Chapter Questions
Sexually reproducing organisms show greater variation than asexually reproducing ones because(A) they exhibit fewer mutations(B) they exhibit a greater mutation rate(C) asexually reproducing organisms do not have internal membranes(D) their alleles recombine(E) they are larger
A college student studying genetics is assigned a semester-long project by her professor, who gives her 4 black and 4 white guinea pigs. There are 2 male and 2 female guinea pigs of each color. The professor tells the student that the guinea pigs in each group are all of the same genotype. The project is to determine the genotype of the black guinea pigs. The student does some preliminary library research and discovers that white fur in guinea pigs is recessive and that black fur is dominant. Which of the following procedures would be the best one for the student to carry out to determine the genotype of any of the black guinea pigs? (Do not consider cost as a factor in this study.)(A) Karyotype(B) Blood analysis of the chromosomes to see if there is evidence of nondisjunction (C) Analysis with an electron microscope to see if any of the black fur contains any white flecks that cannot be seen with the eye or with a light microscope(D) Cross any two of the black animals to see if any offspring are white(E) Cross any of the black animals with a white animal to see if any of the offspring are white
Fixed action patterns are initiated by external stimuli called(A) agonistic behavior(B) altruistic behavior(C) sign stimuli(D) associative learning(E) initial visual imprinting
Several species of rhododendron are growing in the same area. All of the plants are capable of hybridization, but none ever do because some of the plants produce pollen in early June while others produce pollen in late June. This best describes an evolutionary process known as(A) survival of the fittest(B) overpopulation(C) reproductive isolation(D) artificial selection(E) stabilizing selection
Lichens(A) are green plants(B) are algae(C) are the major producer in the open ocean(D) are a mutualistic association between algae and fungi(E) are included in the domain Archaea
All of the following contribute to variation in a population EXCEPT(A) mutation(B) isolation(C) sexual reproduction(D) conjugation(E) genetic drift
All of the following are abiotic factors in an ecosystem EXCEPT(A) sunlight(B) wind(C) soil(D) temperature(E) producers
Oxygen released by plants comes from(A) air(B) carbon dioxide(C) glucose(D) chlorophyll(E) water
Bacteria that live in the nodules in the roots of legumes and convert free nitrogen into the ammonium ion are called(A) bacteria of decay(B) nitrogen-fixing bacteria(C) nitrifying bacteria(D) denitrifying bacteria(E) $E .$ coli
All of the following are mammals EXCEPT(A) tiger(B) ape(C) kangaroo(D) blue jay(E) duck-billed platypus
All of the following are correct about evolution EXCEPT(A) geographic isolation can cause the formation of new species(B) the best-adapted organisms survive(C) if the environment changes suddenly and an organism is not adapted for the new environment, it might die(D) new combinations of genes can produce new phenotypes(E) single individuals, not populations, can change in response to a changing environment
Which of the following is a density-independent factor?(A) Disease(B) Famine(C) Floods(D) Predation(E) Increase in toxins in the environment
Which of the following conditions results from a chromosome mutation?(A) Huntington's disease(B) Sickle cell anemia(C) Cystic fibrosis(D) Down syndrome(E) PKU
A gene pool in a population of jackrabbits in a field remained constant for many generations. The most probable reason for this stable gene pool is that(A) no migration occurred in a large population with random mating and no mutations(B) no migration occurred in a small population with random mating and no mutations(C) no migration occurred in a large population with nonrandom mating and no mutations(D) there was much migration into and out of the large population, but mating was random and there were few mutations(E) the population was small with no mutations, no migrations, and nonrandom mating
In humans, the rate of breathing is primarily controlled by the(A) lungs(B) cerebrum(C) medulla oblongata(D) cerebellum(E) pleura
All of the following about plasma membrane structure and function are correct EXCEPT(A) all plasma membranes have the identical composition and structure(B) diffusion of gases across a membrane require that the membrane be moist(C) facilitated diffusion is an example of passive transport(D) proteins serve as membrane channels(E) plasma membranes contain receptors that are specific for the molecules they uptake
A man who is color-blind marries a woman who has normal color vision and does not carry the trait for color blindness. What statement will be true of their children?(A) All their sons will be normal, and all their daughters will be carriers.(B) All their sons will be normal, and all their daughters will be color-blind.(C) All their sons will be color-blind, and all their daughters will be normal.(D) All their sons will be color-blind, and all their daughters will be carriers.(E) All their daughters will be carriers, but the genotype of the sons cannot be determined.
Which of the following exhibits internal fertilization, external development of the embryo, few eggs, and much parenting?(A) Mammals(B) Amphibians(C) Reptiles(D) Birds(E) Fish
The terms pioneer organisms and climax community are most related to a discussion of(A) biomes(B) ecological succession(C) food pyramids(D) populations(E) food chains
A solution with a pH of 5 is ________ times more acidic than asolution with a $\mathrm{pH}$ of $7 .$(A) 1$/ 10$(B) 1$/ 100$(C) 10(D) 100(E) $1,000$
In humans, the traits for height, skin color, and hair color vary widely. The inheritance patterns of these traits is referred to as(A) polygenic inheritance(B) incomplete dominance(C) codominance(D) multiple alleles(E) simple inheritance
Vitamins are essential for normal cell function. They are important because they(A) function as an energy source(B) are hormones(C) directly assist in the normal conduction of impulses(D) resist pH changes(E) enable enzymes to function normally
All of the following are metabolic wastes EXCEPT(A) water(B) carbon dioxide(C) uric acid(D) urea(E) oxygen
Tendons connect ________ to _________ ; ligaments connect _________ to __________ .(A) bone to bone; bone to muscle(B) bone to muscle; bone to bone(C) bone to bone; muscle to muscle(D) muscle to muscle; bone to bone(E) ligaments to bone; tendons to bones
From the left ventricle, blood flows into the(A) pulmonary artery(B) aorta(C) left atrium(D) vena cava(E) septum
Food chains never consist of more than 4 or 5 trophic levels. The reason for this is(A) energy is lost along the food chain(B) there are fewer primary consumers in the world than secondary consumers(C) producers are always shown on the bottom of any food chain(D) pioneer organisms compete with consumers(E) all of the above are correct
Questions $14-18$(A) Light-dependent reactions(B) Light-independent reactions(C) Krebs cycle(D) Glycolysis(E) None of the aboveOccurs in cytoplasm
Here is a sketch. All of the following processes produce this molecule EXCEPT the(A) Calvin cycle(B) Krebs cycle(C) electron transport chain(D) light-dependent reactions(E) glycolysis
Questions $14-18$(A) Light-dependent reactions(B) Light-independent reactions(C) Krebs cycle(D) Glycolysis(E) None of the aboveWater is broken down
