Which of the following factors should a nurse consider when managing the pain of a terminally ill child? Select all that apply.
a. Pain medications are given on an as-needed schedule, and extra doses for breakthrough pain are available to maintain comfort.
b. Opioid drugs, such as morphine, are given for severe pain, and the dosage is increased as necessary to maintain optimum pain relief.
c. Addiction is a factor in managing terminal pain in a child, and the nurse plays an important role in educating parents that their child may become addicted.
d. Nurses often express concern that administering dosages of opioids that exceed those with which they are familiar will hasten the child's death; (principle of double effect).
e. In addition to pain medication, techniques such as music therapy, distraction, and guided imagery should be combined with medications to provide the child and family strategies to control pain.