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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Richard E. Sonntag, Claus Borgnakke, Gordon J. Van Wylen

Chapter 3

Properties of a Pure Substances - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

02:14

Problem 1

What is the lowest temperature (approximately) at which water can be liquid?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:46

Problem 2

What is the percent change in volume as liquid water freezes? Mention some effects in nature and for our households the volume change can have.

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 3

When you skate on ice a thin liquid film forms under the skate; how can that be?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 4

An external water tap has the valve activated by a long spindle so that the closing mechanism is located well inside the wall. Why is that?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 5

Some tools should be cleaned in water at a least $150^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ How high a $P$ is needed?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
02:40

Problem 6

Are the pressures in the tables absolute or gauge pressures?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 7

If I have 1 L of ammonia at room pressure and temperature $\left(100 \mathrm{kPa}, 20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ how much mass is that?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 8

How much is the change in liquid specific volume for water at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ as you move up from state $i$ toward state $j$ in Fig. 3.18 , reaching $15000 \mathrm{kPa} ?$

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:59

Problem 9

For water at $100 \mathrm{kPa}$ with a quality of $10 \%$ find the volume fraction of vapor.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:23

Problem 10

Sketch two constant-pressure curves $(500 \mathrm{kPa}$ and $30000 \mathrm{kPa}$ in a $T-v$ diagram and indicate on the curves where in the water tables you see the properties.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
07:54

Problem 11

Locate the state of ammonia at $200 \mathrm{kPa},-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ Indicate in both the $P-v$ and the $T-v$ diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in the printed Table B.2..

AB
Aqib Basheer
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 12

Why are most of the compressed liquid or solid regions not included in the printed tables?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:36

Problem 13

Water at $120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a quality of $25 \%$ has its temperature raised $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a constant volume process. What is the new quality and pressure?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:49

Problem 14

Water at $200 \mathrm{kPa}$ with a quality of $25 \%$ has its temperature raised $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a constant pressure process. What is the new quality and volume?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 15

Why is it not typical to find tables for Ar, He, Ne or air like an Appendix B table?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:11

Problem 16

What is the relative (\%) change in $P$ if we double the absolute temperature of an ideal gas keeping mass and volume constant? Repeat if we double $V$ having $m$ and $T$ constant.

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 17

Calculate the ideal gas constant for argon and hydrogen based on Table A.2 and verify the value with Table A.5.

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 18

How close to ideal gas behavior (find $Z$ ) is ammonia at saturated vapor, $100 \mathrm{kPa} ?$ How about saturated vapor at $2000 \mathrm{kPa} ?$

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
05:30

Problem 19

Find the volume of $2 \mathrm{kg}$ of ethylene at $270 \mathrm{K}, 2500$ $\mathrm{kPa}$ using $Z$ from Fig. D.1.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 20

With $T_{r}=0.85$ and a quality of 0.6 find the compressibility factor using Fig. D.1.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 21

Modern extraction techniques can be based on dissolving material in supercritical fluids such as carbon dioxide. How high are the pressure and density of carbon dioxide when the pressure and temperature are around the critical point? Repeat for ethyl alcohol.

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:27

Problem 22

Find the lowest temperature at which it is possible to have water in the liquid phase. At what pressure must the liquid exist?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:41

Problem 23

Water at $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ can exist in different phases dependent on the pressure. Give the approximate pressure range in $\mathrm{kPa}$ for water being in each one of the three phases, vapor, liquid, or solid.

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 24

What is the lowest temperature in Kelvins for which you can see metal as a liquid if the metal is a. silver or b. copper?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:55

Problem 25

If density of ice is $920 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3},$ find the pressure at the bottom of a 1000 -m-thick ice cap on the North Pole. What is the melting temperature at that pressure?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 26

Dry ice is the name of solid carbon dioxide. How cold must it be at atmospheric (100 kPa) pressure? If it is heated at $100 \mathrm{kPa}$ what eventually happens?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
05:44

Problem 27

A substance is at $2 \mathrm{MPa}$ and $17^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a rigid tank. Using only the critical properties, can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is nitrogen, water, or propane?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 28

Give the phase for the following states:
a. $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ at $T=267^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=0.5 \mathrm{MPa}$
b. Air at $T=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=200 \mathrm{kPa}$
c. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ at $T=170^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=600 \mathrm{kPa}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:46

Problem 29

Determine the phase of the substance at the given state using Appendix B tables.
a. Water: $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 500 \mathrm{kPa}$
b. Ammonia: $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 150 \mathrm{kPa}$
c. $R-12: 0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 350 \mathrm{kPa}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:29

Problem 30

Determine whether water at each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
a. $10 \mathrm{MPa}, 0.003 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $1 \mathrm{MPa}, 190^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
c. $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 0.1 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
d. $10 \mathrm{kPa}, 10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 31

Give the phase for the following states:
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $T=275^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=5 \mathrm{MPa}$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $T=-2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=100 \mathrm{kPa}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:55

Problem 32

Determine whether refrigerant $R-22$ in each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
a. $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 0.05 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $1.0 \mathrm{MPa}, 20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
c. $0.1 \mathrm{MPa}, 0.1 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
d. $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 200 \mathrm{kPa}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 33

Fill out the following table for substance water:

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:04

Problem 34

Place the four states $a-d$ listed in Problem 3.33 as labeled dots in a sketch of the $P-v$ and $T-v$ diagrams.