A black animal is crossed with a white animal and all the offspring are black. Which pattern of inheritance is most likely at work?(A) Law of dominance(B) Law of segregation(C) Incomplete dominance(D) Codominance(E) Sex-linked inheritance
Questions $14-18$(A) Light-dependent reactions(B) Light-independent reactions(C) Krebs cycle(D) Glycolysis(E) None of the abovePyruvate is the product
According to the best scientific evidence about evolution, species descended from a common ancestor(A) slowly and gradually by the accumulation of many small changes(B) rapidly through divergent evolution alone(C) rapidly through mutation alone(D) in spurts of relatively rapid changes(E) because they needed to adapt to a changing environment or they would die
Questions $14-18$(A) Light-dependent reactions(B) Light-independent reactions(C) Krebs cycle(D) Glycolysis(E) None of the aboveSugar is produced
A black hen is crossed with a white rooster, and only gray offspring result. If two of these gray offspring are mated, what is the chance of hatching a white offspring?(A) 0$\%$(B) 25$\%$(C) 25$\%$(D) 75$\%$(E) 700$\%$
Questions $14-18$(A) Light-dependent reactions(B) Light-independent reactions(C) Krebs cycle(D) Glycolysis(E) None of the aboveOxygen is released
Farmers have successfully bred Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cauliflower from the mustard plant. This demonstrates(A) convergent evolution(B) coevolution(C) adaptive radiation(D) natural selection(E) artificial selection
Questions $19-22$(A) Marine biome(B) Desert(C) Taiga(D) Temperate grasslands(E) TundraHas the most stable temperatures
(A) Imprinting(B) Classical conditioning(C) Fixed action pattern(D) Altruism(E) Operant conditioningGeese hatchlings follow the first thing they see
Questions $19-22$(A) Marine biome(B) Desert(C) Taiga(D) Temperate grasslands(E) TundraNorthern Canada- characterized by coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir
(A) Imprinting(B) Classical conditioning(C) Fixed action pattern(D) Altruism(E) Operant conditioningInnate, highly stereotypical behavior, which, once begun, is continued to completion no matter how useless
Questions $19-22$(A) Marine biome(B) Desert(C) Taiga(D) Temperate grasslands(E) TundraPlains and prairies of the midwestern United States
(A) Imprinting(B) Classical conditioning(C) Fixed action pattern(D) Altruism(E) Operant conditioningTrial and error learning
Questions $19-22$(A) Marine biome(B) Desert(C) Taiga(D) Temperate grasslands(E) TundraPermafrost
Scientists believe that the giraffe originally had a short neck that has grown longer over time. The most likely explanation of this is which of the following?I. Natural selectionII. Adaptive radiationIII. Divergent evolution(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III
Questions $23-25$ In a certain population of rabbits in the midwestern United States, there are two alleles for coat color, brown and white. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. The frequency of white-colored rabbits is 9$\% .$ Wolves are also present in the area, and rabbits constitute a major portion of their diet. Foxes recognize prey when they do not blend in to the environment.What is the frequency of the allele for brown coat color in the rabbits?(A) 0.09(B) 0.03(C) 0.3(D) 0.7(E) 0.9
Which of the following are most closely related?I. Acer rubrumII. Acer sucreIII. Pseudotriton rubrum(A) I and II(B) II and III(C) I and III(D) All are closely related.(E) It cannot be determined using only scientific names.
Questions $23-25$ In a certain population of rabbits in the midwestern United States, there are two alleles for coat color, brown and white. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. The frequency of white-colored rabbits is 9$\% .$ Wolves are also present in the area, and rabbits constitute a major portion of their diet. Foxes recognize prey when they do not blend in to the environment.In this population of rabbits, what percentage is hybrid brown?(A) 7$\%$(B) 42$\%$(C) 49$\%$(D) 81$\%$(E) 91$\%$
Refer to this drawing of the eye.Identify the structure that changes to allow different amounts of light to enter the eye
Questions $23-25$ In a certain population of rabbits in the midwestern United States, there are two alleles for coat color, brown and white. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. The frequency of white-colored rabbits is 9$\% .$ Wolves are also present in the area, and rabbits constitute a major portion of their diet. Foxes recognize prey when they do not blend in to the environment.If the climate were to change so that snow covered the ground much of the time, what change in the population of rabbits would you expect?(A) The frequency of the white allele would increase.(B) The frequency of the white allele would decrease.(C) The frequency of the brown allele would increase.(D) The population of wolves would decrease and then increase.(E) The population of wolves would increase and then decrease.
Refer to this drawing of the eye.Identify the structure that absorbs light and sends nerve impulses to the brain
Questions $26-28$ An experiment was carried out to study the rate of transpiration in plants. Four two-week-old bean seedlings were used. Each one was inserted into one end of a length of plastic tubing, and a calibrated pipette was inserted into the other end as shown below. The tubing was completely filled with water. As the plant loses water from its leaves by transpiration, it takes in more water from the pipette. The quantity of water absorbed by the plant can be measured by takingreadings from the pipette. See drawing.Each of the four setups is exposed to different conditions. The experiment is allowed to run for 2 hours with readings taken every 15 minutes. The control setup is at room temperature with normal room illumination. Predict which line on the graph matches each condition below:A fan is placed so that it circulates the air around the plant
Refer to this drawing of the eye.Identify the retina
Questions $26-28$ An experiment was carried out to study the rate of transpiration in plants. Four two-week-old bean seedlings were used. Each one was inserted into one end of a length of plastic tubing, and a calibrated pipette was inserted into the other end as shown below. The tubing was completely filled with water. As the plant loses water from its leaves by transpiration, it takes in more water from the pipette. The quantity of water absorbed by the plant can be measured by takingreadings from the pipette. See drawing.Each of the four setups is exposed to different conditions. The experiment is allowed to run for 2 hours with readings taken every 15 minutes. The control setup is at room temperature with normal room illumination. Predict which line on the graph matches each condition below:A plastic bag is placed over the leaves
In this experiment(A) water flowed into the potato only(B) water flowed out of the potato only(C) sucrose flowed into the potato only(D) sucrose flowed both into and out of the potato(E) water flowed both into and out of the potato
Questions $26-28$ An experiment was carried out to study the rate of transpiration in plants. Four two-week-old bean seedlings were used. Each one was inserted into one end of a length of plastic tubing, and a calibrated pipette was inserted into the other end as shown below. The tubing was completely filled with water. As the plant loses water from its leaves by transpiration, it takes in more water from the pipette. The quantity of water absorbed by the plant can be measured by takingreadings from the pipette. See drawing.Each of the four setups is exposed to different conditions. The experiment is allowed to run for 2 hours with readings taken every 15 minutes. The control setup is at room temperature with normal room illumination. Predict which line on the graph matches each condition below:A second light source is added
