5.00 \mathrm{m}$ if its speed is 3.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at $x=1.00 \mathrm{m} .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 42

A potential-energy function for a two-dimensional force is of the form $U=3 x^{3} y-7 x$ . Find the force that acts at the point $(x, y) .$

Jacob Adamczyk
Jacob Adamczyk
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 43

The potential energy of a system of two particles separated by a distance $r$ is given by $U(r)=A / r,$ where $A$ is a constant. Find the radial force $\mathbf{F}_{r}$ that each particle exerts on the other.

Vidhi Bhatt
Vidhi Bhatt
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 44

A right circular cone can be balanced on a horizontal surface in three different ways. Sketch these three equilibrium configurations, and identify them as positions of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
11:20

Problem 45

For the potential energy curve shown in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.45$ (a) determine whether the force $F_{x}$ is positive, negative, or zero at the five points indicated. (b) Indicate points of stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium. (c) Sketch the curve for $F_{x}$ versus $x=0$ to $x=9.5 \mathrm{m}$

Donald Albin
Donald Albin
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 46

A particle moves along a line where the potential energy of its system depends on its position $r$ as graphed in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.46$ . In the limit as $r$ increases without bound, $U(r)$ approaches $+1 \mathrm{J}$ . (a) Identify each equilibrium position for this particle. Indicate whether each is a point of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. (b) The particle will be bound if the total energy of the system is in what range? Now suppose that the system has energy $-3 \mathrm{J}$ . Determine (c) the range of positions where the particle can be found, (d) its maximum kinetic energy, (e) the location where it has maximum kinetic energy, and (f) the binding energy of the system-that is, the additional energy that it would have to be given in order for the particle to move out to $r \rightarrow \infty$ .

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
03:14

Problem 47

A particle of mass 1.18 $\mathrm{kg}$ is attached between two identical springs on a horizontal frictionless tabletop. The springs have force constant $k$ and each is initially unstressed. (a) If
the particle is pulled a distance $x$ along a direction perpendicular to the initial configuration of the springs, as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.47$ , show that the potential energy of the system is
$$U(x)=k x^{2}+2 k L\left(L-\sqrt{x^{2}+L^{2}}\right)$$
(Hint: See Problem 58 in Chapter $7 . )$ (b) Make a plot of $U(x)$ versus $x$ and identify all equilibrium points. Assume that $L=1.20 \mathrm{m}$ and $k=40.0 \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m} .$ (c) If the particle is pulled 0.500 $\mathrm{m}$ to the right and then released, what is its speed when it reaches the equilibrium point $x=0 ?$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 48

A block slides down a curved frictionless track and then up an inclined plane as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.48$ . The coefficient of kinetic friction between block and incline is $\mu_{k}$ . Use energy methods to show that the maximum height reached by the block is
$$y_{\max }=\frac{h}{1+\mu_{k} \cot \theta}$$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:30

Problem 49

Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of your power out-put as you climb stairs. In your solution, state the physical quantities you take as data and the values you measure or estimate for them. Do you consider your peak power or your sustainable power?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:29

Problem 50

Review problem. The mass of a car is 1500 kg. The shape of the body is such that its aerodynamic drag coefficient is $D=0.330$ and the frontal area is 2.50 $\mathrm{m}^{2}$ . Assuming that the drag force is proportional to $v^{2}$ and neglecting other sources of friction, calculate the power required to maintain a speed of 100 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ as the car climbs a long hill sloping at $3.20^{\circ} .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 51

Assume that you attend a state university that started out as an agricultural college. Close to the center of the campus is a tall silo topped with a hemispherical cap. The cap is frictionless when wet. Someone has somehow balanced a pumpkin at the highest point. The line from the center of curvature of the cap to the pumpkin makes an angle $\theta_{i}=0^{\circ}$ with the vertical. While you happen to be standing nearby in the middle of a rainy night, a breath of wind makes the pumpkin start sliding downward from rest. It loses contact with the cap when the line from the center of the hemisphere to the pumpkin makes a certain angle with the vertical. What is this angle?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:10

Problem 52

A 200 -g particle is released from rest at point $A$ along the horizontal diameter on the inside of a frictionless, hemispherical bowl of radius $R=30.0 \mathrm{cm}$ (Fig. P8.52). Calculate (a) the gravitational potential energy of the particle-Earth system when the particle is at point $A$ relative to point $(\mathrm{B}),$ (b) the kinetic energy of the particle at point $(\mathrm{B}),$ (c) its speed at point $(\mathrm{B}),$ and $(\mathrm{d})$ its kinetic energy and the potential energy when the particle is at
point $C$.