Satpal Satpal
Satpal Satpal
Numerade Educator
03:54

Problem 35

Determine the phase and the specific volume for ammonia at these states using the Appendix B table.
a. $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 150 \mathrm{kPa}$
b. $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 100 \mathrm{kPa}$
c. $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, quality $25 \%$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:35

Problem 36

Give the phase and the specific volume for the following:
a. $R-22$ at $T=-25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=100 \mathrm{kPa}$
b. $R-22$ at $T=-25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=300 \mathrm{kPa}$
c. $R-12$ at $T=5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=200 \mathrm{kPa}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:24

Problem 37

Fill out the following table for substance ammonia:

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 38

Place the two states $a-b$ listed in Problem 3.37 as labeled dots in a sketch of the $P-v$ and $T-v$ diagrams.

Satpal Satpal
Satpal Satpal
Numerade Educator
05:17

Problem 39

Çalculate the following specific volumes:
a. $\mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a}: 50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 80 \%$ quality
b. Water: $4 \mathrm{MPa}, 90 \%$ quality
c. Nitrogen: $120 \mathrm{K}, 60 \%$ quality

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
09:50

Problem 40

Give the phase and the missing property of $P, T, v$, and $x$.
a. $R \cdot 134 a, T=-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, P=150 \mathrm{kPa}$
b. $R-134 a, P=300 \mathrm{kPa}, v=0.072 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
c. $\mathrm{CH}_{4}, T=155 \mathrm{K}, v=0.04 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
d. $\mathrm{CH}_{4}, T=350 \mathrm{K}, v=0.25 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:53

Problem 41

A sealed rigid vessel has volume of $1 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ and contains $2 \mathrm{kg}$ of water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The vessel is now heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at syhat pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:19

Problem 42

Saturated liquid water at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is put under pressure to decrease the volume by $1 \%$ while keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be compressed?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
04:53

Problem 43

Saturated water vapor at $200 \mathrm{kPa}$ is in a constantpressure piston/cylinder assembly. At this state the piston is $0.1 \mathrm{m}$ from the cylinder bottom. How much is this distance if the temperature is changed to
a. $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
b. $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:42

Problem 44

You want a pot of water to boil at $105^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How heavy a lid should you put on the 15 -cm-diameter pot when $P_{\text {atm }}=101 \mathrm{kPa} ?$

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:25

Problem 45

In your refrigerator the working substance evaporates from liquid to vapor at $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ inside a pipe around the cold section. Outside (on the back or below is a black grille, inside of which the working substance condenses form vapor to liquid at $+40^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ For each location find the pressure and the change in specific volume ( $v$ ) if
a. the substance is $R-12$
b. the substance is ammonia

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 46

Repeat the previous problem with the substances
a. $R-134 a$
b. $R-22$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 47

A water storage tank contains liquid and vapor in equilibrium at $110^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The distance from the bottom of the tank to the liquid level is $8 \mathrm{m},$ What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 48

Saturated water vapor at $200 \mathrm{kPa}$ is in a constantpressure piston/cylinder assembly. At this state the piston is $0.1 \mathrm{m}$ from the cylinder bottom. How much is this distance and what is the temperature if the water is cooled to occupy half the original volume?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:57

Problem 49

Two tanks are connected as shown in Fig. $\mathrm{P} 3.49$, both containing water. Tank $A$ is at $200 \mathrm{kPa}, v=$ $0.5 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}, V_{A}=1 \mathrm{m}^{3},$ and tank $B$ contains $3.5 \mathrm{kg}$ at $0.5 \mathrm{MPa}$ and $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ The valve is now opened and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 50

Determine the mass of methane gas stored in a 2 $\mathrm{m}^{3}$ tank at $-30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3$ MPa. Estimate the percent error in the mass determination if the ideal gas model is used.

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
04:26

Problem 51

Saturated water vapor at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ has its pressure decreased to increase the volume by $10 \%$ while keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be expanded?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:42

Problem 52

Saturated water vapor at $200 \mathrm{kPa}$ is in a constant pressure piston/cylinder device. At this state the piston is $0.1 \mathrm{m}$ from the cylinder bottom. How much is this distance and what is the temperature if the water is heated to occupy twice the original volume?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:27

Problem 53

A boiler feed pump delivers $0.05 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}$ of water at $240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 20 \mathrm{MPa}$. What is the mass flow rate $(\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{s}) ?$ What would be the percent error if the properties of saturated liquid at $240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ were used in the calculation? What if the properties of saturated liquid at 20 MPa were used?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
07:21

Problem 54

?aturated vapor $\mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a}$ at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ changes volume at constant temperature. Find the new pressure, and quality if saturated, if the volume doubles. Repeat the question for the case where the volume is reduced to half the original volume.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:07

Problem 55

A storage tank holds methane at $120 \mathrm{K}$, with a quality of $25 \%,$ and it warms up by $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ per hour due to a failure in the refrigeration system. How much time will it take before the methane becomes single phase and what is the pressure then?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:43