Five beakers are used in an experiment about osmosis. Each beaker contains $50 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a sucrose solution of varying concentrations: $0.2 \mathrm{M}$, $0.4 \mathrm{M}, 0.6 \mathrm{M}, 0.8 \mathrm{M},$ or $1.0 \mathrm{M} .$ Pieces of fresh potato (each $10.0 \mathrm{~g}$ in mass) are cut up, weighed, and placed into the beakers. After 12 hours, the potatoes are carefully removed from each beaker and weighed again. See the data in the table below.$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Beaker } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Concentration of } \\\text { Sucrose Solution }\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { Mass of Potato } \\\text { at Time Zero }\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { Mass of Potato Beaker } \\\text { After 12 Hours }\end{array} \\\hline 1 & 1.0 \mathrm{M} & 10.0 \mathrm{~g} & 8.2 \mathrm{~g} \\\hline 2 & 0.8 \mathrm{M} & 10.0 \mathrm{~g} & 9.4 \mathrm{~g} \\\hline 3 & 0.6 \mathrm{M} & 10.0 \mathrm{~g} & 9.8 \mathrm{~g} \\\hline 4 & 0.4 \mathrm{M} & 10.0 \mathrm{~g} & 11.5 \mathrm{~g} \\\hline 5 & 0.2 \mathrm{M} & 10.0 \mathrm{~g} & 13.6 \mathrm{~g} \\\hline\end{array}$$Given the results of this experiment, what is the molarity (concentration) within the potato cells?(A) Less than 0.2 $\mathrm{M}$(B) Less than 0.4 $\mathrm{M}$ but greater than 0.2 $\mathrm{M}$(C) Less than 0.6 M but greater than 0.4 $\mathrm{M}$(D) Less than 0.8 M but greater than 0.6 $\mathrm{M}$(E) Greater than 0.8 $\mathrm{M}$
Questions 29-32This is a(A) dicot stem(B) dicot root(C) monocot stem(D) monocot root(E) It cannot be determined
The results of this experiment give support to the theory that(A) water diffuses down a gradient(B) water can be actively transported against a gradient(C) solutes will diffuse from high concentration to low concentration(D) living cells respond in different ways to the same conditions(E) potato cells respond differently from other living cells
Questions 29-32Structure $\mathrm{C}$(A) carries water downward(B) assists in the absorption of nutrients into the plant(C) carries water upward(D) carries sugar upward(E) carries sugar downward
Refer to the pedigree below that shows inheritance of blood types. (Males are squares; females are circles.)What is correct about the inheritance of blood types?(A) A is dominant over $\mathrm{B}$(B) $\mathrm{B}$ is dominant over $\mathrm{A}$(C) $\mathrm{O}$ is dominant over A only(D) $\mathrm{O}$ is dominant over both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$(E) $\mathrm{O}$ is recessive
Questions 29-32Structure $\mathrm{E}$ is the(A) meristem(B) cambium(C) vascular cylinder(D) pith(E) cortex
Refer to the pedigree below that shows inheritance of blood types. (Males are squares; females are circles.)The genotype of person $\# 2$ is(A) $A O$(B) $A A$(C) $B O$(D) BB(E) AB
Questions 29-32The main function of $\mathrm{E}$ is(A) transport(B) photosynthesis(C) storage(D) protection(E) absorption of nutrients
Refer to the pedigree below that shows inheritance of blood types. (Males are squares; females are circles.)If couple $\# 6$ and $\# 7$ had another child, what is the chance the blood type would be O?(A) 0$\%$(B) 25$\%$(C) 50$\%$(D) 75$\%$(E) 100$\%$
Questions $33-34$ The following questions refer to this graph that shows the rate at which relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin change as the partial pressure of oxygen changes.Based on this graph, which of the following statements is true?(A) At oxygen concentration 40 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg, hemoglobin $\mathrm{A}$ is 40$\%$ saturated with oxygen, while hemoglobin $\mathrm{B}$ is at 20$\%$(B) At oxygen concentration 60 $\mathrm{mm}$ Hg, hemoglobin $\mathrm{B}$ is 100$\%$ saturated with oxygen.(C) Hemoglobin A becomes 100$\%$ saturated with oxygen at 60 $\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg} .$(D) Hemoglobins A and B become saturated with oxygen at the same concentration of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ .(E) Neither hemoglobin A nor hemogin $\mathrm{B}$ ever becomes 100$\%$ saturated with oxygen.
The vessel that sends blood to the entire body
Questions $33-34$ The following questions refer to this graph that shows the rate at which relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin change as the partial pressure of oxygen changes.According to the graph, what generality can be drawn about hemoglobin $A$ or $\mathrm{B} ?$(A) Hemoglobin $\mathrm{B}$ has a greater affinity for oxygen than does hemoglobin A.(B) Hemoglobin B would more easily drop off oxygen at body cells than hemoglobin A.(C) Hemoglobin $\mathrm{B}$ would more easily pick up oxygen in the lungs than hemoglobin $\mathrm{A}$ .(D) Hemoglobin $\mathrm{A}$ is structurally identical to hemoglobin $\mathrm{B}$ ; however, they function differently.(E) Hemoglobin A is found in adults, while hemoglobin $B$ is found in fetuses and newborns only.
The chamber that receives blood from the body
Sexually reproducing organisms have the diploid number $(2 n)$ of chromosomes. This is an advantage in terms of their evolutionary success. Which of the following best explains the reason for this?I. The diploid condition hides tremendous genetic variation.II. Diploid cells are superior to haploid (n) cells.III. The diploid condition allows for mutation, whereas the haploid condition does not.(A) I only(B) II only(C) III only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III only
The artery that carries deoxygenated blood
Questions $36-40$ Five cells are undergoing cell division.Crossing-over occurs
The impulse is passing
Questions $36-40$ Five cells are undergoing cell division.Sister chromatids are separating
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for pumping ions across the membrane
Questions $36-40$ Five cells are undergoing cell division.Metaphase I
A steep gradient of sodium and potassium ions exists at the axon membrane
Questions $36-40$ Five cells are undergoing cell division.Homologous pairs are separating
An impulse cannot pass
Questions $36-40$ Five cells are undergoing cell division.Prophase I
A study of a small farm in Michigan was carried out in 2004 . A variety of organisms were found to live there, including meadow voles, grasshoppers, spiders, birds, and mice. The farmer retired and moved away, leaving the land to grow wild.The meadow voles, grasshoppers, spiders, mice, and other organisms, along with the soil, minerals, and water make up a(n)(A) ecosystem(B) population(C) community(D) food chain(E) desert biome
Questions $41-43$ Refer to this diagram of the female reproductive system.Fertilization normally occurs
A study of a small farm in Michigan was carried out in 2004 . A variety of organisms were found to live there, including meadow voles, grasshoppers, spiders, birds, and mice. The farmer retired and moved away, leaving the land to grow wild.The study of the farm revealed the population size of the different species of animals during the summer months of June, July, and August. The results are recorded in the table below. Which is correct about the data collected from June through August?(A) Only the spider population changed to any extent.(B) The population of mice increased as the summer went on.(C) The population of grasshoppers remained fairly constant.(D) The population of birds remained fairly constant.(E) Both the population of spiders and mice remained constant.
