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Introduction to Financial Accounting

Charles T. Horngren, Gary L. Sundem, John A. Elliott, Donna Philbrick

Chapter 3

Recording Transactions - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

"Double entry means that amounts are shown in both the general journal and general ledger." Do you agree? Explain.

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00:51

Problem 2

"Increases in cash and accounts payable are shown on the right side of their respective accounts." Do you agree? Explain.

Natalie Britton
Natalie Britton
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Problem 3

"Debit and credit are used as verbs, adjectives, or nouns." Give examples of how credit may be used in these three meanings.

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04:22

Problem 4

Name three source documents for transactions.

Ameer Said
Ameer Said
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01:40

Problem 5

"The general ledger is the major book of original entry because it is more essential than the general journal." Do you agree? Explain.

Jennifer Stoner
Jennifer Stoner
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Problem 6

"Revenue and expense accounts are really little stockholders' equity accounts." Explain.

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02:16

Problem 7

Give two synonyms for book value.

Ameer Said
Ameer Said
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Problem 8

"Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation expense for the year." Do you agree? Explain.

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Problem 9

What is a trial balance and what purpose does it serve?

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Problem 10

"If debits equal credits in a trial balance, you can be assured that no errors were made." Do you agree? Explain.

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Problem 11

What is the role of the Income Summary account when closing the books?

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Problem 12

"In double-entry accounting, errors are not a problem because they are self-correcting." Do you agree? Explain.

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Problem 13

Are all data processing systems for accounting computerized? Explain.

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Problem 14

The Chart of Accounts
You have just joined the accounting staff of a fast-food company. You are surprised that this company has a chart of accounts with twice as many accounts as the fast-food company you previously worked for, even though the current client's sales are one-half as large. You are tempted to write a very critical memo to your manager about this issue. You have asked a more experienced friend for advice. What might this friend ask about these clients?

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Problem 15

The Relation of Expense and Retained Earnings Accounts
A fellow student asked you the following: "I understand that a debit increases an expense account. I also understand that a debit decreases retained earnings. But if an expense account is a part of retained earnings (a 'little' stockholders' equity account), how can a debit entry have a different effect on retained earnings than it does on an expense account?" Provide an explanation to the student.

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00:47

Problem 16

Reconstructing Transactions
Your supervisor in the accounting department has asked you to trace transactions from the general journal to the general ledger. You are partway into the task when you find at the top of one page in the general journal that a coffee spill has obliterated part of a transaction. You can see that the debit portion of the transaction was for $\$ 1,000$ to rent expense, but the credit portion is illegible. How might you go about recreating what happened?

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 17

Manual Versus Computerized Accounting Systems
As a new auditor, you have just been assigned to the audit of a company with a highly computerized accounting system. How would you expect an audit of such a system to differ from the audit of a small company whose records are maintained manually?

Alexander Cheng
Alexander Cheng
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Problem 18

Debits and Credits
For each of the following accounts, indicate whether it normally possesses a debit or a credit balance (use dr. or cr.):
1. Sales
2. Supplies Expense
3. Accounts Receivable
4. Accounts Payable
5. Supplies Inventory
6. Retained Earnings
7. Dividends Payable
8. Depreciation Expense
9. Paid-in Capital
10. Subscription Revenue
11. Equipment
12. Accumulated Depreciation
13. Cost of Goods Sold
14. Prepaid Rent

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Problem 19

Debits and Credits
Indicate for each of the following transactions whether an accountant will debit or credit the account named in parentheses (use dr. or cr.):
1. Sold merchandise (Merchandise Inventory), $$\$ 1,500$$
2. Bought merchandise on account (Merchandise Inventory), $$\$ 4,000$$
3. Paid Napoli Associates $$\$ 3,000$$ owed them (Accounts Payable)
4. Received cash from customers on accounts due (Accounts Receivable), $$\$ 2,000$$
5. Bought merchandise on open account (Accounts Payable), $$\$ 5,000$$
6. Borrowed money from a bank (Notes Payable), $$\$ 10,000$$
7. Sold merchandise (Cost of Goods Sold) $$\$ 1,500$$

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Problem 20

Debits and Credits
For the following transactions, indicate whether the accountant for Jacksonville Company should debit or credit the account in parentheses (use dr. or cr.):
1. Jacksonville sold merchandise on credit (Accounts Receivable).
2. Jacksonville received interest on an investment (Interest Revenue).
3. Jacksonville declared dividends and paid them in cash (Retained Earnings).
4. Jacksonville paid wages to employees (Wages Expense).
5. Jacksonville sold merchandise for cash (Sales Revenue).
6. Jacksonville acquired a 4-year fire insurance policy (Prepaid Expenses).