Problem 56

A glass jar is filled with saturated water at $500 \mathrm{kPa}$ of quality $25 \%$, and a tight lid is put on. Now it is cooled to $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the mass fraction of solid at this temperature?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator
03:23

Problem 57

Saturated (liquid + vapor) ammonia at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is contained in a rigid steel tank. It is used in an experiment, where it should pass through the critical point when the system is heated. What should the initial mass fraction of liquid be?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:21

Problem 58

A steel tank contains $6 \mathrm{kg}$ of propane (liquid $+$ vapor) at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a volume of $0.015 \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ The $\operatorname{tank}$ is now slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? What if the initial mass is $1 \mathrm{kg}$ instead of $6 \mathrm{kg} ?$

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
06:59

Problem 59

A $400-m^{3}$ storage tank is being constructed to hold LNG, liquified natural gas, which may be assumed to be essentially pure methane. If the tank is to contain $90 \%$ liquid and $10 \%$ vapor, by volume, at $100 \mathrm{kPa},$ what mass of LNG (kg) will the tank hold? What is the quality in the tank?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:58

Problem 60

A sealed rigid vessel of $2 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ contains a saturated mixture of liquid and vapor $R-134 a$ at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If it is heated to $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, the liquid phase disappears. Find the pressure at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the initial mass of the liquid.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
10:15

Problem 61

A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with the liquid volume being $1 / 10$ of the vapor volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches $2.0 \mathrm{MPa}$. Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state?

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
02:52

Problem 62

A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A small opening with $A=5 \mathrm{mm}^{2}$ is covered with a petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at $120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with an outside atmosphere at $101.3 \mathrm{kPa} ?$

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
05:05

Problem 63

Ammonia at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a mass of $10 \mathrm{kg}$ is in a piston/cylinder assembly with an initial volume of $1 \mathrm{m}^{3} .$ The piston initially resting on the stops has a mass such that a pressure of $900 \mathrm{kPa}$ will float it. Now the ammonia is slowly heated to $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Find the final pressure and volume.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 64

A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains butane at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 500 \mathrm{kPa}$. Can the butane reasonably be assumed to behave as an ideal gas at this state?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 65

A spherical helium balloon $10 \mathrm{m}$ in diameter is at ambient $T$ and $P, 15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $100 \mathrm{kPa} .$ How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
05:49

Problem 66

Is it reasonable to assume that at the given states the substance behaves as an ideal gas?
a. Oxygen at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3 \mathrm{MPa}$
b. Methane at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3 \mathrm{MPa}$
c. Water at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3 \mathrm{MPa}$
c. Water at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3 \mathrm{MPa}$
d. $R-134 a$ at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 3 \mathrm{MPa}$
e. $R-134 a$ at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 100 \mathrm{kPa}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:05

Problem 67

A $1-m^{3}$ tank is filled with a gas at room temperature $\left(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ and pressure $(100 \mathrm{kPa}) .$ How much mass is there if the gas is a. air, b. neon, or c. propane?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:50

Problem 68

A rigid tank of $1 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ contains nitrogen gas at $600^{\prime}$ $\mathrm{kPa}, 400 \mathrm{K} .$ By mistake someone lets $0.5 \mathrm{kg}$ flow out. If the final temperature is $375 \mathrm{K}$, what is then the final pressure?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 69

A cylindrical gas tank $1 \mathrm{m}$ long, with inside diameter of $20 \mathrm{cm},$ is evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. To what pressure should it be charged if there should be $1.2 \mathrm{kg}$ of carbon dioxide?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:18

Problem 70

A glass is cleaned in $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ hot water and placed on the table bottom up. The room air at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ that was trapped in the glass gets heated up to $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and some of it leaks out so that the net resulting pressure inside is $2 \mathrm{kPa}$ above the ambient pressure of $101 \mathrm{kPa}$. Now the glass and the air inside cool down to room temperature. What is the pressure inside the glass?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:48

Problem 71

A hollow metal sphere of $150 \mathrm{mm}$ inside diameter is weighed on a precision beam balance when evacuated and again after being filled to $875 \mathrm{kPa}$ with an unknown gas. The difference in mass is $0.0025 \mathrm{kg},$ and the temperature is $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the gas, assuming it is a pure substance listed in Table A.5?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 72

A vacuum pump is used to evacuate a chamber Where some specimens are dried at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The pump rate of volume displacement is $0.5 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}$ with an inlet pressure of $0.1 \mathrm{kPa}$ and temperature $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How much water vapor has been removed over a 30 -min period?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 73

A $1-m^{3}$ rigid tank has propane at $100 \mathrm{kPa}, 300 \mathrm{K}$ and connected by a valve to another tank of $0.5 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ with propane at $250 \mathrm{kPa}, 400 \mathrm{K}$. The valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at $325 \mathrm{K}$. What is the final pressure?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
04:25

Problem 74

Verify the accuracy of the ideal-gas model when it is used to calculate specific volume for saturated water vapor as shown in Fig. 3.21. Do the calculation for $10 \mathrm{kPa}$ and $1 \mathrm{MPa}$.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:06