Questions $41-43$ Refer to this diagram of the female reproductive system.Implantation of an embryo normally occurs
A study of a small farm in Michigan was carried out in 2004 . A variety of organisms were found to live there, including meadow voles, grasshoppers, spiders, birds, and mice. The farmer retired and moved away, leaving the land to grow wild.What will most likely occur if the farm is sold and the fields are allowed to grow wild?(A) The plants will change, but the animals will stay the same.(B) The animals will change, but the plants will stay the same.(C) Neimer the plants nor the animals will change because the(D) Both the animals and plants will change.(E) All the animals will slowly die out because they will not be adapted to the new environment.
Questions $41-43$ Refer to this diagram of the female reproductive system.Urine is stored
A study of a small farm in Michigan was carried out in 2004 . A variety of organisms were found to live there, including meadow voles, grasshoppers, spiders, birds, and mice. The farmer retired and moved away, leaving the land to grow wild.Although several different species of birds inhabit the farm, competition between these birds rarely occurs. The best explanation for this lack of competition is that these birds(A) share food with each other(B) have a limited supply of food(C) live in different ecological niches(D) are closely related(E) have experienced mutations in their DNA that prevent them from competing
Questions $44-47$ In pea plants, the purple flower is an autosomal trait that is dominant over the white flower. Breeding experiments were carried out in order to study this trait. The choices below represent the percentages of purple-flowered plants in the first-generation offspring produced by different crosses that were made during the breeding experiments.(A) 0$\%$ purple(B) 25$\%$ purple(C) 50$\%$ purple(D) 75$\%$ purple(E) 100$\%$ purpleResult from crosses between two hybrid purple pea plants
Humans eat corn and other vegetables. Humans also eat beef from cattle that were corn fed. In those cases, cand humans occupy which of the following trophic levels?(A) Producer and primary consumer(B) Primary consumer and secondary consumer(D) Pecondary consumer and tertiary consumer(D) Tertairy consumer and quaternary consumer(E) Both are primary consumers
Questions $44-47$ In pea plants, the purple flower is an autosomal trait that is dominant over the white flower. Breeding experiments were carried out in order to study this trait. The choices below represent the percentages of purple-flowered plants in the first-generation offspring produced by different crosses that were made during the breeding experiments.(A) 0$\%$ purple(B) 25$\%$ purple(C) 50$\%$ purple(D) 75$\%$ purple(E) 100$\%$ purpleResult from crosses between a homozygous purple flower and homozygous white flower
(A) Tundra(B) Marine biome(C) Desert(D) Temperate deciduous forest(E) Tropical rain forestOnly 4 percent of the land surface but accounts for 20 percent of Earth's food production
Questions $44-47$ In pea plants, the purple flower is an autosomal trait that is dominant over the white flower. Breeding experiments were carried out in order to study this trait. The choices below represent the percentages of purple-flowered plants in the first-generation offspring produced by different crosses that were made during the breeding experiments.(A) 0$\%$ purple(B) 25$\%$ purple(C) 50$\%$ purple(D) 75$\%$ purple(E) 100$\%$ purpleResult from crosses between a purple plant (which had a white parent) and a white plant
(A) Tundra(B) Marine biome(C) Desert(D) Temperate deciduous forest(E) Tropical rain forestProvides most of Earth's food and oxygen
Questions $44-47$ In pea plants, the purple flower is an autosomal trait that is dominant over the white flower. Breeding experiments were carried out in order to study this trait. The choices below represent the percentages of purple-flowered plants in the first-generation offspring produced by different crosses that were made during the breeding experiments.(A) 0$\%$ purple(B) 25$\%$ purple(C) 50$\%$ purple(D) 75$\%$ purple(E) 100$\%$ purpleResult from crosses between a hybrid purple plant and a white plant
(A) Tundra(B) Marine biome(C) Desert(D) Temperate deciduous forest(E) Tropical rain forestConsists of trees that drop their leaves in winter
Questions $48-50$ This graph represents information about survival or mortality rates for three different populations.(A) Type I only(B) Type II only(C) Type III only(D) Types I and III only(E) Types I, II, and IIIOrganisms that carry out external fertilization and development
Site where the pollen germinates
Questions $48-50$ This graph represents information about survival or mortality rates for three different populations.(A) Type I only(B) Type II only(C) Type III only(D) Types I and III only(E) Types I, II, and IIIInclude mammals
Site of sperm production
Questions $48-50$ This graph represents information about survival or mortality rates for three different populations.(A) Type I only(B) Type II only(C) Type III only(D) Types I and III only(E) Types I, II, and IIIExperience enormous predation of young
Becomes the fruit
Questions $51-53$(A) Cnidarians(B) Chordates(C) Annelids(D) Roundworms(E) FlatwormsRadial symmetry
Becomes the seed
Questions $51-53$(A) Cnidarians(B) Chordates(C) Annelids(D) Roundworms(E) FlatwormsTwo cell layers thick
The trait for vestigial wings is most likely(A) Autosomal dominant(B) Autosomal recessive(C) Sex-linked dominant(D) Sex-linked recessive(E) It cannot be determined
Questions $51-53$(A) Cnidarians(B) Chordates(C) Annelids(D) Roundworms(E) FlatwormsThree cell layers thick but have no coelom
What is the most likely genotype of the female normal wing in cross 4$?$(A) $N n$(B) $N n$(C) $n n$(D) $X-X$(E) $X-X-$
Questions $54-56$Refer to this diagram of the nephron.Controlled by a hormone from the posterior pituitary
What is the most likely genotype of the male normal wing in cross 3$?$(A) $N N$(B) $N n$(C) $n n$(D) $\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{X}$(E) $\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{X}-$
Questions $54-56$Refer to this diagram of the nephron.Site of filtration
Which is true about the karyotype below?(A) It shows a normal female.(B) It shows a normal male.(C) It shows a person who suffers from Down syndrome.(D) It shows a person who suffers from a gene mutation.(E) It shows a person who suffers from a condition that results from nondisjunction.
Questions $54-56$Refer to this diagram of the nephron.Site of reabsorption of nutrients back into the blood by active and passive transport
If 1 is thymine, then A must be(A) guanine(B) cytosine(C) thymine(D) adenine(E) uracil
Questions $57-60$(A) Adrenal cortex(B) Adrenal medulla(C) Pancreas(D) Thymus(E) Anterior pituitaryImportant to the development of the immune system
If 4 is adenine, then $\mathrm{D}$ must be(A) guanine(B) cytosine(C) thymine(D) adenine(E) uracil
Questions $57-60$(A) Adrenal cortex(B) Adrenal medulla(C) Pancreas(D) Thymus(E) Anterior pituitarySecretes hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes
In what way would the process shown be different in a eukaryotic cell?(A) Eukaryotic cells do not carry out transcription.(B) Eukaryotic cells do not carry out replication.(C) Eukaryotic cells do not carry out both transcription and replication.(D) Eukaryotic cells carry out both processes, but they do not occur at the same time.(E) Eukaryotic cells carry out both these processes in the Golgi body.