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01:39

Problem 21

True or False
Use $\mathrm{T}$ or $\mathrm{F}$ to indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. Repayments of bank loans should be charged to Notes Payable and credited to Cash.
2. Cash payments of accounts payable should be recorded by a debit to Cash and a credit to Accounts Payable.
3. Inventory purchases on account should be credited to Accounts Payable and debited to an expense account.
4. All credit entries are recorded on the right side of accounts and represent decreases in the account balances.
5. Cash collections of accounts receivable should be debited to Cash and credited to Accounts Receivable.
6. Credit purchases of equipment should be debited to Equipment and charged to Accounts Payable.
7. In general, entries on the right side of asset accounts represent decreases in the account balances.
8. Increases in asset and expense accounts should be recorded on the left side of the accounts.
9. Increases in retained earnings are recorded as credits.
10. Both decreases in assets and decreases in liabilities are recorded on the debit sides of accounts.
11. Asset debits should be on the right and liability debits should be on the left.
12. In some cases, increases in account balances are recorded on the right sides of accounts.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
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02:51

Problem 22

5-Step Recording Process
Suppose you buy a $$\$ 125$$ pair of shoes for cash from Nike on November 12, 20X0. The shoes cost Nike $$\$ 80$$. Follow the accounting for your purchase through the five steps that lead from recording your purchase to its inclusion in Nike's financial statements. List each step and what happens to the record of your purchase in the step.

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Matching Transaction Accounts
Listed here are a series of accounts that are numbered for identification. Accompanying this problem are columns in which you are to write the identification numbers of the accounts affected by the transactions described. You may use the same account in several answers. For each transaction, indicate which account or accounts are to be debited and which are to be credited. The first transaction is completed for you.
1. Cash
2. Accounts Receivable
3. Inventory
4. Equipment
5. Accumulated Depreciation, Equipment
6. Prepaid Insurance
7. Accounts Payable
8. Notes Payable
9. Paid-in Capital
10. Retained Earnings
11. Sales Revenue
12. Cost of Goods Sold
13. Operating Expense
(TABLE CANT COPY)

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Problem 24

Prepaid Expenses
Continental AG is a large German supplier of auto parts. Assume that Continental had $€ 62.4$ million of prepaid expenses on January 1,2012. ( $€$ stands for euro, the European currency.) This item mainly consists of prepayments of rent, leasing fees, interest, and insurance premiums. Assume all these prepayments were for services that Continental used during 2012 and that Continental spent $€ 164$ million in cash during 2012 for rent, leasing fees, and interest, of which $€ 38$ million was a prepayment of expenses for 2013.
1. Prepare a journal entry recognizing the use of the $€ 62.4$ million of prepaid expenses during 2012 .
2. Prepare a compound journal entry for the cash payment of $€ 164$ million for rent, leasing fees, interest, and insurance premiums during 2012, with the proper amounts going to expense and prepaid expenses.

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Problem 25

Journalizing and Posting
(Alternate is 3-26.) Prepare journal entries and post to T-accounts the following transactions of Toronto Building Supplies:
a. Cash sales, $$\$ 10,000$$; items sold cost $$\$ 4,500$$
b. Collections on accounts, $$\$ 8,500$$
c. Paid cash for wages, $$\$ 3,500$$
d. Acquired inventory on open account, $$\$ 5,000$$
e. Paid cash for janitorial services, $$\$ 550$$

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Problem 26

Journalizing and Posting
(Alternate is 3-25.) Prepare journal entries and post to T-accounts the following transactions of Washington Real Estate Company:
a. Acquired office supplies of $$\$ 900$$ on open account. Use a Supplies Inventory account.
b. Sold a house and collected an $$\$ 9,000$$ commission on the sale. Use a Commissions Revenue account.
c. Paid cash of $$\$ 750$$ to a local newspaper for current advertisements.
d. Paid $$\$ 500$$ for a previous credit purchase of office supplies.
e. Recorded office supplies used of $$\$ 300$$.

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Problem 27

Reconstruct Journal Entries
(Alternate is 3-28.) Reconstruct the journal entries (with explanations) that resulted in the postings to the following T-accounts of Four Seasons Heating Contractors:
(TABLE CANT COPY)

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Problem 28

Reconstruct Journal Entries
(Alternate is 3-27.) Reconstruct the journal entries (omit explanations) that resulted in the postings to the following $\mathrm{T}$-accounts of a small fruit wholesaler:
(TABLE CANT COPY)

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Problem 29

Trial Balance
Gamma Company had total assets (cash and inventories) of $$\$ 50,000$$, total liabilities of $$\$ 30,000$$, and stockholders' equity of $$\$ 20,000$$ at the beginning of $20 \mathrm{X0}$. During the year Gamma purchased inventory for $$\$ 65,000$$ cash and sold all of that inventory for $$\$ 100,000$$ cash. Total expenses other than cost of goods sold were $$\$ 20,000$$, all paid in cash.
1. Enter the beginning balances into three T-accounts: Total Assets, Total Liabilities, and Stockholders' Equity.
2. Prepare journal entries for the transactions in 20X0. Post the inventory purchases, sales revenue, and expenses to the three T-accounts, opening new accounts for revenues and expenses as needed.
3. Prepare a trial balance at the end of $20 \times 0$.