Laszlo Zalavari
Laszlo Zalavari
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 53

What If? The particle described in Problem 52 (Fig. P8.52) is released from rest at @ , and the surface of the bowl is rough. The speed of the particle at $B$ is 1.50 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ .
(a) What is its kinetic energy at ${B} ?$ (b) How much mechanical energy is transformed into internal energy as the particle moves from $A$ to $B$ ? $(c)$ Is it possible to determine the coefficient of friction from these results in any simple manner? Explain.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:53

Problem 54

A 2.00 -kg block situated on a rough incline is connected to a spring of negligible mass having a spring constant of 100 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ (Fig. P8.54). The pulley is frictionless. The block is released from rest when the spring is unstretched. The block moves 20.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ down the incline before coming to rest. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and incline.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 55

Review problem. Suppose the incline is frictionless for the system described in Problem 54 (Fig. P8.54). The block is released from rest with the spring initially unstretched. (a) How far does it move down the incline before coming to rest: (b) What is its acceleration at its lowest point? Is the acceleration constant? (c) Describe the energy transformations that occur during the descent.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 56

A child's pogo stick (Fig. P8.56) stores energy in a spring with a force constant of $2.50 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m} .$ At position $A$ $\left(x_{\mathrm{A}}=-0.100 \mathrm{m}\right),$ the spring compression is a maximum and the child is momentarily at rest. At position $B$ $\left(x_{\mathrm{B}}=0\right),$ the spring is relaxed and the child is moving upward. At position $C$ , the child is again momentarily at rest at the top of the jump. The combined mass of child and pogo stick is 25.0 $\mathrm{kg}$ . (a) Calculate the total energy of the child-stick-Earth system if both gravitational and elastic potential energies are zero for $x=0 .$ (b) Determine $x_{\mathrm{C}}$ . (c) Calculate the speed of the child at $x=0 .$ (d) Determine the value of $x$ for which the kinetic energy of the system is a maximum. (e) Calculate the child's maximum upward speed.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 57

A 10.0 -kg block is released from point $A$ in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.57$ . The track is frictionless except for the portion between The track is frictionless except for the portion between points $(\mathrm{B})$ and $(\mathrm{C}),$ which has a length of $6.00 \mathrm{m} .$ The block travels down the track, hits a spring of force constant $2250 \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m},$ and compreses the spring 0.300 $\mathrm{m}$ from its equilibrium position before coming to rest momentarily. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the rough surface between $A$ and $B$ .

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 58

The potential energy function for a system is given by $U(x)=-x^{3}+2 x^{2}+3 x$ (a) Determine the force $F_{x}$ as a function of $x$ . (b) For what values of $x$ is the force equal to zero? (c) Plot $U(x)$ versus $x$ and $F_{x}$ versus $x$ , and indicate points of stable and unstable equilibrium.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 59

A 20.0 -kg block is connected to a $30.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block by a string that passes over a light frictionless pulley. The $30.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block is connected to a spring that has negligible mass and a force constant of $250 \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m},$ as shown in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.59$ . The spring is unstretched when the system is as shown in the figure, and the incline is frictionless. The $20.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block is pulled 20.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ down the incline (so that the $30.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block is 40.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ above the floor) and released from rest. Find the speed of each block when the $30.0-\mathrm{kg}$ block is 20.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ above the floor (that is, when the spring is unstretched).

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 60

A 1.00 -kg object slides to the right on a surface having a coefficient of kinetic friction 0.250 (Fig. P8.60). The object has a speed of $v_{i}=3.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ when it makes contact with a light spring that has a force constant of 50.0 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ . The object comes to rest after the spring has been compressed a distance $d .$ The object is then forced toward the left by the spring and continues to move in that direction beyond the spring's unstretched position. Finally, the object comes to rest a distance $D$ to the left of the unstretched spring. Find (a) the distance of compression $d,$ (b) the speed $v$ at the unstretched position when the object is moving to the left, and $(\mathrm{c})$ the distance $D$ where the object comes to rest.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:21

Problem 61

A block of mass 0.500 $\mathrm{kg}$ is pushed against a horizontal spring of negligible mass until the spring is compressed a distance $x$ (Fig. P 8.61$)$ . The force constant of the spring is 450 $\mathrm{N} / \mathrm{m}$ . When it is released, the block travels along a frictionless, horizontal surface to point $B,$ the bottom of a vertical circular track of radius $R=1.00 \mathrm{m},$ and continues to move up the track. The speed of the block at the bottom of the track is $v_{B}=12.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ and the block experiences an average friction force of 7.00 $\mathrm{N}$ while sliding up
the track. (a) What is $x ?$ (b) What speed do you predict for the block at the top of the track? (c) Does the block actually reach the top of the track, or does it fall off before reaching the top?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 62

A uniform chain of length 8.00 $\mathrm{m}$ initially lies stretched out on a horizontal table. (a) If the coefficient of static friction between chain and table is 0.600 , show that the chain will begin to slide off the table if at least 3.00 $\mathrm{m}$ of it hangs over the edge of the table. (b) Determine the speed of the chain as all of it leaves the table, given that the coefficient of kinetic friction between the chain and the table is 0.400 .