Questions $57-60$(A) Adrenal cortex(B) Adrenal medulla(C) Pancreas(D) Thymus(E) Anterior pituitaryBoth increases and decreases blood sugar levels
A fungus infection affected nearly all the oak trees in a particular forest so that the coloration of the bark turned almost black. Scientists studying the diseased trees discovered that a moth population that inhabited the forest changed from being light brown to being almost. Which of the following would best explain that color change of the moth population?(A) The moths developed darker wings to blend in with the trees.(B) The fungus infected the moths as well as the oak trees.(C) The almost black moths within the population were the only ones to survive once the trees darkened because of the fungus infection.(D) The moths were the first to change color, which caused the trees to darken.(E) The fungus caused mutations to occur in the moths as well as in the oak trees.
Questions $57-60$(A) Adrenal cortex(B) Adrenal medulla(C) Pancreas(D) Thymus(E) Anterior pituitarySecretes the fight-or-flight hormone
According to scientific evidence, the age of Earth is closest to(A) 400 years old(B) $4,000$ years old(C) $400,000$ years old(D) $4,000,000$ years old(E) 4 billion years old
Biology-E Section If you are taking the Biology-E test, continue with questions $61-80 .$ Be sure to begin this section of the test by filling in circle 61 on your answer sheet. All of the following are density-independent factors EXCEPT(A) floods(B) famine(C) earthquakes(D) tsunamis(E) naturally occurring fires
All of the following are true of organisms classified in the domain Archaea EXCEPT(A) one example is $E$ . coli, the organism that lives in the human gut(B) they can thrive in environments with very high temperatures(C) they can thrive in environments with high salt concentrations(D) they have no internal membranes(E) their DNA can contain introns
What is the role of diatoms in any food chain?(A) Primary consumers(B) Secondary consumers(C) Tertiary consumers(D) Producers(E) Decomposers
Factors that influence population density include which of the following?I. PredationII. Interspecies competitionIII. Intraspecies competition(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III
Two distinctly different beak sizes occur in a single population of finch called the black-bellied seedcracker. These birds live in an isolated region in West Africa. The oldest inhabitants of the region remember that all these finches used to have the same length beak. This change in the population is shown by this graph. The best explanation for the change in beak length is(A) mutation(B) stabilizing selection(C) convergent evolution(D) genetic drift(E) diversifying selection
Which of the following is a density-dependent factor that can alter a population size?(A) drought(B) hurricanes(C) competition(D) disease(E) clear-cutting a forest
All of the following statements about Earth's ozone layer are correct EXCEPT(A) it is composed of $\mathrm{O}_{3}$(B) chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer(C) the ozone layer protects us from ultraviolet radiation(D) it shields Earth from too much fairly constant for the next(E) its thickness is expected to remain fairly constant for the next 100 years
All of the following are true of $\mathrm{K}$ -strategists EXCEPT(A) intensive parenting(B) reproduce only once or twice(C) example: humans(D) large young(E) slow maturation
The world human population today can best be described as(A) fluctuating around the carrying capacity(B) at equilibrium(C) growing arithmetically(D) growing exponentially(E) growing very slowly
Lamprey eels attach to the skin of certain trout and absorb nutrients from the body of the trout. Which symbols best represent this relationship?(A) $(+/+)$(B) $(+/ 0)$(C) $(+/-)$(D) $(-/+)$(E) $(-/ 0)$
Which of the following regions would contain the greatest diversity of species?(A) The Great Lakes(B) Costa Rica(C) Texas(D) Central Canada(E) The Mississippi Delta
When two species of paramecium, $P$ caudatum and $P$ . aurelia, are grown in separate culture dishes, each population grows rapidly and then levels off at the carrying capacity for its environment. When they are combined in one culture dish, P. aurelia survives, but $P$ . caudatum does not.This is most likely because(A) $P$ . caudatum suffers a mutation that prevents its survival(B) $P$ . caudatum was attacked by a pathogenic virus or bacteria(C) $P$ . aurelia must have evolved into a superior organism(D) The two populations are competing with each other, and $P$ . aurelia can outcompete $P$ . caudatum(E) $P .$ aurelia is a predator, and $P$ . caudatum is its prey
After taking a one-week course of an antibiotic for an ear infection, a woman was told by the doctor that she still had the infection and that she would have to take a course of a different antibiotic. What is the best explanation for the fact that the first antibiotic did not work?(A) The woman became immune to the antibiotic.(B) The bacteria that caused the infection became immune to the antibiotic.(C) Taking the first antibiotic killed off all the bacteria that were susceptible to it, leaving only those that were resistant.(D) The woman contracted another infection because there are no bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.(E) The woman's hormones probably interfered with the functioning of the antibiotic.
When two species of paramecium, $P$ caudatum and $P$ . aurelia, are grown in separate culture dishes, each population grows rapidly and then levels off at the carrying capacity for its environment. When they are combined in one culture dish, P. aurelia survives, but $P$ . caudatum does not.Which of the following statements is true about the twopopulations of paramecium grown in culture together?(A) They share a niche.(B) This is an example of commensalism.(C) The two populations do not interact.(D) This is an example of divergent evolution.(E) This is an example of primary ecological succession.
Which of the following constitutes a likely food chain?(A) Squid-small fish- algae- orca whales- copepods(B) Copepods-squid-small fish-algae- orca whales(C) Algae- copepods-small fish-squid-orca whales(D) Copepods-algae- squid-small fish-orca whales(E) Algae-small fish-squid-copepods-orca whales
Deforestation will ultimately(A) cause precipitation to decrease about 25$\%$(B) cause precipitation to increase about 250$\%$(C) cause precipitation to increase about 25$\%$(D) cause precipitation to increase about 50$\%$(E) cause precipitation to increase at first and then decrease in future years
Characteristics of the arctic tundra biome include which of the following?I. Lichens growing on bare rockII. High levels of precipitationIII. Permafrost(A) I only(B) III only(C) I and II only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III
What is the most likely explanation for the change in precipitation as a result of the deforestation of a vast area like the Amazon basin?(A) Runoff increases and greatly reduces transpiration and the formation of clouds.(B) Local temperatures rise due to the reduction of the cooling process of transpiration.(D) The length of the rainy season will increase.(D) The climate in other parts of the world will be altered.(E) Although they know it occurs, scientists do not understand this phenomenon.