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00:00

Problem 30

Closing Accounts
Use the information for Gamma Company in Exercise 3-29. Prepare closing entries to transfer all temporary accounts to an Income Summary account, and then close the Income Summary account to Stockholders' Equity. Note that Stockholders' Equity includes both paid-in capital and retained earnings; there is no way to separate the two with the information given.

Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Oluwadamilola Ameobi
Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Closing Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements
Bonfiglio Company imports art and artifacts from Italy and Spain and sells them in its Bonfiglio Gallery in London. At the end of $20 \times 2$ Bonfiglio had the following trial balance:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
1. Prepare closing journal entries for Bonfiglio Company.
2. Prepare an income statement for $20 \times 2$ and a balance sheet for December $31,20 \times 2$.

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Problem 32

Effects of Errors
The bookkeeper of Rollins Legal Services included the cost of a new computer, purchased on December 30 for $$\$ 5,000$$ and to be paid for in cash in January, as an operating expense instead of an addition to the proper asset account. What was the effect of this error ("no effect," "overstated," or "understated" - use symbols $\mathrm{N}, \mathrm{O}$, or U, respectively) on the following?
1. Total assets as of December 31
2. Total liabilities as of December 31
3. Operating expenses for the year ended December 31
4. Profit from operations for the year
5. Retained earnings as of December 31 after the books are closed

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Problem 33

Effects of Errors
Analyze the effect of the following errors on the net profit figures of Yokahama Trading Company (YTC) for 20X0 and 20X1. Choose one of three answers: understated (U), overstated (O), or no effect $(\mathrm{N})$. Problem 1 has been answered as an illustration.
1. Example: Failure to adjust at end of $20 \mathrm{X} 0$ for prepaid rent that had expired during December 20X0. YTC charged the remaining prepaid rent in 20X1. Answer: 20X0: O; 20X1: U. (Explanation: In 20X0, expenses would be understated and profits overstated. This error would carry forward so expenses in 20X1 would be overstated and profits understated.)
2. YTC omitted recording depreciation on Office Machines in $20 \times 0$ only. Correct depreciation was taken in 20X1.
3. During $20 \mathrm{X} 1$, YTC purchased $¥ 40,000$ of office supplies and debited Office Supplies, an asset account. At the end of $20 \times 1, ¥ 10,000$ worth of office supplies were left. No entry had recognized the use of $¥ 30,000$ of office supplies during $20 \times 1$.
4. Machinery, with a cost of $Â¥ 500,000$, bought in $20 \mathrm{X} 0$, was not entered in the books until paid for in 20X1. Ignore depreciation; answer in terms of the specific error described.
5. YTC debited 3 months' rent, paid in advance in December $20 \mathrm{X} 0$, for the first quarter of $20 \mathrm{X} 1$, directly to Rent Expense in 20X0. No prepaid rent was on the books at the end of 20X1.

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Problem 34

Account Numbers, Journal, Ledger, and Trial Balance
Journalize and post the entries required by the following transactions for Francisco Furniture Repair Company. Prepare a trial balance as of April 30, 20X0, for the period April 1 to April 30, $20 \mathrm{X0}$. Ignore interest. Use dates, posting references, and the following chart of accounts. As you identify the need for specific expense accounts, assign each expense account its own account number.
(TABLE CANT COPY)
- April 1,20X0.The Francisco Furniture Repair Company was formed with $$\$ 100,000$$ cash on the issuance of common stock.
- April 2. Francisco acquired equipment for $$\$ 70,000$$. Francisco made a cash down payment of $$\$ 20,000$$. In addition, Francisco signed a note for $$\$ 50,000$$.
- April 3. Sales on credit to repair furniture at a local hotel, $$\$ 3,500$$.
- April 3. Supplies acquired (and used) on open account, $$\$ 200$$.
- April 3. Wages paid in cash, $$\$ 700$$.
- April 30. Depreciation expense for April, $$\$2,000$$.