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 63

A child slides without friction from a height $h$ along a curved water slide (Fig. P8.63). She is launched from a height $h / 5$ into the pool. Determine her maximum air-borne height $y$ in terms of $h$ and $\theta .$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 64

Refer to the situation described in Chapter $5,$ Problem $65 .$ A $1.00-\mathrm{kg}$ glider on a horizontal air track is pulled by a string at angle $\theta .$ The taut string runs over a light pulley at height $h_{0}=40.0 \mathrm{cm}$ above the line of motion of the glider. The other end of the string is attached to a hanging mass of 0.500 $\mathrm{kg}$ as in Fig. $\mathrm{P} 5.65 .$ (a) Show that the speed of the
glider $v_{x}$ and the speed of the hanging mass $v_{y}$ are related by $v_{y}=v_{x} \cos \theta .$ The glider is released from rest when $\theta=30.0^{\circ} .$ Find $(\mathrm{b}) v_{x}$ and $(\mathrm{c}) v_{y}$ when $\theta=45.0^{\circ} .$ (d) Explain why the answers to parts $(b)$ and $(c)$ to Chapter 5 ,
Problem 65 do not help to solve parts $(b)$ and $(c)$ of this problem.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:19

Problem 65

Jane, whose mass is 50.0 $\mathrm{kg}$ , needs to swing across a river (having width $D$ ) filled with man-eating crocodiles to save Tarzan from danger. She must swing into a wind exerting constant horizontal force $\mathbf{F},$ on a vine having length $L$ and initially making an angle $\theta$ with the vertical (Fig. P8.65). Taking $D=50.0 \mathrm{m}, F=110 \mathrm{N}, L=40.0 \mathrm{m},$ and $\theta=50.0^{\circ},$ (a) with what minimum speed must Jane begin her swing in order to just make it to the other side? (b) Once the rescue is complete, Tarzan and Jane must swing back across the river. With what minimum speed must they begin their swing? Assume that Tarzan has a mass of 80.0 $\mathrm{kg}$ .

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 66

A $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ block free to move on a horizontal, frictionless surface is attached to one end of a light horizontal spring. The other end of the spring is held fixed. The spring is compressed 0.100 $\mathrm{m}$ from equilibrium and released. The speed of the block is 1.20 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ when it passes the equilibrium position of the spring. The same experiment is now repeated with the frictionless surface replaced by a surface for which the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.300 . Determine the speed of the block at the equilibrium position of the spring.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
00:36

Problem 67

A skateboarder with his board can be modeled as a particle of mass 76.0 kg, located at his center of mass (which we will study in Chapter 9 ). As in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.67$ , the skate-boarder starts from rest in a crouching position at one lip of a half-pipe (point A). The half-pipe is a dry water channel, forming one half of a cylinder of radius 6.80 $\mathrm{m}$ with its axis horizontal. On his descent, the skateboarder moves without friction so that his center of mass moves through one quarter of a circle of radius $6.30 \mathrm{m} .$ (a) Find his speed at the bottom of the half-pipe (point $(B)$ . (b) Find his centripetal acceleration. (c) Find the normal force $n_{\mathrm{B}}$ acting on the skateboarder at point ${B}$ . Immediately after passing point $(B),$ he stands up and raises his arms, lifting his center of mass from 0.500 $\mathrm{m}$ to 0.950 $\mathrm{m}$ above the concrete (point C). To account for the conversion of chemical into mechanical energy, model his legs as doing work by pushing him vertically up, with a constant force equal to the normal force $n_{\mathrm{B}},$ over a distance of 0.450 $\mathrm{m}$ . (You will be able to solve this problem with a more accurate model in Chapter $11 . )$ (d) What is the work done on the skate-boarder's body in this process? Next, the skateboarder glides upward with his center of mass moving in a quarter circle of radius 5.85 $\mathrm{m}$ . His body is horizontal when he passes point ${D}$ , the far lip of the half-pipe. (e) Find his speed at this location. At last he goes ballistic, twisting around while his center of mass moves vertically. (f) How high above point ${D}$ does he rise? (g) Over what time interval is he airborne before he touches down, 2.34 $\mathrm{m}$ below the level of point $D$ [ Caution: Do not try this yourself without the required skill and protective equipment, or in a drainage channel to which you do not have legal access.]