Problem 75

Assume we have three states of saturated vapor R-134a at $+40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 0^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ and $-40^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ Calculate the specific volume at the set of temperatures and corresponding saturated pressure assuming idealgas behavior. Find the percent relative error $=$ $100\left(v-v_{g}\right) / v_{g}$ with $v_{g}$ from the saturated $\mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a}$ table.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:38

Problem 76

Do Problem 3.75 , but for the substance $\mathrm{R}-12$.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:31

Problem 77

Do Problem 3.75 , but for the substance ammonia.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 78

Air in an automobile tire is initially at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 190 kPa. After the automobile is driven awhile, the temperature gets up to $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Find the new pressure. You must make one assumption on your own.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
09:20

Problem 79

An initially deflated and flat balloon is connected by a valve to a $12-\mathrm{m}^{3}$ storage tank containing helium gas at $2 \mathrm{MPa}$ and ambient temperature, $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The valve is opened and the balloon is inflated at constant pressure, $P_{0}=100 \mathrm{kPa}$, equal to ambient pressure, until it becomes spherical at $D_{1}=1 \mathrm{m} .$ If the balloon is larger than this, the balloon material is stretched giving a pressure inside as $P=P_{0}+C\left(1-\frac{D_{1}}{D}\right) \frac{D_{1}}{D}$

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
04:39

Problem 80

Argon is kept in a rigid $5-m^{3}$ tank at $-30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 3 MPa. Detemine the mass using the compressibility factor. What is the error (\%) if the ideal-gas model is used?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
07:30

Problem 81

What is the percent error in specific volume if the deal-gas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated ammonia at $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $500 \mathrm{kPa} ?$ What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 82

A new refrigerant $R-125$ is stored as a liquid at $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a small amount of vapor. For a total of 1.5 $\mathrm{kg}$ R-125 find the pressure and the volume.

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator
06:46

Problem 83

Many substances that normally do not mix well do so easily under supercritical pressures. A mass of 125 kg ethylene at $7.5 \mathrm{MPa}$ and $296.5 \mathrm{K}$ is stored for such a process. How much volume does it occupy?

Yongyao Zhou
Yongyao Zhou
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 84

Carbon dioxide at $330 \mathrm{K}$ is pumped at a very high pressure, $10 \mathrm{MPa}$, into an oil well. As it penetrates the rock/oil, the oil viscosity is lowered so it flows out easily. For this process we need to know the density of the carbon dioxide being pumped.

Eric Mockensturm
Eric Mockensturm
Numerade Educator
07:46

Problem 85

To plan a commercial refrigeration system using R-123 we would like to know how much more volume saturated vapor $R-123$ occupies per $\mathrm{kg}$ at $-30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ compared to the saturated liquid state.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
06:15

Problem 86

A bottle with a volume of $0.1 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ contains butane with a quality of $75 \%$ and a temperature of $300 \mathrm{K}$. Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using the generalized compressibility chart.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
08:34

Problem 87

Refrigerant $R-32$ is at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a quality of 15\%. Find the pressure and specific volume.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:19

Problem 88

A mass of $2 \mathrm{kg}$ of acetylene is in a $0.045-\mathrm{m}^{3}$ rigid container at a pressure of 4.3 MPa. Use the compressibility chart to estimate the temperature by trial and error.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:42

Problem 89

A substance is at $2 \mathrm{MPa}$ and $17^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a $0.25 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ rigid tank. Estimate the mass using the compressibility factor if the substance is a. air, b. butane, or c. propane.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
08:23

Problem 90

Determine the quality (if saturated) or temperature (if superheated) of the following substances at the given two states:
a. Water at
$1: 120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 1 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg} ; 2: 10 \mathrm{MPa}, 0.01 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. Nitrogen at
$1: 1 \mathrm{MPa}, 0.03 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg} 2: 100 \mathrm{K}, 0.03 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:17

Problem 91

Fill out the following table for substance ammonia:

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
09:52

Problem 92

Find the phase, quality $x$ if applicable, and the missing property $P$ or $T$.
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $T=120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $v=0.5 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $P=100 \mathrm{kPa}$ with $v=1.8 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $T=263 \mathrm{K}$ with $v=200 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:56

Problem 93

Find the phase, quality $x$ if applicable, and the missing property $P$ or $T$.
a. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ at $P=800 \mathrm{kPa}$ with $v=0.2 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ at $T=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $v=0.1 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
07:27

Problem 94

Give the phase and the missing properties of $P, T,$ $v,$ and $x$.
a. $R-22$ at $T=10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $v=0.01 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $T=350^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $v=0.2 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
c. $R-12$ at $T=-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $P=200 \mathrm{kPa}$
d. $R-134 a$ at $294 \mathrm{kPa}$ and $v=0.05 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
10:02

Problem 95

Give the phase and the missing properties of $P,$ $T, v,$ and $x .$ These may be a little more difficult if the appendix tables are used instead of the software.
a. $R-22, T=10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, v=0.036 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, v=0.2 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}, x=0.5$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, T=60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, v=0.001016 \mathrm{m}^{3} \mathrm{kg}$
d. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}, T=30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, P=60 \mathrm{kPa}$
e. $R-134 a, v=0.005 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}, x=0.5$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:40