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Problem 35

Account Numbers, T-Accounts, and Transaction Analysis Consider the following:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
The following information had not been considered before preparing the trial balance:
a. The $$\$ 100,000$$ note receivable was signed by a major customer. It is a 3 -month note dated November $1,20 \times 0$. Interest earned during November and December was collected in cash at $4 \mathrm{PM}$ on December 31 . The interest rate is $6 \%$ per year.
b. The Prepaid Insurance account reflects a 1-year fire insurance policy acquired for $$\$ 12,000$$ cash on September 1,20X0.
c. Depreciation for $20 \times 0$ was $$\$ 18,000$$.
d. Vancouver Computing paid wages of $$\$ 12,000$$ in cash at 5 PM on December 31.

Required
1. Enter the December 31 balances in T-accounts in a general ledger. Number the accounts. Allow room for additional T-accounts.
2. Prepare the journal entries prompted by the additional information. Show amounts in thousands.
3. Post the journal entries to the ledger. Key your postings. Create logical new account numbers as necessary.
4. Prepare a new trial balance, December $31,20 X 0$.

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Problem 36

Trial Balance Errors
Consider the following trial balance ( $$\$ $$ in thousands):
(TABLE CANT COPY)
List and describe all the errors in the preceding trial balance. Be specific. On the basis of the available data, prepare a corrected trial balance.

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Problem 37

Journal, Ledger, and Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-39 through 3-44.) The balance sheet accounts of Detroit Machinery, Inc., had the following balances on October $31,20 \mathrm{X} 0$ :
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Following is a summary of the transactions that occurred during November:
a. Collections of accounts receivable, $$\$ 75,000$$.
b. Payments of accounts payable, $$\$ 14,000$$.
c. Acquisitions of inventory on open account, $$\$ 80,000$$.
d. Merchandise carried in inventory at a cost of $$\$ 70,000$$ was sold on open account for $$\$ 96,000$$.
e. Recognition of rent expense for November, $$\$ 1,000$$.
f. Wages paid in cash for November, $$\$ 8,000$$.
g. Cash dividends declared and disbursed to stockholders on November $$29, \$ 10,000$$.

Required
1. Prepare journal entries.
2. Enter beginning balances in T-accounts. Post the journal entries to T-accounts. Use the transaction letters to key your postings.
3. Prepare a trial balance for the month ending November $30,20 \times 0$.
4. Explain why accounts payable increased by so much during November.

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Problem 38

Financial Statements
Refer to problem 3-37. Prepare a balance sheet as of November 30, 20X0, and an income statement for the month of November. Prepare the retained earnings column of a statement of stockholders' equity. Prepare the income statement first.

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Problem 39

Journal, Ledger, and Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-37 and 3-40 through 3-44.) The balance sheet accounts of Red Lake Appliance Company had the following balances on December $31,20 \times 1$ :
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Operating space and equipment are rented on a month-to-month basis. A summary of January $20 \times 2$ transactions follows:
a. Collected $$\$ 24,000$$ on accounts receivable.
b. Sold appliances for $$\$ 60,000$$ cash and $$\$ 45,000$$ on open account.
c. Cost of appliances sold was $$\$ 56,000$$.
d. Paid $$\$ 25,000$$ on accounts payable.
e. Replenished inventory for $$\$ 64,000$$ on open account.
f. Paid selling expense in cash, $$\$ 33,000$$.
g. Paid rent expense in cash, $$\$ 7,000$$.
h. Paid interest expense in cash, $$\$ 2,000$$.

Required
1. Open the appropriate T-accounts in the general ledger. In addition to the seven accounts listed in the trial balance of December 31, open accounts for Sales, Cost of Goods Sold, Selling Expense, Rent Expense, and Interest Expense. Enter the December 31 balances in the accounts.
2. Journalize transactions a through $\mathrm{h}$. Post the entries to the ledger, keying by transaction letter.
3. Prepare a trial balance for the month ended January $31,20 \times 2$.

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Problem 40

Journal, Ledger, and Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-37, 3-39, and 3-41 through 3-44.) Robert Kapela owned and managed a franchise of Ithaca Espresso, Incorporated. The company's balance sheet accounts had the following balances on September 1,20X0, the beginning of a fiscal year:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Summarized transactions for September were as follows:
a. Acquisitions of merchandise inventory on account, $$\$ 41,000$$.
b. Sales for cash, $$\$ 74,250$$.
c. Payments to creditors, $$\$ 29,000$$.
d. Sales on account, $$\$ 3,000$$.
e. Advertising in newspapers, paid in cash, $$\$ 3,000$$.
f. Cost of goods sold, $$\$ 45,000$$.
g. Collections on account, $$\$ 6,000$$.
h. Miscellaneous expenses paid in cash, $$\$ 8,000$$.
i. Wages paid in cash, $$\$ 9,000$$.
j. Entry for rent expense. (Rent was paid quarterly in advance, $$\$ 6,000$$ per quarter. Payments were due on February 1, May 1, August 1, and November 1.)
k. Depreciation of store equipment, $$\$ 250$$.
Required
1. Enter the September 1 balances in T-accounts in a general ledger.
2. Prepare journal entries for each transaction.
3. Post the journal entries to the ledger. Key your postings by transaction letter.
4. Prepare an income statement for September and a balance sheet as of September 30,20X0.