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 68

A block of mass $M$ rests on a table. It is fastened to the lower end of a light vertical spring. The upper end of the spring is fastened to a block of mass $m$ . The upper block is pushed down by an additional force $3 m g,$ so the spring compression is 4 $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{k}$ . In this configuration the upper block is released from rest. The spring lifts the lower block off the table. In terms of $m,$ what is the greatest possible value for $M ?$

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:15

Problem 69

A ball having mass $m$ is connected by a strong string of length $L$ to a pivot point and held in place in a vertical position. A wind exerting constant force of magnitude $F$ is blowing from left to right as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 8.69 \mathrm{a}$ . (a) If the ball is released from rest, show that the maximum height $H$ reached by the ball, as measured from its initial height, is
$$H=\frac{2 L}{1+(m g / F)^{2}}$$
Check that the above result is valid both for cases when $0 \leq H \leq L$ and for $L \leq H \leq 2 L .$ (b) Compute the value of $H$ using the values $m=2.00 \mathrm{kg}, L=2.00 \mathrm{m},$ and $F=$ 14.7 $\mathrm{N}$ . (c) Using these same values, determine the equilibrium height of the ball. (d) Could the equilibrium height ever be larger than $L$ ? Explain.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:04

Problem 70

A ball is tied to one end of a string. The other end of the string is held fixed. The ball is set moving around a vertical circle without friction, and with speed $v_{i}=\sqrt{R_{g}}$ at the top of the circle, as in Figure P8. $70 .$ At what angle $\theta$ should the string be cut so that the ball will then travel through the center of the circle?

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 71

A ball whirls around in a vertical circle at the end of a string. If the total energy of the ball-Earth system remains constant, show that the tension in the string at the bottom is greater than the tension at the top by six times the weight of the ball.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 72

A pendulum, comprising a string of length $L$ and a small sphere, swings in the vertical plane. The string hits a peg located a distance $d$ below the point of suspension (Fig. P8.72). (a) Show that if the sphere is released from a height below that of the peg, it will return to this height after striking the peg. (b) Show that if the pendulum is released from the horizontal position $\left(\theta=90^{\circ}\right)$ and is to
swing in a complete circle centered on the peg, then the minimum value of $d$ must be 3$L / 5$ .

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
04:02

Problem 73

A roller-coaster car is released from rest at the top of the first rise and then moves freely with negligible friction. The roller coaster shown in Figure P8.73 has a circular loop of radius $R$ in a vertical plane. (a) Suppose first that the car barely makes it around the loop: at the top of the loop the riders are upside down and feel weightless. Find the required height of the release point above the bottom of the loop in terms of $R$ . (b) Now assume that the release point is at or above the minimum required height. Show that the normal force on the car at the bottom of the loop exceeds the normal force at the top of the loop by six times the weight of the car. The normal force on each rider follows the same rule. Such a large normal force is dangerous and very uncomfortable for the riders. Roller coasters are therefore not built with circular loops in vertical planes. Figure $\mathrm{P} 6.20$ and the photograph on page 157 show two actual designs.

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator
03:52

Problem 74

Review problem. In 1887 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, C. J. Belknap built the water slide shown in Figure P8.74. A rider on a small sled, of total mass 80.0 $\mathrm{kg}$ , pushed off to start at the top of the slide (point $A$) with a speed of 2.50 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . The chute was 9.76 $\mathrm{m}$ high at the top, 54.3 $\mathrm{m}$ long, and 0.51 $\mathrm{m}$ wide. Along its length, 725 wheels made friction negligible. Upon leaving the chute horizontally at its bottom end (point $C$), the rider skimmed across the water of Long Island Sound for as much as $50 \mathrm{m},$ "skipping along like a flat pebble," before at last coming to rest and swimming ashore, pulling his sled after him. According to Scientific American, "The facial expression of novices taking their first adventurous slide is quite remarkable, and the sensations felt are correspondingly novel and peculiar." (a) Find the speed of the sled and rider at point ${C}$ . (b) Model the force of water friction as a constant retarding force acting on a particle. Find the work done by water friction in stopping the sled and rider. (c) Find the magnitude of the force the water exerts on the sled. (d) Find the magnitude of the force the chute exerts on the sled at point ${B}$ . (e) At point $C$ the chute is horizontal but curving in the vertical plane. Assume its radius of curvature is $20.0 \mathrm{m} .$ Find the force the
chute exerts on the sled at point ${C}$ .

Mayukh Banik
Mayukh Banik
Numerade Educator