Chapter Questions
is an increase in the size of the individual, whereas is the continuous process by which an individual changes from one phase to another. (p. 876)
is the period of development from fertilization to birth, whereas is the period of development from birth to death. (p. 876)
Define pregnancy. (p. 876)
Describe how sperm cells move in the female reproductive tract. (p. 876)
Summarize the events occurring after the sperm cell head enters the oocyte's cytoplasm. (p. 878)
Describe the process of cleavage. (p. 879)
Distinguish between a morula and a blastocyst. (p. 880)
Describe the formation of the inner cell mass, and explain its significance. (p. 880)
Explain what happens when the blastocyst nestles into the endometrium. (p. 882)
List the functions of hGG. (p. 882)
Describe the formation of the placenta, and explain its functions. (p. 882)
Explain the hormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy. (p. 884)
Describe the nonhormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy. (p. 885)
Explain how the primary germ layers form. (p. 885)
List the structures derived from the primitive tissues of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. (p. 885)
Define placental membrane. (p. 886)
Distinguish between the chorion and amnion. (p. 888)
Explain the function of the amniotic fluid. (p. 888)
Describe the formation of the umbilical cord. (p. 891)
Explain how the yolk sac and the allantois are related, and list the functions of each. (p. 891)
Explain why the embryonic period is so critical. (p. 892)
Give the time frame for the fetus, listing the major changes that occur during fetal development. (p. 892)
Describe a full-term fetus. (p. 893)
Explain how the fetal cardiovascular system is adapted to intrauterine life. (p. 895)
Compare the properties of fetal hemoglobin with those of adult hemoglobin. (p. 897)
Trace the pathway of blood from the placenta to the fetus and back to the placenta. (p. 897)
Describe the role of progesterone in initiating the birth process. (p. 899)
Discuss the events that occur during the birth process. (p. 899)
Explain positive feedback and the role of hormones in the expulsion of the fetus and the afterbirth. (p. 900)
Detail the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in milk production and secretion. (p. 902)
Distinguish between a newborn and an infant. (p. 904)
Explain why a newborn's first breath must be particularly forceful. (p. 905)
List some of the factors that stimulate the first breath. (p. 905)
Explain why newborns tend to develop water and electrolyte imbalances. (p. 905)
Discuss the cardiovascular changes in the newborn. (p. 905)
Describe the characteristics of an infant. (p. 905)
Distinguish between a child and an adolescent. (p. 906)
Define adulthood. (p. 907)
List some of the degenerative changes that begin during adulthood. (p. 907)
Define senescence. (p. 907)
List some of the factors that promote senescence. (p. 907)
Contrast preactive dying and active dying. (p. 908)
is the length of time a human can theoretically live, whereas is the realistic projection of how long an individual will live. (p. 911)