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05:21

Problem 41

Journalizing, Posting, and Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-37, 3-39, 3-40, and 3-42 through 3-44.) Tsugawa Nursery, a retailer of garden plants and supplies, had the accompanying balance sheet accounts on December $31,20 \times 0$ :
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Following is a summary of aggregate transactions that occurred during $20 \times 1$ :
a. Purchases of merchandise inventory on open account, $$\$ 550,000$$.
b. Sales, all on credit, $$\$ 810,000$$.
c. Cost of merchandise sold to customers, $$\$ 536,000$$.
d. Disbursed $$\$ 25,000$$ for the rent of the store. Add to Prepaid Rent.
e. Disbursed $$\$ 165,000$$ for wages through November.
f. Disbursed $$\$ 75,000$$ for miscellaneous expenses such as utilities, advertising, and legal help. (Debit Miscellaneous Expenses.)
g. On July $1,20 \times 1$, loaned $$\$ 40,000$$ to the office manager. He signed a note that will mature on July $1,20 \times 2$, together with interest at $5 \%$ per annum. Interest for $20 \mathrm{X} 1$ is due on December $31,20 \times 1$.
h. On August 1,20X1, borrowed $$\$ 80,000$$ from a supplier. The note is payable in 4 years. Interest is payable yearly on December 31 at a rate of $6 \%$ per annum.
i. Collections on accounts receivable, $$\$ 692,000$$.
j. Payments on accounts payable, $$\$ 472,000$$.

The following entries were made on December 31, 20X1:
k. Recognized rent expense for $$20 \times 1: \$ 3,000$$ of prepaid rent is applicable to $20 \times 2$; the remainder expired in $20 \times 1$.
1. Depreciation for $20 \times 1$ was $$\$ 6,000$$.
$\mathrm{m}$. Wages earned by employees during December were paid on December $$31, \$ 6,000$$.
$\mathrm{n}$. Interest on the loan made to the office manager was received. See transaction $\mathrm{g}$.
o. Interest on the loan from the supplier was disbursed. See transaction h.

Required
1. Prepare journal entries in thousands of dollars.
2. Post the entries to T-accounts in the ledger, keying your postings by transaction letter.
3. Prepare a trial balance for the year ending December $31,20 \mathrm{X} 1$.

Akash M
Akash M
Numerade Educator
05:21

Problem 42

Transaction Analysis, Trial Balance, and Closing Entries (Alternates are 3-37, 3-39 through 3-41, 3-43, and 3-44.) Husker Auto Glass, Inc., had the accompanying balance sheet values on January $1,20 \mathrm{X} 0$ :
(TABLE CANT COPY)
During January, the following summarized transactions occurred:
January 2 Collected accounts receivable, $$\$ 2,500$$.
3 Rendered services to customers for cash, $$\$ 4,200$$ ( $$\$ 700$$ collected for parts, $$\$ 3,500$$ for labor). Use two accounts, Parts Revenue and Labor Revenue.
3 Cost of parts used for services rendered, $$\$ 300$$.
7 Paid legal expenses, $$\$ 500$$ cash.
9 Acquired parts on open account, $$\$ 900$$.
11 Paid cash for wages, $$\$ 1,000$$.
13 Paid cash for truck repairs, $$\$ 500$$.
19 Billed customer for services, $$\$ 3,600$$ ( $$\$ 800$$ for parts and $$\$ 2,800$$ for labor).
19 Cost of parts used for services rendered, $$\$ 500$$.
24 Paid cash for wages, $$\$ 1,400$$.
27 Paid cash on accounts parable, $$\$ 1,500$$.
31 Rent expense for January, $$\$ 1,000$$ (reduce Prepaid Rent).
31 Depreciation for January: trucks, $$\$ 600$$; equipment, $$\$ 200$$.
31 Paid cash to local gas station for gasoline for trucks for January, $$\$ 300$$.
31 Paid cash for wages, $$\$ 800$$.
Required
1. Enter the January 1 balances in T-accounts. Leave room for additional accounts.
2. Record the transactions in the journal.
3. Post the journal entries to the T-accounts. Key your entries by date. (Note how keying by date is not as precise as by transaction number or letter. Why? There is usually more than one transaction on any given date.)
4. Prepare a trial balance for the month ended January $31,20 \times 0$.
5. Prepare closing entries.