Problem 96

A 5 -m-long vertical tube of cross-sectional area $200 \mathrm{cm}^{2}$ is placed in a water fountain. It is filled With $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ water; the bottom is closed and the top is open to the $100 \mathrm{kPa}$ atmosphere.
a. How much water is in the tube?
b. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tube?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
06:23

Problem 97

Consider two tanks, $A$ and $B$, connected by a valve, as shown in Fig. P3.97. Each has a volume of $200 \mathrm{L},$ and $\operatorname{tank} A$ has $\mathrm{R}-12$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 10 \%$ liquid and $90 \%$ vapor by volume, while tank $B$ is evacuated. The valve is now opened and saturated vapor flows from $A$ to $B$ until the pressure in $B$ has reached that in $A$, at which point the valve is closed. This process occurs slowly such that all temperatures stay at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ throughout the process. How much has the quality changed in tank $A$ during the process?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:26

Problem 98

A spring-loaded piston/cylinder assembly contains water at $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $3 \mathrm{MPa}$. The setup is such that pressure is proportional to volume, $P=C V$. It is now cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor, Sketch the $P-v$ diagram and find the final pressure.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:45

Problem 99

A $1-m^{3}$ rigid tank has air at 1500 kPa and ambient 300 K connected by a valve to a piston/cylinder, Fig. P3.99. The piston of area $0.1 \mathrm{m}^{2}$, requires 250 kPa below it to float. The valve is opened and the piston moves slowly $2 \mathrm{m}$ up and the valve is closed. During the process air temperature remains at $300 \mathrm{K}$. What is the final pressure in the tank?

Alick Cushing
Alick Cushing
Numerade Educator
09:56

Problem 100

A tank contains $2 \mathrm{kg}$ of nitrogen at $100 \mathrm{K}$ with a quality of $50 \%$. Through a volume flowmeter and valve, $0.5 \mathrm{kg}$ is now removed while the temperature remains constant. Find the final state inside the tank and the volume of nitrogen removed if the valve/meter is located at
a. The top of the tank
b. The bottom of the tank

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
04:03

Problem 101

A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with a linear spring and the outside atmosphere. It contains water at $5 \mathrm{MPa}, 400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with the volume being 0.1 $\mathrm{m}^{3},$ as shown in Fig. P3.101. If the piston is at thebottom, the spring exerts a force such that $P_{\text {lift }}=$ $200 \mathrm{kPa} .$ The system now cools until the pressure reaches $1200 \mathrm{kPa}$. Find the mass of water, the final state $\left(T_{2}, v_{2}\right)$ and plot the $P-v$ diagram for the process.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 102

Water in a piston/cylinder is at $90^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 100 \mathrm{kPa}$, and the piston loading is such that pressure is proportional to volume, $P=C V$. Heat is now added until the temperature reaches $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Find the final pressure and also the quality if in the two-phase region.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
07:46

Problem 103

A container with liquid nitrogen at $100 \mathrm{K}$ has a cross-sectional area of $0.5 \mathrm{m}^{2}$ as shown in Fig. P3.103. Due to heat transfer, some of the liquid evaporates and in one hour the liquid level drops $30 \mathrm{mm} .$ The vapor leaving the container passes through a valve and a heater and exits at $500 \mathrm{kPa}$,K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitro260
gen gas exiting the heater.

Nathan Silvano
Nathan Silvano
Numerade Educator
05:31

Problem 104

A cylinder containing ammonia is fitted with a piston restrained by an external force that is proportional to cylinder volume squared. Initial conditions are $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 90 \%$ quality, and a volume of 5 L. A valve on the cylinder is opened and additional ammonia flows into the cylinder until the mass inside has doubled. If at this point the pressure is $1.2 \mathrm{MPa}$, what is the final temperature?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
07:37

Problem 105

A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water at $105^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 85 \%$ quality, with a volume of $1 \mathrm{L}$. The system is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a linear spring, as shown in Fig. P3.105. At this point the volume is $1.5 \mathrm{L}$, the piston diameter is $150 \mathrm{mm},$ and the spring constant is $100 \mathrm{N} / \mathrm{mm}$. The heating continues, so the piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches $200 \mathrm{kPa} ?$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 106

Refrigerant-12 in a piston/cylinder arrangement is initially at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with $x=1 .$ It is then expanded in a process so that $P=C v^{-1}$ to a pressure of 100 kPa. Find the final temperature and specific volume.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:33

Problem 107

A $1-m^{3}$ rigid tank with air at 1 MPa and $400 \mathrm{K}$ is connected to an air line as shown in Fig. P3.107. The valve is opened and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches $5 \mathrm{MPa}$, at which point the valve is closed and the temperature inside is $450 \mathrm{K}$.
a. What is the mass of air in the tank before and after the process?
b. The tank eventually cools to room temperature, $300 \mathrm{K} .$ What is the pressure inside the tank then?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 108

Ammonia in a piston/cylinder arrangement is at $700 \mathrm{kPa}$ and $80^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ It is now cooled at constant pressure to saturated vapor (state 2 ) at which point the piston is locked with a pin. The cooling continues to $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (state 3 ). Show the processes 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 on both a $P-v$ and a $T-v$ diagram.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:28