Deep-ocean communities (abyssal zone) are dimly lit and have very few photosynthetic organisms. Which of the following is true of these areas?(A) Primary productivity is high(B) Levels of dissolved oxygen are low(C) Contain most of the organisms in the oceans(D) High concentration of algae(E) High concentration of green plants
Which of the following individuals is most fit in evolutionary terms?(A) A 29 -year-old man who won the Tour de France race who is unmarried and has no children(B) A 90 -year-old woman with 1 child(C) $A 35$ -year-old woman with 3 children(D) $A 60$ -year-old man with 2 children(E) The President of the World Bank, who has many siblings but no children
The table below indicates the output of nitrate in stream water in an undisturbed area and in an area that has been clear-cut (deforested).Which statement is indicated by the graph?(A) Nitrate runoff from the deforested area reached a maximum around 1973 (B) Deforestation did not affect nitrate runoff for at least 10 years(C) Runoff rates were about the same until about 1958(D) Clear-cut occurred in about 1968(E) Maximum nitrate runoff in the clear-cut area occurred in 1978
Which of the following converts free nitrogen into a form usable by a plant?(A) Decomposers(B) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria(C) Denitrifying bacteria(D) Nitrifying bacteria(E) Autotrophs
Questions $71-72$ The table below indicates the output of nitrate in stream water in an undisturbed area and in an area that has been clear-cut (deforested).Which statement about deforestation can be inferred from the graph?(A) Deforestation ultimately destroyed several small rivers in Oregon.(B) When an area is clear-cut, the trees can be replaced and the ecology of the area can be preserved.(C) The presence of trees in a forest causes an increase in nitrogen in the soil.(D) Plants and their root fungi are very efficient at absorbing fixed nitrogen from(E) Nitrogen runoff will destroy local rivers.
Which of the following choices best describes this process? A pond eventually fills in to become a terrestrial habitat.(A) Adaptive radiation(B) Succession(C) Decomposition(D) Commensalism(E) Dispersion
Questions $73-75$ Refer to the following processes.(A) Ecological succession(B) Commensalism(C) Eutrophication(D) Evolution(E) Adaptive radiationDue to runoff of farm nutrients, the plant population blooms and the pond eventually fills in and becomes a terrestrial habitat
Which statement most accurately describes the information shown on these graphs?(A) There were the fewest number of species of plants in 1850 .(B) There was the least biomass in $1850 .$(C) There was a decline in diversity over 100 years.(D) In 1875 , there were more species of plant but less biomass than in $1850 .$(E) The number of species of plants and the biomass increased from 1850 to $1950 .$
Questions $73-75$ Refer to the following processes.(A) Ecological succession(B) Commensalism(C) Eutrophication(D) Evolution(E) Adaptive radiationGrasses and shrubs give way to fast-growing trees
What is the most likely cause of the change over 100 years?(A) There was less air pollution and therefore more sunlight in $1850 .$(B) Global warming occurred.(C) Natural ecological succession occurred.(D) Global warming was responsible for a decrease in biomass.(E) Plants that could utilize nitrogen most efficiently had the selective advantage.
Questions $73-75$ Refer to the following processes.(A) Ecological succession(B) Commensalism(C) Eutrophication(D) Evolution(E) Adaptive radiationDue to competition for leaves on tall acacia trees, only the long- necked giraffes survived
What type of organism helps green plants absorb nitrogen from the soil?(A) Lichens(B) Other plants(C) Fungi(D) Bacteria(E) Viruses
Questions $76-77$ Refer to the climate graph below.Which environmental condition(s) are shown on this graph?(A) Alternating wet and dry seasons; temperatures that spike in summer and dip low in winter(B) Cold temperatures in the summer with warm temperatures in the winter; precipitation varies from month to month(C) High temperatures most of the year with dry summer months winter months(D) High temperatures in the summer; fiercely cold winter with little or no rainfall most months(E) High even temperatures all year; receives about 200 $\mathrm{mm}$ of rain per month all year long
This sketch shows the flow of energy through principal trophic levels in an ecosystem.Which level has the greatest biomass?(A) A(B) B(C) C(D) D(E) It cannot be determined.
Questions $76-77$ Refer to the climate graph below.Which biome is described by this graph?(A) Tropical rain forest(B) Arctic tundra(C) Taiga(D) Desert(E) Temperate forest
Which level has the fewest numbers of organisms?(A) $A$(B) $B$(C) $C$(D) $D$(E) It cannot be determined.
Questions $78-80$ Refer to this graph that shows the concentration of dissolved gas (parts per million by weight) at different depths in the ocean.According to this graph,(A) $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ levels are highest near the surface, and $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ levels are highest at great depths.(B) $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ levels are highest near the surface, and $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ levels are highest at great depths.(C) Both $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ levels are highest near the surface.(D) Both $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ levels are highest at greater depths.(E) The concentrations of the gases at different depths change with the seasons.
Which organisms most likely occupy level D?(A) Bacteria(B) Snateria(C) Bats(D) Cows(E) Humans
Questions $78-80$ Refer to this graph that shows the concentration of dissolved gas (parts per million by weight) at different depths in the ocean.According to the graph, what is the concentration of oxygen at the surface of the ocean?(A) 1.5 ppm(B) 4.5 ppm(C) 8.0 ppm(D) 98 ppm(E) 110 ppm
The total amount of energy converted into products of photosynthesis is known as gross primary productivity. Much of this energy is used by the plant to maintain itself. The remaining energy is called net primary productivity, and it provides all the energy for all the food chains in the world.Which factor contributes LEAST to net productivity?(A) Light(B) Respiration rates(C) Temperature(D) Rainfall(E) Transpiration rates
Questions $78-80$ Refer to this graph that shows the concentration of dissolved gas (parts per million by weight) at different depths in the ocean.What is the correct explanation for the concentration of gases at different depths?(A) Food chains are more elaborate at great depths in the oceans.(B) Near the surface, animals use up $\mathrm{O}_{2} ;$ while at great depths, animals produce large amounts of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ .(C) Near the surface, great activity by aerobic organisms produces large amounts of $\mathrm{CO}_{2} ;$ while at great depths there is little animal life, so little $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is released.(D) Near the surface, plants produce $\mathrm{O}_{2} ;$ while below the sunlit layer, respiration of aerobes and decomposers uses up $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and releases $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ .(E) Cannot be determined given the information.