Akash M
Akash M
Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Transaction Analysis, Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-37, 3-39 through 3-42, and 3-44.) McDonald's Corporation is a well-known fast-food restaurant company. Examine the accompanying balance sheet values, which are based on McDonald's condensed quarterly report and actual terminology:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Consider the following assumed partial summary of transactions for October 2011 ($$\$ $$ in millions):
a. Revenues in cash, company-owned restaurants, $$\$ 1,550$$.
b. Revenues, on open account from franchised restaurants, $$\$ 550$$. Open a separate revenue account for these sales.
c. Inventories acquired on open account, $$\$ 827$$.
d. Cost of the inventories sold, $$\$ 820$$.
e. Depreciation, $$\$250$$. (Debit Depreciation Expense.)
f. Paid rent and insurance premiums in cash in advance, $$\$ 142$$. (Debit Prepaid Expenses.)
g. Prepaid expenses expired, $$\$137$$. (Debit Operating Expenses.)
h. Paid other liabilities in cash, $$\$ 163$$.
i. Cash collections on receivables, $$\$ 590$$.
j. Cash disbursements on notes and accounts payable, $$\$ 747$$.
k. Paid interest expense in cash, $$\$ 110$$.
1. Paid other expenses in cash, mostly payroll and advertising, $$\$ 1,010$$. (Debit Operating Expenses.)

Required
1. Record the transactions in the journal.
2. Enter beginning balances in T-accounts. Post the journal entries to the T-accounts. Key your entries with the transaction letters used here.
3. Prepare a trial balance for the month ended October $31,2011$.

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05:21

Problem 44

Transaction Analysis, Trial Balance
(Alternates are 3-37 and 3-39 through 3-43.) Columbia Sportswear is one of the largest outdoor apparel, footwear, accessories, and equipment companies in the world. Examine the following balance sheet values, which are slightly revised from Columbia's annual report:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Consider the following assumed partial summary of transactions for the first three months of 2012 ($$\$ $$ in millions):
a. Acquired inventories for $$\$ 286.9$$ on open account.
b. Sold inventories that cost $$\$ 239.7$$ for $$\$ 423.5$$ on open account.
c. Collected $$\$ 410.6$$ on open account.
d. Disbursed $$\$ 231.3$$ on open accounts payable.
e. Paid cash of $$\$ 15$$ for advertising expenses. (Use an Operating Expenses account.)
f. Paid rent and insurance premiums in cash in advance, $$\$ 11$$. (Use a Prepaid Expenses account.)
g. Prepaid expenses expired, $$\$18$$. (Use an Operating Expenses account.)
h. Other liabilities paid in cash, $$\$ 22.3$$.
i. Interest expense of $$\$ 4$$ was paid in cash. (Use an Interest Expense account.)
j. Depreciation of $$\$ 16$$ was recognized. [Use an Operating Expenses account; instead of creating an Accumulated Depreciation account, reduce the Property and Equipment (net) account directly.]
k. Additional shares were sold for $$\$ 6$$ in cash. (Record as an increase to Paid-in Capital.)

Required
1. Record the transactions in the journal.
2. Enter beginning balances in T-accounts. Post the journal entries to the T-accounts. Key your entries with the transaction letters used here.
3. Prepare a trial balance for the three months ended March 31, 2012.
4. Explain why cash increased during the first three months of 2012.

Akash M
Akash M
Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Preparation of Financial Statements from Trial Balance
PepsiCo produces snack foods such as Fritos and Lay's potato chips, as well as beverages such as Pepsi and Mug Root Beer. The company had the following condensed trial balance as of September 3,2011, for the nine months ended September 3, 2011 ($$\$ $$ in millions):
(TABLE CANT COPY)
1. Prepare PepsiCo's income statement for the nine months ended September 3, 2011.
2. Prepare PepsiCo's balance sheet as of September 3, 2011.

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02:57

Problem 46

Accumulated Depreciation
Johnson Matthey, the British specialty chemical company, had the following balances on its March 31,2011 , balance sheet [ $£$ (British pound) in millions]:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
Suppose that Johnson Matthey depreciates most of its tangible fixed assets over 15 years.
1. What is the approximate average age of Johnson Matthey's tangible fixed assets?
2. Johnson Matthey invested $£ 115.1$ million in tangible fixed assets during the prior year. Using this information and your answer to part 1, explain whether Johnson Matthey is growing or depleting its supply of fixed assets.