Problem 109

A cylinder has a thick piston initially held by a pin as shown in Fig. P.3.109. The cylinder contains carbon dioxide at $200 \mathrm{kPa}$ and ambient temperature of $290 \mathrm{K} .$ The metal piston has a density of $8000 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$ and the atmospheric pressure is $101 \mathrm{kPa} .$ The pin is now removed, allowing the piston to move and after a while the gas returns to ambient temperature. Is the piston against the stops?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 110

For a certain experiment, $R-22$ vapor is contained in a sealed glass tube at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It is desired to know the pressure at this condition, but there is no means of measuring it, since the tube is sealed. However, if the tube is cooled to $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ small droplets of liquid are observed on the glass walls. What is the initial pressure?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
06:23

Problem 111

A piston/cylinder arrangement, shown in Fig. P3.111, contains air at 250 $\mathrm{kPa}$ and $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The 50 -kg piston has a diameter of $0.1 \mathrm{m}$ and initially pushes against the stops. The atmosphere is at 100 $\mathrm{kPa}$ and $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the ambient surroundings.
a. At what temperature does the piston begin to move down?
b. How far has the piston dropped when the temperature reaches ambient?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 112

Air in a tank is at $1 \mathrm{MPa}$ and room temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$ It is used to fill an initially empty balloon to a pressure of $200 \mathrm{kPa}$, at which point the diameter is $2 \mathrm{m}$ and the temperature is $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assume the pressure in the balloon is linearly proportional to its diameter and that the air in the tank also remains at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ throughout the process. Find the mass of air in the balloon and the minimum required volume of the tank.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:40

Problem 113

A cylinder is fitted with a 10 -cm-diameter piston that is restrained by a linear spring (force proportional to distance), as shown in Fig. P3.113. The spring force is $80 \mathrm{kN} / \mathrm{m}$ and the piston initially rests on the stops, with a cylinder volume of 1 L. The valve to the air line is opened and the piston begins to rise when the cylinder pressure is $150 \mathrm{kPa}$. When the valve is closed, the cylinder volume is $1.5 \mathrm{L}$ and the temperature is $80^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What mass of air is inside the cylinder?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
06:53

Problem 114

A $ 500-L$ tank stores $100 \mathrm{kg}$ of nitrogen gas at 150 K. To design the tank the pressure must be estimated and three different methods are suggested. Which is the most accurate, and how different in percent are the other two?
a. Nitrogen tables, Table B.6
b. Ideal gas
c. Generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.I

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
07:02

Problem 115

What is the percent error in pressure if the idealgas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated vapor $R-22$ at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 0.03082 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg} ?$ What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead? (Note that iterations are needed.)

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:07

Problem 116

Find the pressure and temperature for saturated vapor $R-12$ with $v=0.1 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
06:26

Problem 117

Use a linear interpolation to estimate properties of ammonia to fill out the table below.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 118

Use a linear interpolation to estimate $T_{\text {stat }}$ at 900 kPa for nitrogen. Sketch by hand the curve $P_{\mathrm{sat}}(T)$ by using a few table entries around 900 kPa from Table B.6.1. Is your linear interpolation above or below the actual curve?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 119

Use a double linear interpolation to find the pressure for superheated $R-134 a$ at $13^{\circ} C$ with $v=0.3$ $\mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 120

Find the specific volume of ammonia at $140 \mathrm{kPa}$ and $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 121

Find the pressure of water at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and specific volume of $1.5 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}$.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
09:16

Problem 122

Use the computer software to find the properties for water at the four states in Problem 3.33.

Danielle Ashley
Danielle Ashley
Numerade Educator
03:03

Problem 123

Use the computer software to find the properties for ammonia at the four states listed in Problem 3.37.

Satpal Satpal
Satpal Satpal
Numerade Educator
06:26

Problem 124

Use the computer software to find the properties for ammonia at the three states listed in Problem 3.117.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 125

Find the value of the saturated temperature for nitrogen by linear interpolation in Table B.6.1 for a pressure of $900 \mathrm{kPa}$. Compare this to the value given by the computer software.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
00:26

Problem 126

Write a computer program that lists the states $P, T,$ and $v$ along the process curves in Problem 3.111.

Amy Jiang
Amy Jiang
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 127

Use the computer software to sketch the variation of pressure with temperature in Problem $3.41 .$ Extend the curve a little into the single-phase region.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 128

Cabbage needs to be cooked (boiled) at $250 \mathrm{F}$. What pressure should the pressure cooker be set for?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 129

If I have $1 \mathrm{ft}^{3}$ of ammonia at 15 psia, $60 \mathrm{F}$ how much mass is that?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:59

Problem 130

For water at 1 atm with a quality of $10 \%$ find the volume fraction of vapor.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
07:54

Problem 131

Locate the state of $\mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a}$ at $30 \mathrm{psia}, 20 \mathrm{F}$. Indicate in both the $P-v$ and the $T^{\prime}-v$ diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in the printed Table $\mathrm{F}$. 8.