The total amount of energy converted into products of photosynthesis is known as gross primary productivity. Much of this energy is used by the plant to maintain itself. The remaining energy is called net primary productivity, and it provides all the energy for all the food chains in the world.Which terrestrial region would have the highest net productivity?(A) Desert(B) Tropical rain forest(C) Taiga(D) Tundra(E) Sandy beach
Biology-M Section If you are taking the Biology-M test, continue with questions $81-100$ . Be sure to begin this section of the test by filling in circle 81 on your answer sheet.Which tool would be best to study the internal structure of an animal cell?(A) Transmission electron microscope(B) Scanning electron microscope(C) Phase-contrast microscope(D) Simple light microscope(E) X-ray diffraction
Convert 65.0 $\mathrm{nm}$ to $\mu \mathrm{m} .$(A) 650 .(B) $6,500$ .(C) $65,000$ .(D) 0.065(E) 0.65
All of the following about plasma membrane structure and function are correct EXCEPT(A) diffusion of gases across a membrane require that the membrane be moist(B) all plasma membranes have the identical composition and structure(C) facilitated diffusion is an example of passive transport(D) proteins serve as membrane channels(E) proteins membranes contain receptors that are specific for the molecules they uptake
Glucose + fructose $\rightarrow$ ______________(A) maltose(B) lactose(C) sucrose(D) galactose(E) dextrose
Vitamins are essential for normal cell function. They are important because they(A) are enzymes(B) are proteins(C) act as catalysts(D) lower the energy of activation(E) enable enzymes to function normally
Which of the following levels of protein structure directly determines how a particular enzyme will function?(A) Primary(B) Primary(C) Tertiary(D) Quaternary(E) It varies with the protein.
Questions $84-85$Refer to this sketch of a cell undergoing meiosis to produce a gamete.Which term best describes what is happening to this dividing cell?(A) Crossing-over(B) Metaphase spread(C) Gene mutation(D) Nondisjunction(E) Mitotic cell division
Here is a sketch of a plant cell placed into a solution. Which of the following is correct?(A) The solution is hypotonic to the cell, and the cell will swell and burst.(B) The solution is hypotonic to the cell, and the cell will become turgid.(C) The solution is hypertonic to the cell, but nothing will happen to the cell.(D) The solution is hypertonic to the cell, and the cell will shrink.(E) The solution is hypertonic to the cell, and the cell will swell.
Questions $84-85$Refer to this sketch of a cell undergoing meiosis to produce a gamete.Which of the following conditions could result if a normal sperm fertilized one of the gametes produced by this cell?(A) Sickle cell anemia(B) Down syndrome(C) Cystic fibrosis(D) Huntington's disease(E) PKU
If a solution has a pH of $2,$ then it has _________ moles of $\mathrm{H}^{+}$ ions per liter.(A) 0.2(B) 0.02(C) 2.0(D) 0.1(E) 0.01
Here is a drawing of a field of view of a light microscope. Which way do you move the slide in order to move the cell into the center of the field?(A) To the right and up(B) To the right and down(C) To the left and up(D) To the left and down(E) Not enough information is given.
Which of the following does NOT require ATP?(A) Facilitated diffusion(B) Activation of the contractile vacuole(C) Sodium-potassium pump(D) Receptor-mediated endocytosis(E) Pinocytosis
Questions $87-89$ Four test tubes are required for this experiment. All the tubes contain pond water and the pH indicator bromothymol blue, which turns yellow when acidic and blue in the neutral or basic range. Carbon dioxide is bubbled into all four test tubes, causing the solutions to turn yellow. Sprigs of the plant elodea are placed into test tubes I and III. Test tubes I and II are kept in the light; test tubes III and IV are kept in the dark. After 24 hours, all tubes are examined and the observations are recorded in the table below.$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Test Tube } & {\text { Color at Time Zero }} & {\text { Color After } 24 \text { Hours }} \\ \hline \mathrm{I} & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Blue }} \\ \hline \text { II } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\text { III } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline \text { IV } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\end{array}$$After 24 hours, tube I turned blue because the(A) plant excreted a by-product of cellular respiration, which has pH of 10(B) plant excreted carbon dioxide as a result of carrying out cellular respiration(C) plant excreted oxygen as a result of carrying out cellular respiration(D) plant excreted oxygen as a result of carrying out photosynthesis(E) plant absorbed carbon dioxide to use in photosynthesis
All of the following are correct about microscopes EXCEPT(A) resolving power is the same thing as magnification(B) total magnification is determined by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens(C) an electron microscope requires a vacuum column(D) living tissue cannot generally be studied in an electron microscope(E) the scanning electron microscope is best used to study the surfaces of cells
Questions $87-89$ Four test tubes are required for this experiment. All the tubes contain pond water and the pH indicator bromothymol blue, which turns yellow when acidic and blue in the neutral or basic range. Carbon dioxide is bubbled into all four test tubes, causing the solutions to turn yellow. Sprigs of the plant elodea are placed into test tubes I and III. Test tubes I and II are kept in the light; test tubes III and IV are kept in the dark. After 24 hours, all tubes are examined and the observations are recorded in the table below.$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Test Tube } & {\text { Color at Time Zero }} & {\text { Color After } 24 \text { Hours }} \\ \hline \mathrm{I} & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Blue }} \\ \hline \text { II } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\text { III } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline \text { IV } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\end{array}$$Which of the following is correct?(A) The independent variable is pH.(B) The independent variable is time.(C) If you were redoing this experiment, you would not have to and IV because they showed no change and are therefore not necessary.(D) Test tube III is a control for test tube I.(E) The dependent variable is the presence of oxygen.
This molecule would NOT be a component of(A) maltase(B) hemoglobin(C) glycogen(D) insulin(E) a plasma membrane
Questions $87-89$ Four test tubes are required for this experiment. All the tubes contain pond water and the pH indicator bromothymol blue, which turns yellow when acidic and blue in the neutral or basic range. Carbon dioxide is bubbled into all four test tubes, causing the solutions to turn yellow. Sprigs of the plant elodea are placed into test tubes I and III. Test tubes I and II are kept in the light; test tubes III and IV are kept in the dark. After 24 hours, all tubes are examined and the observations are recorded in the table below.$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Test Tube } & {\text { Color at Time Zero }} & {\text { Color After } 24 \text { Hours }} \\ \hline \mathrm{I} & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Blue }} \\ \hline \text { II } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\text { III } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline \text { IV } & {\text { Yellow }} & {\text { Yellow }} \\ \hline\end{array}$$When carbon dioxide is bubbled into water containing bromothymol blue,(A) the pH increases(B) the pH decreases(C) the water becomes alkaline(D) the water turns blue(E) there is no change in pH because carbon dioxide is a pH buffer
All of the following are correct about telomeres EXCEPT(A) they are created by the enzyme telomerase(B) they protect the ends of chromosomes(C) the more divisions a cell undergoes, the shorter the telomeres(D) they consist of nonsense nucleotide sequences(E) they assist in the synthesis of proteins
Questions $90-93$ Students do an experiment to explore the effects of $\mathrm{pH}$ on enzymeactivity. They use the enzyme catalase, which is found in all aerobic cells. The function of catalase is to break down the harmful waste product of cellular respiration, hydrogen peroxide $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right),$ into oxygen gas and water. The reaction looks like this: $2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{O}_{2}$ The students set up 10 tests tubes, each containing 5 $\mathrm{mL}$ of peroxide. They adjust the $\mathrm{pH}$ of each test tube as shown below. To test tubes $\# 1-$ 5 they add 3 $\mathrm{mL}$ of catalase. To test tubes $\# 6-10,$ they add 3 $\mathrm{mL}$ of distilled water. Immediately, some of the tubes begin to bubble. The students use a glowing splint to test for the presence of oxygen and to prove that the bubbles contain oxygen gas. Their data is in the chartbelow.