Wendi Zhao
Wendi Zhao
Numerade Educator
09:28

Problem 47

Effects of Errors
Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world's largest automakers. The company reported pretax profit of $Â¥ 291,468$ million in fiscal 2010 and pretax profit of $Â¥ 563,290$ million in fiscal 2011. Assume that there are no income taxes so that these amounts are also after-tax amounts. Consider the following two independent scenarios.
1. Suppose Toyota built a new factory that began production at the beginning of fiscal 2010. Cost of the factory was $Â¥ 600,000$ million, and its life was estimated to be 20 years. If Toyota neglected to take depreciation on the factory in fiscal 2010 but correctly charged one year's depreciation in fiscal 2011, what misstatements would exist on Toyota's 2010 financial statements? On its 2011 financial statements?
2. Suppose in fiscal 2010 Toyota incorrectly recorded $Â¥ 100,000$ million of sales for orders of automobiles that were not delivered, and thus the revenue was not earned, until fiscal 2011. What errors would there be in the fiscal 2010 financial statements? In the fiscal 2011 financial statements? Assume that cost of goods sold averages $75 \%$ of sales.

Sophie Knight
Sophie Knight
Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Journal Entries, Posting
Sony Corporation is a leading international supplier of audio and video equipment. The Sony annual report at the end of the 2011 fiscal year included the following balance sheet items (Japanese yen in billions):
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\hline \text { Cash } & ¥ 1,014 \\
\text { Receivables } & 744 \\
\text { Prepaid expenses } & 603 \\
\text { Land } & 146 \\
\text { Accounts payable, trade } & 793 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Consider the following assumed transactions that occurred immediately subsequent to the balance sheet date (Japanese yen in billions):
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\hline \text { a. Collections from customers } & ¥ 567 \\
\text { b. Purchase of land for cash } & 20 \\
\text { c. Purchase of } 2 \text {-year insurance policy for cash } & 12 \\
\text { d. Disbursements to trade creditors } & 499 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
1. Enter the five account balances in T-accounts.
2. Journalize each transaction.
3. Post the journal entries to T-accounts. Key each posting by transaction letter.

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Problem 49

Reconstructing Journal Entries, Posting
(Alternate is 3-50.) Procter \& Gamble has brands such as Tide, Pampers, and Gillette. A partial income statement from its annual report for the fiscal year ending in June 30, 2011, showed the following actual numbers and nomenclature ( $$\$ $$ in millions):
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\hline \text { Net sales } & \$ 82,559 \\
\text { Costs and expenses } & \\
\quad \text { Cost of products sold } & 40,768 \\
\text { Selling, general, and administrative expense } & 25,973 \\
\text { Interest expense } & 831 \\
\quad \text { Other income, net } & (202) \\
\quad \text { Income taxes } & \underline{3,392} \\
\text { Total expenses } & \underline{\underline{\underline{70,762}}} \\
\text { Net earnings } & \underline{\underline{\underline{11,797}}} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
1. Prepare six summary journal entries for the given data. Label your entries a through $f$. Omit explanations. For simplicity, assume that all transactions (except for cost of products sold) were for cash.
2. Post to T-accounts in a ledger for all affected accounts. Key your postings by transaction letter.

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Problem 50

Reconstructing Journal Entries, Posting
(Alternate is 3-49.) Lowe's Companies, Inc., operates more than 1,700 home improvement retail stores in 50 states and Canada. A condensed income statement from its annual report for the nine months ending October 28,2011, showed the following actual numbers and nomenclature ( $$\$ $$ in millions):
(TABLE CANT COPY)
1. Prepare four summary journal entries for the given data. Label your entries a through d. Omit explanations. For simplicity, assume that all transactions except for cost of sales were for cash.
2. Post to T-accounts in a ledger for all affected accounts. Key your postings by transaction letter.

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Problem 51

Plant Assets and Accumulated Depreciation
Norsk Hydro, the Norwegian-based global supplier of aluminum and aluminum products, had the following in its January 1, 2011, balance sheet (in millions of Norwegian Kroner, NOK):
$$
\begin{array}{lr}
\hline \text { Total property, plant, and equipment, at cost } & \text { NOK60,754 } \\
\text { Less: Accumulated depreciation } & 35,905 \\
\hline \text { Property, plant, and equipment, net } & \underline{\underline{\text { NOK24,849 }}} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
1. Open T-accounts for (a) Property, Plant, and Equipment; (b) Accumulated Depreciation, Property, Plant, and Equipment; and (c) Depreciation Expense. Enter the balance sheet amounts into the $\mathrm{T}$-accounts.
2. Assume that in 2011 Norsk Hydro purchased or sold no assets and that depreciation expense for 2011 was NOK2,952 million. Depreciation was the only item affecting the Property, Plant, and Equipment account in 2011. Prepare the journal entry, and post to the T-accounts.
3. Prepare the property, plant, and equipment section of Norsk Hydro's balance sheet at the end of 2011.
4. Land comprises $$\$ 1,170$$ million of Norsk Hydro's property, plant, and equipment, and land is not depreciated. Comment on the age of the company's depreciable assets- that is, all property, plant, and equipment except land—at the December 31, 2011, balance sheet date.