AB
Aqib Basheer
Numerade Educator
04:39

Problem 132

Calculate the ideal gas constant for argon and hydrogen based on Table F.1 and verify the value with Table $F .4$.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:22

Problem 133

Water at $80 \mathrm{F}$ can exist in different phases dependent on the pressure. Give the approximate pressure range in $\mathrm{Ibf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$ for water being in each one of the three phases, vapor, liquid, or solid.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:34

Problem 134

A substance is at $300 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}, 65 \mathrm{F}$ in a rigid tank. Using only the critical properties, can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is nitrogen, water, or propane?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
03:07

Problem 135

Determine whether water at each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
a. $18001 b f$ fin $^{2}, 0.03 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{bm}$
b. $150 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}, 320 \mathrm{F}$
c. $380 \mathrm{F}, 3 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{bm}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 136

Determine whether water at each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
a. $2 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}, 50 \mathrm{F}$
b. $270 \mathrm{F}, 301 \mathrm{bf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$
c. $160 \mathrm{F}, 10 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
07:14

Problem 137

Give the phase and the missing property of $P, T,$ $v$ and $x$.
a. $R-134 a, T=-10 \mathrm{F}, P=18$ psia
b. $R-134 a, P=50$ psia, $v=1.3 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$
c. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}, T=120 \mathrm{F}, v=0.9 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$
d. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}, T=200 \mathrm{F}, v=11 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:13

Problem 138

Give the phase and the specific volume.
a. $R-22, T=-10 \mathrm{F}, P=30 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$
b. $R-22, T=-10 \mathrm{F}, P=40 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, T=280 \mathrm{F}, P=35 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$
d. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}, T=60 \mathrm{F}, \quad P=15 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 139

A water storage tank contains liquid and vapor in equilibrium at $220 \mathrm{F}$. The distance from the bottom of the tank to the liquid level is $25 \mathrm{ft}$. What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:50

Problem 140

A sealed rigid vessel has volume of $35 \mathrm{ft}^{3}$ and contains 2 lbm of water at 200 F. The vessel is now heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of $400 \mathrm{F}$ ?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:25

Problem 141

You want a pot of water to boil at 220 F. How heavy a lid should you put on the 6 -in.-diameter pot when $P_{\text {atm }}=14.7$ psia?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 142

Saturated water vapor at $200 \mathrm{F}$ has its pressure decreased to increase the volume by $10 \%,$ keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be expanded?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:22

Problem 143

A boiler feed pump delivers $100 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{min}$ of water at $400 \mathrm{F}, 3000 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$. What is the mass flowrate (lbm/s)? What would be the percent error if the properties of saturated liquid at 400 F were used in the calculation? What if the properties of saturated liquid at $3000 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$ were used?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:53

Problem 144

A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A small opening with $A=0.0075 \mathrm{in}^{2}$ is covered with a petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. Hov much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at $250 \mathrm{F}$ with an outside atmosphere at 15 psia?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 145

A steel tank contains 14 lbm of propane (liquid $+$ vapor) at $70 \mathrm{F}$ with a volume of $0.25 \mathrm{ft}^{3}$. The tank is now slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? What if the initial mass is 2 lbm instead of 14 lbm?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 146

A cylindrical gas tank $3 \mathrm{ft}$ long, inside diameter of 8 in., is evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at $77 \mathrm{F}$. To what pressure should it be charged if there should be 2.6 lbm of carbon dioxide?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
06:26

Problem 147

A spherical helium balloon of $30 \mathrm{ft}$ in diameter is at ambient $T$ and $P, 60 \mathrm{F}$ and 14.69 psia. How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
04:27

Problem 148

Give the phase and the specific volume.
a. $\mathrm{CO}_{2}, T=510 \mathrm{F}, P=75 \mathrm{bffln}^{2}$
b. Air, $T=68 \mathrm{F}, \quad P=2$ atm
c. $A r, \quad T=300 \mathrm{F}, P=3016 \mathrm{f} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
06:37

Problem 149

What is the percent error in specific volume if the ideal-gas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated ammonia at $100 \mathrm{F}, 80$ Ibf/in $^{2}$ ? What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
04:05

Problem 150

A cylinder is fitted with a 4 -in.-diameter piston that is restrained by a linear spring (force proportional to distance) as shown in Fig. P3.113. The spring force constant is $40016 f /$ in. and the piston initially rests on the stops, with a cylinder volume of 60 in $^{3}$. The valve to the air line is closed, the cylinder volume is 90 in $^{3}$ and the temperature is $180 \mathrm{F}$. What mass of air is inside the cylinder?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:37

Problem 151

A $35-\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ rigid tank has propane at 15 psia, $540 R$ and connected by a valve to another tank of $20 \mathrm{ft}^{3}$ with propane at $40 \mathrm{psia}, 720 R$. The valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at $600 R$. What is the final pressure?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:58

Problem 152

Two tanks are connected together as shown in Fig. $P 3.49,$ both containing water. Tank $A$ is at $30 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}, v=8 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}, V=40 \mathrm{ft}^{3}$, and $\tan \mathrm{k} B$ contains 8 lbm at $80 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$, $750 \mathrm{F}$. The valve is now opened and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
06:28

Problem 153

A $35-\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ rigid tank has air at 225 psia and ambient $600 R$ connected by a valve to a piston/ cylinder. The piston of area $1 \mathrm{ft}^{2}$ requires 40 psia below it to float (see Fig. P3.99). The valve is opened and the piston moves slowly $7 \mathrm{ft}$ up and the valve is closed. During the process air temperature remains at $600 R$. What is the final pressure in the tank?