TABLE CANNOT COPY
According to the data shown, catalase is most effective under which of the following conditions?(A) In any acid medium(B) In the tubes that contain water(C) At $\mathrm{pH} 1$(D) At pH 7(E) At pH 9
All of the following are correct about RNA processing EXCEPT(A) it occurs in the nucleus(B) it occurs after transcription(C) it occurs before translation(D) introns are added(E) noncoding regions are removed from the RNA
This experiment lends support to the idea that enzymes(A) Function within a narrow pH range(B) Function best at high $\mathrm{pH}$(C) Function best at $\mathrm{pH} 6-7,$ which is the pH of the average cell(D) Function differently in a test tube from how they function in the body(E) Denature at high temperatures
Refer to the terms below.(A) Thymine(B) Deoxyribose(C) Ribose(D) Uracil(E) GuanineSugar found in RNA but not in DNA
What is the reason for adding water to test tubes $\# 6-10 ?$(A) The water is necessary in order to adjust the $\mathrm{pH}$(B) The water replaces enzyme in those tubes(C) The water is necessary to dissolve the catalase(D) Water enhances the reactivity of catalase(E) Water is necessary to limit wide temperature changes
Refer to the terms below.(A) Thymine(B) Deoxyribose(C) Ribose(D) Uracil(E) GuanineNitrogneous base found in RNA but not in DNA
Which organelle is most closely linked to hydrogen peroxide $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right) ?$(A) Nucleus(B) Ribosome(C) Nucleolus(D) Golgi body(E) Mitochondria
Refer to the terms below.(A) Thymine(B) Deoxyribose(C) Ribose(D) Uracil(E) GuanineNitrogenous base that occurs with the same frequency as cytosine
Questions $94-96$ A tissue or cells can be mashed up in a blender to form a liquid homogenate and then spun in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds to separate it into layers based on differences in density. The densest cell organelles settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. The supernatant, the liquid above the pellet, which contains less-dense organelles, can be poured off and respun. In this way, cell organelles can be isolated. A homogenate of human tissue was processed and spun in this way. See the diagram below.Pellet A was the first one to be separated by the centrifuge. When analyzed, it was found to consist of one cell organelle. Which one?(A) Nuclei(B) Mitochondria(C) Vacuoles(D) Golgi(E) Ribosomes
All of the following statements related to gel electrophoresis are correct EXCEPT:(A) restriction enzymes cut DNA at particular recognition sequences(B) restriction enzymes are extracted from bacteria(C) the farther a piece of DNA runs, the larger it is(D) EcoRI is an example of a restriction enzyme(E) restriction enzymes are necessary in order to insert a gene into a plasmid
Questions $94-96$ A tissue or cells can be mashed up in a blender to form a liquid homogenate and then spun in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds to separate it into layers based on differences in density. The densest cell organelles settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. The supernatant, the liquid above the pellet, which contains less-dense organelles, can be poured off and respun. In this way, cell organelles can be isolated. A homogenate of human tissue was processed and spun in this way. See the diagram below.Pellet $\mathrm{B}$ was found to have the highest rate of oxygen uptake compared with the other pellets. Which organelles did it contain?(A) Ribosomes(B) Mitochondria(C) Vacuoles(D) Golgi(E) Nuclei
Here is a fragment of DNA that has been cut at certain points and will be run through a gel. In which order will the DNA fragments run, beginning at the wells?(A) $1,2,3,4,5$(B) $5,4,3,2,1$(C) $5,2,4,1,3$(D) $5,2,3,1,4$(E) $3,1,4,2,5$
Questions $94-96$ A tissue or cells can be mashed up in a blender to form a liquid homogenate and then spun in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds to separate it into layers based on differences in density. The densest cell organelles settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. The supernatant, the liquid above the pellet, which contains less-dense organelles, can be poured off and respun. In this way, cell organelles can be isolated. A homogenate of human tissue was processed and spun in this way. See the diagram below.Pellet $\mathrm{C}$ was analyzed and found to consist of the highest concentrations of RNA compared with the other pellets. Which organelles did it contain?(A) Ribosomes(B) Mitochondria(C) Vacuoles(D) Golgi(E) Endoplasmic reticulum
Here is a sketch of the field of view under a light microscope at $100 \times$ magnification. The diameter of the field is 400 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the approximate length of the cell in the field?(A) 20 $\mathrm{nm}$(B) 40 $\mathrm{nm}$(C) 60 $\mathrm{nm}$(D) 80 $\mathrm{nm}$(E) 100 $\mathrm{nm}$
Questions $97-100$ Refer to this drawing of fertilization and the early embryonic development of a zygote.The process shown at II is called(A) morphogenesis(B) gastrulation(C) cleavage(D) meirentis(E) differentiation
Two brothers were under medical treatment for infertility. Microscopic examination of their semen shows that although the sperm looked normal, they did not move properly. The brothers also suffered with chronic bronchitis. The doctors studying the cases decided that both men had a problem with one particular cell organelle. Which one?(A) Endoplasmic reticulum(B) Golgi body(C) Ribosomes(D) Microtubules(E) Mitochondria
Questions $97-100$ Refer to this drawing of fertilization and the early embryonic development of a zygote.The name of the hollow stage at $A$ is(A) early embryo(B) morula(C) gastrula(D) blastula(E) deuterostome
Given the concept that cells are modified for their particular function, which cell organelle would be unusually plentiful in white blood cells?(A) Lysosomes(B) Golgi bodies(C) Ribosomes(D) Mitochondria(E) Endoplasmic reticulum
Questions $97-100$ Refer to this drawing of fertilization and the early embryonic development of a zygote.Which stage is characterized by haploid cells?(A) $\mathrm{I}$(B) II(C) III(D) Both II and III(E) Both I and III
This bar graph shows the relative concentrations of different ions in pond water and in the cytoplasm of the algae Chlamydomonous. Which statement best describes what this graph indicates?(A) Chlamydomonous belongs to the kingdom Protista.(B) The pond water is hypertonic to the Chlamydomonous cells.(C) Only Mg $^{+}$ and $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$ are absorbed by active transport.(D) The Chlamydomonous has contractile vacuoles that pump out excess water.(E) Chlamydomonous cells can regulate what materials they exchange with their surroundings.
Questions $97-100$ Refer to this drawing of fertilization and the early embryonic development of a zygote.The structures at III result from(A) transcription(B) transcription(C) budding(D) many mitotic divisions(E) many meiotic divisions
Which cell organelle in Chlamydomonous is LEAST involved in transport in single-celled organisms living in pond water?(A) Mitochondria(B) Chlorolast(C) Plasma membrane(D) Contractile vacuole(E) Nucleus