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Problem 52

Management Incentives, Financial Statements, and Ethics
Alicia Perez was controller of the vascular products division of a major medical instruments company. On December 30,2012, Perez prepared a preliminary income statement and compared it with the 2012 budget:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
The top managers of each division had a bonus plan that paid each a $10 \%$ bonus if operating income exceeded budgeted income by more than $20 \%$. It was obvious to Perez that the vascular products division had easily exceeded the $$\$ 180,000$$ of operating income needed for a bonus. In fact, she wondered if it would not be desirable to reduce operating income this year-after all, the higher the income this year, the higher top management is likely to set the budget next year. Besides, if some of December's sales could just be held back and recorded in January, the division would have a running start on next year.

Perez had always been a team player, and she saw holding back sales as the best strategy for her team of managers. Therefore, she recorded only $$\$ 1,500,000$$ of sales in 2012 - the other $$\$ 100,000$$ was recorded as January 2013 sales. Operating income for 2012 then became $$\$ 250,000$$ and there was a head start of $$\$ 50,000$$ on 2013's operating income. Comment on the ethical implications of Perez's decision.

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Problem 53

Income Statement and Balance Sheet Accounts
Form teams of two persons each. Each person should make a list of 10 account names, with approximately one-half being income statement accounts and one-half being balance sheet accounts. Give the list to the other member of the team, who is to write beside each account name the financial statement (I for income statement or B for balance sheet) on which it belongs. If there are errors or disagreements in classification, discuss the account and come to an agreement about which financial statement it belongs to.

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Problem 54

Financial Statement Research
Select the financial statements of any company.
1. Prepare an income statement in the following format:
Total sales (or revenue)
Cost of goods sold
Gross margin
Other expenses
Income before income taxes
Be sure to include all revenue in the first line and all expenses (except income taxes) in either cost of goods sold or other expenses.
2. Prepare three summary journal entries for the income statement data you prepared. Use the given account titles and label your entries a, b, and c. Omit explanations. For simplicity, assume that all "other expenses" were paid in cash and all sales are on credit.
3. Post to T-accounts in a ledger for all affected accounts. Key your postings by transaction letter.

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Problem 55

Analyzing Starbucks' Financial Statements
Using either the SEC EDGAR Web site or Starbucks' Web site, find Starbucks' 2011 financial statements. Note the following summarized items (dollars in millions) from the income statement for the year ended October 2, 2011:
(TABLE CANT COPY)
1. Prepare six summary journal entries for the given data. Use Starbucks' account titles and label your entries a through $\mathrm{f}$. Omit explanations. For simplicity, assume all transactions (except for cost of sales) were for cash. Assume cost of sales is $70 \%$ of the "cost of sales including occupancy costs," whereas occupancy costs are $30 \%$ and are paid in cash.
2. Starbucks' balance sheet shows $$\$ 2,355.0$$ million of Property, Plant, and Equipment, net. Explain what the term "net" means and find both gross and net amounts for Property, Plant, and Equipment.

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Problem 56

Analyzing Financial Statements Using the Internet: Delta
Go to www.delta.com. In the menu at the bottom of the home page, click on About Delta. Then locate Delta's Annual Reports under Investor Relations. Select the most recent annual report. Answer the following questions about Delta Air Lines, Inc.:
1. Locate Delta's accumulated depreciation balance on the balance sheet or in its property and equipment footnote. What is the dollar magnitude of accumulated depreciation at year end? Does this represent an expense for Delta? Why does Delta keep track of accumulated depreciation?
2. Does Delta include a line for depreciation on its Consolidated Statements of Operations? If so, what is the dollar amount reported? Locate the Property and Equipment (Long-Lived Assets) footnote. Does the footnote include a dollar amount for depreciation expense? If so, what is the dollar amount reported? If both numbers are reported, do they agree?
3. Locate Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the year on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. How much did cash and cash equivalents increase or decrease during the past year? Where would you look for a detailed explanation of the change in Cash?
4. Locate Shareholders' Equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Does Delta's common stock have a par value per share? What is it? Consider two amounts: Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital. What is the dollar amount reported in each of these line items. How did these amounts arise?
5. Again, locate Shareholders' Equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. What does Delta report for Retained Earnings? Did Retained Earnings increase or decrease during the year? What could cause this change in Retained Earnings?

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