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
07:34

Problem 154

Give the phase and the missing properties of $P,$ $T, v,$ and $x$. These may be a little more difficult if the appendix tables are used instead of the software.
a. $R-22, T=50 \mathrm{F}, v=0.6 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$
b. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, v=2 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{hbm}, x=0.5$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, T=150 \mathrm{F}, v=0.01632 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{lbm}$
d. $\mathrm{NH}_{3}, T=80 \mathrm{F}, P=13 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$
e. $R-134 a, v=0.08 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / 1 \mathrm{bm}, x=0.5$

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
04:56

Problem 155

A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at $200 \mathrm{F}$ with the liquid volume being $1 / 10$ of the vapor volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches $300 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$. Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 156

Refrigerant-22 in a piston/cylinder arrangement is initially at $120 \mathrm{F}, x=1 .$ It is then expanded in a process so that $P=C v^{-1}$ to a pressure of 30 Ibf/in $^{2}$. Find the final temperature and specific volume.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
10:54

Problem 157

A substance is at $70 \mathrm{F}, 300$ lbf/in $^{2}$ in a $10-\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ tank. Estimate the mass from the compressibility chart if the substance is (a) air, (b) butane, or (c) propane.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
05:59

Problem 158

Determine the mass of an ethane gas stored in a $25-\mathrm{ft}^{3}$ tank at $250 \mathrm{F}, 440 \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^{2}$ using the compressibility chart. Estimate the error (\%) if the ideal gas model is used.

Shahab Ullah
Shahab Ullah
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 159

Make a spreadsheet that will tabulate and plot the saturated pressure versus temperature for ammonia starting with $T=-40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ending at the critical point in steps of $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Rory Naguib
Rory Naguib
Numerade Educator
01:44

Problem 160

Make a spreadsheet that will tabulate and plot values of $P$ and $T$ along a constant specific volume line for water. Starting state is $100 \mathrm{kPa}$, quality of $50 \%$ and the ending state is $800 \mathrm{kPa}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
00:26

Problem 161

Write a computer program that lists the states $P,$ $T,$ and $v$ along with the process curves in Problem 3.111.

Amy Jiang
Amy Jiang
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 162

Use the computer software to sketch the variation of pressure with temperature in Problem $3.55 .$ Ex tend the curve a little into the single phase region.

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 163

By the use of the computer software find a few of the states between the beginning and end states and show the variation of pressure and temperature as a function of volume for Problem 3.102.

Manik Pulyani
Manik Pulyani
Numerade Educator
04:26

Problem 164

In Problem 3.106 we wish to follow the path of the process for the $R-12$ for any state between the initial and final states inside the cylinder.

Mohammad Mehran
Mohammad Mehran
Numerade Educator
04:00

Problem 165

For any specified substance in Tables B.1-B.7, fit a polynomial equation of degree $n$ to tabular data for pressure as a function of density along any given isotherm in the superheated vapor region.

Surendra Kumar
Surendra Kumar
Numerade Educator
09:03

Problem 166

The refrigerant fluid in a household refrigerator changes phase from liquid to vapor at the low temperature in the refrigerator. It changes phase from vapor to liquid at the higher temperature in the heat exchanger that gives the energy to the room air. Measure or otherwise estimate these temperatures. Based on these temperatures make a table with the refrigerant pressures for the refrigerants for which tables are available in Appendix B. Discuss the results and the requirements for a substance to be a potential refrigerant.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 167

Repeat the previous problem for refrigerants that are listed in Table A.2 and use the compressibility chart Fig. D.1 to estimate the pressures.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
04:18

Problem 168

The saturated pressure as a function of temperature follows the correlation developed by Wagner as $\ln P_{r}=\left[w_{1} \tau+w_{2} \tau^{1.5}+w_{3} \tau^{3}+w_{4} \tau^{6}\right] / T_{r}$ where the reduced pressure and temperature are $P_{r}=P / P_{c}$ and $T_{r}=T / T_{c} .$ The temperature vari able is $\tau=1-T_{r} .$ The parameters are found for $\mathrm{R}-12$ and $\mathrm{R}-134 \mathrm{a}$ as
Compare these correlations to the tables in $\mathrm{Ap}$ pendix B.

Robert Zaballa
Robert Zaballa
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 169

Find the constants in the curve fit for the saturation pressure using Wagner's correlation as shown in the previous problem for water and methane. Find other correlations in the literature and compare them to the tables and give the maximum deviation.

Manik Pulyani
Manik Pulyani
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 170

The specific volume of saturated liquid can be approximated by the Rackett equation as $v_{f}=\frac{\bar{R} T_{c}}{M P_{c}} Z_{c}^{n} ; n=1+\left(1-T_{r}\right)^{27}$ with the reduced temperature, $T_{r}=T / T_{c},$ and the compressibility factor, $Z_{c}=P_{c} v_{c} / R T_{c} .$ Using values from Table A.2 with the critical constants, compare the formula to the tables for substances where the saturated specific volume is available.

Hast Aggarwal
Hast Aggarwal
Numerade Educator